5 dnspython is a DNS toolkit for Python. It supports almost all record
6 types. It can be used for queries, zone transfers, and dynamic
7 updates. It supports TSIG authenticated messages and EDNS0.
9 dnspython provides both high and low level access to DNS. The high
10 level classes perform queries for data of a given name, type, and
11 class, and return an answer set. The low level classes allow direct
12 manipulation of DNS zones, messages, names, and records.
14 To see a few of the ways dnspython can be used, look in the examples/
17 dnspython originated at Nominum where it was developed to facilitate
18 the testing of DNS software. Nominum has generously allowed it to be
19 open sourced under a BSD-style license, and helps support its future
20 development by continuing to employ the author :).
25 This is dnspython 1.8.0
29 Support for hmac-sha1, hmac-sha224, hmac-sha256, hmac-sha384
30 and hmac-sha512 has been contributed by Kevin Chen.
32 Bugs fixed since 1.7.1:
34 When constructing a DDNS update, if the present() method was
35 used with a single rdata, a zero TTL was not added.
37 The entropy pool needed locking to be thread safe.
39 The entropy pool's reading of /dev/random could cause
42 The entropy pool did buffered reads, potentially consuming more
43 randomness than we needed.
45 The entropy pool did not seed with high quality randomness on
48 SRV records were compared incorrectly.
50 In the e164 query function, the resolver parameter was not
57 Bugs fixed since 1.7.0:
59 The 1.7.0 kitting process inadventently omitted the code for the
62 Negative DDNS prerequisites are now handled correctly.
66 Rdatas now have a to_digestable() method, which returns the
67 DNSSEC canonical form of the rdata, suitable for use in
68 signature computations.
70 The NSEC3, NSEC3PARAM, DLV, and HIP RR types are now supported.
72 An entropy module has been added and is used to randomize query ids.
74 EDNS0 options are now supported.
76 UDP IXFR is now supported.
78 The wire format parser now has a 'one_rr_per_rrset' mode, which
79 suppresses the usual coalescing of all RRs of a given type into a
82 Various helpful DNSSEC-related constants are now defined.
84 The resolver's query() method now has an optional 'source' parameter,
85 allowing the source IP address to be specified.
87 Bugs fixed since 1.6.0:
89 On Windows, the resolver set the domain incorrectly.
91 DS RR parsing only allowed one Base64 chunk.
93 TSIG validation didn't always use absolute names.
95 NSEC.to_text() only printed the last window.
97 We did not canonicalize IPv6 addresses before comparing them; we
98 would thus treat equivalent but different textual forms, e.g.
99 "1:00::1" and "1::1" as being non-equivalent.
101 If the peer set a TSIG error, we didn't raise an exception.
103 Some EDNS bugs in the message code have been fixed (see the ChangeLog
107 Added dns.inet.is_multicast().
109 Bugs fixed since 1.5.0:
111 If select() raises an exception due to EINTR, we should just
114 If the queried address is a multicast address, then don't
115 check that the address of the response is the same as the
118 NAPTR comparisons didn't compare the preference field due to a
121 Testing of whether a Windows NIC is enabled now works on Vista
122 thanks to code contributed by Paul Marks.
126 Answer objects now support more of the python sequence
127 protocol, forwarding the requests to the answer rrset.
128 E.g. "for a in answer" is equivalent to "for a in
129 answer.rrset", "answer[i]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i]",
130 and "answer[i:j]" is equivalent to "answer.rrset[i:j]".
132 Making requests using EDNS, including indicating DNSSEC awareness,
133 is now easier. For example, you can now say:
135 q = dns.message.make_query('www.dnspython.org', 'MX',
138 dns.query.xfr() can now be used for IXFR.
140 Support has been added for the DHCID, IPSECKEY, and SPF RR types.
142 UDP messages from unexpected sources can now be ignored by
143 setting ignore_unexpected to True when calling dns.query.udp.
145 Bugs fixed since 1.4.0:
147 If /etc/resolv.conf didn't exist, we raised an exception
148 instead of simply using the default resolver configuration.
150 In dns.resolver.Resolver._config_win32_fromkey(), we were
151 passing the wrong variable to self._config_win32_search().
