Merge tag 'xfs-6.9-merge-8' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfs-linux

[sfrench/cifs-2.6.git] / mm / filemap.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *      linux/mm/filemap.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1994-1999  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * This file handles the generic file mmap semantics used by
 * most "normal" filesystems (but you don't /have/ to use this:
 * the NFS filesystem used to do this differently, for example)
 */
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/sched/signal.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/syscalls.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/error-injection.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/backing-dev.h>
#include <linux/pagevec.h>
#include <linux/security.h>
#include <linux/cpuset.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/shmem_fs.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/psi.h>
#include <linux/ramfs.h>
#include <linux/page_idle.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/pipe_fs_i.h>
#include <linux/splice.h>
#include <linux/rcupdate_wait.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>
#include "internal.h"

#define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
#include <trace/events/filemap.h>

/*
 * FIXME: remove all knowledge of the buffer layer from the core VM
 */
#include <linux/buffer_head.h> /* for try_to_free_buffers */

#include <asm/mman.h>

#include "swap.h"

/*
 * Shared mappings implemented 30.11.1994. It's not fully working yet,
 * though.
 *
 * Shared mappings now work. 15.8.1995  Bruno.
 *
 * finished 'unifying' the page and buffer cache and SMP-threaded the
 * page-cache, 21.05.1999, Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
 *
 * SMP-threaded pagemap-LRU 1999, Andrea Arcangeli <andrea@suse.de>
 */

/*
 * Lock ordering:
 *
 *  ->i_mmap_rwsem              (truncate_pagecache)
 *    ->private_lock            (__free_pte->block_dirty_folio)
 *      ->swap_lock             (exclusive_swap_page, others)
 *        ->i_pages lock
 *
 *  ->i_rwsem
 *    ->invalidate_lock         (acquired by fs in truncate path)
 *      ->i_mmap_rwsem          (truncate->unmap_mapping_range)
 *
 *  ->mmap_lock
 *    ->i_mmap_rwsem
 *      ->page_table_lock or pte_lock   (various, mainly in memory.c)
 *        ->i_pages lock        (arch-dependent flush_dcache_mmap_lock)
 *
 *  ->mmap_lock
 *    ->invalidate_lock         (filemap_fault)
 *      ->lock_page             (filemap_fault, access_process_vm)
 *
 *  ->i_rwsem                   (generic_perform_write)
 *    ->mmap_lock               (fault_in_readable->do_page_fault)
 *
 *  bdi->wb.list_lock
 *    sb_lock                   (fs/fs-writeback.c)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (__sync_single_inode)
 *
 *  ->i_mmap_rwsem
 *    ->anon_vma.lock           (vma_merge)
 *
 *  ->anon_vma.lock
 *    ->page_table_lock or pte_lock     (anon_vma_prepare and various)
 *
 *  ->page_table_lock or pte_lock
 *    ->swap_lock               (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->private_lock            (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (try_to_unmap_one)
 *    ->lruvec->lru_lock        (follow_page->mark_page_accessed)
 *    ->lruvec->lru_lock        (check_pte_range->isolate_lru_page)
 *    ->private_lock            (folio_remove_rmap_pte->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->i_pages lock            (folio_remove_rmap_pte->set_page_dirty)
 *    bdi.wb->list_lock         (folio_remove_rmap_pte->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->inode->i_lock           (folio_remove_rmap_pte->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->memcg->move_lock        (folio_remove_rmap_pte->folio_memcg_lock)
 *    bdi.wb->list_lock         (zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->inode->i_lock           (zap_pte_range->set_page_dirty)
 *    ->private_lock            (zap_pte_range->block_dirty_folio)
 */

static void mapping_set_update(struct xa_state *xas,
                struct address_space *mapping)
{
        if (dax_mapping(mapping) || shmem_mapping(mapping))
                return;
        xas_set_update(xas, workingset_update_node);
        xas_set_lru(xas, &shadow_nodes);
}

static void page_cache_delete(struct address_space *mapping,
                                   struct folio *folio, void *shadow)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, folio->index);
        long nr = 1;

        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);

        xas_set_order(&xas, folio->index, folio_order(folio));
        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(folio), folio);

        xas_store(&xas, shadow);
        xas_init_marks(&xas);

        folio->mapping = NULL;
        /* Leave page->index set: truncation lookup relies upon it */
        mapping->nrpages -= nr;
}

static void filemap_unaccount_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct folio *folio)
{
        long nr;

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_mapped(folio), folio);
        if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_DEBUG_VM) && unlikely(folio_mapped(folio))) {
                pr_alert("BUG: Bad page cache in process %s  pfn:%05lx\n",
                         current->comm, folio_pfn(folio));
                dump_page(&folio->page, "still mapped when deleted");
                dump_stack();
                add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);

                if (mapping_exiting(mapping) && !folio_test_large(folio)) {
                        int mapcount = page_mapcount(&folio->page);

                        if (folio_ref_count(folio) >= mapcount + 2) {
                                /*
                                 * All vmas have already been torn down, so it's
                                 * a good bet that actually the page is unmapped
                                 * and we'd rather not leak it: if we're wrong,
                                 * another bad page check should catch it later.
                                 */
                                page_mapcount_reset(&folio->page);
                                folio_ref_sub(folio, mapcount);
                        }
                }
        }

        /* hugetlb folios do not participate in page cache accounting. */
        if (folio_test_hugetlb(folio))
                return;

        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);

        __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_PAGES, -nr);
        if (folio_test_swapbacked(folio)) {
                __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_SHMEM, -nr);
                if (folio_test_pmd_mappable(folio))
                        __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_SHMEM_THPS, -nr);
        } else if (folio_test_pmd_mappable(folio)) {
                __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_THPS, -nr);
                filemap_nr_thps_dec(mapping);
        }

        /*
         * At this point folio must be either written or cleaned by
         * truncate.  Dirty folio here signals a bug and loss of
         * unwritten data - on ordinary filesystems.
         *
         * But it's harmless on in-memory filesystems like tmpfs; and can
         * occur when a driver which did get_user_pages() sets page