155 You can now convert E.164 numbers to/from their ENUM name
159 >>> n = dns.e164.from_e164("+1 555 1212")
161 <DNS name 2.1.2.1.5.5.5.1.e164.arpa.>
162 >>> dns.e164.to_e164(n)
165 You can now convert IPv4 and IPv6 address to/from their
166 corresponding DNS reverse map names:
168 >>> import dns.reversename
169 >>> n = dns.reversename.from_address("127.0.0.1")
171 <DNS name 1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa.>
172 >>> dns.reversename.to_address(n)
175 You can now convert between Unicode strings and their IDN ACE
178 >>> n = dns.name.from_text(u'les-\u00e9l\u00e8ves.example.')
180 <DNS name xn--les-lves-50ai.example.>
182 u'les-\xe9l\xe8ves.example.'
184 The origin parameter to dns.zone.from_text() and dns.zone.to_text()
185 is now optional. If not specified, the origin will be taken from
186 the first $ORIGIN statement in the master file.
188 Sanity checking of a zone can be disabled; this is useful when
189 working with files which are zone fragments.
191 Bugs fixed since 1.3.5:
193 The correct delimiter was not used when retrieving the
194 list of nameservers from the registry in certain versions of
197 The floating-point version of latitude and longitude in LOC RRs
198 (float_latitude and float_longitude) had incorrect signs for
199 south latitudes and west longitudes.
201 BIND 8 TTL syntax is now accepted in all TTL-like places (i.e.
202 SOA fields refresh, retry, expire, and minimum; SIG/RRSIG
205 TTLs are now bounds checked when their text form is parsed,
206 and their values must be in the closed interval [0, 2^31 - 1].
210 In the resolver, if time goes backward a little bit, ignore
213 zone_for_name() has been added to the resolver module. It
214 returns the zone which is authoritative for the specified
215 name, which is handy for dynamic update. E.g.
218 print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('www.dnspython.org')
220 will output "dnspython.org." and
222 print dns.resolver.zone_for_name('a.b.c.d.e.f.example.')
226 The default resolver can be fetched with the
227 get_default_resolver() method.
229 You can now get the parent (immediate superdomain) of a name
230 by using the parent() method.
232 Zone.iterate_rdatasets() and Zone.iterate_rdatas() now have
233 a default rdtype of dns.rdatatype.ANY like the documentation
236 A Dynamic DNS example, ddns.py, has been added.
240 The source address and port may now be specified when calling
241 dns.query.{udp,tcp,xfr}.
243 The resolver now does exponential backoff each time it runs
244 through all of the nameservers.
246 Rcodes which indicate a nameserver is likely to be a
247 "permanent failure" for a query cause the nameserver to be removed
248 from the mix for that query.
252 dns.message.Message.find_rrset() now uses an index, vastly
253 improving the from_wire() performance of large messages such
256 Added dns.message.make_response(), which creates a skeletal
257 response for the specified query.
259 Added opcode() and set_opcode() convenience methods to the
260 dns.message.Message class. Added the request_payload
261 attribute to the Message class.
263 The 'file' parameter of dns.name.Name.to_wire() is now
264 optional; if omitted, the wire form will be returned as the
265 value of the function.
267 dns.zone.from_xfr() in relativization mode incorrectly set
268 zone.origin to the empty name.
270 The masterfile parser incorrectly rejected TXT records where a
271 value was not quoted.
275 The NSEC format doesn't allow specifying types by number, so
276 we shouldn't either. (Using the unknown type format is still
279 The resolver wasn't catching dns.exception.Timeout, so a timeout
280 erroneously caused the whole resolution to fail instead of just
281 going on to the next server.
283 The renderer module didn't import random, causing an exception
284 to be raised if a query id wasn't provided when a Renderer was
287 The conversion of LOC milliseconds values from text to binary was
288 incorrect if the length of the milliseconds string was not 3.
292 Added support for the SSHFP type.
296 Added support for new DNSSEC types RRSIG, NSEC, and DNSKEY.
298 This release fixes all known bugs.
300 See the ChangeLog file for more detailed information on changes since
311 To build and install dnspython, type
313 python setup.py install
318 For the latest in releases, documentation, and information, visit the
319 dnspython home page at
321 http://www.dnspython.org/
327 Documentation is sparse at the moment. Use pydoc, or read the HTML
328 documentation at the dnspython home page, or download the HTML
334 Bug reports may be sent to bugs@dnspython.org
339 A number of mailing lists are available. Visit the dnspython home
340 page to subscribe or unsubscribe.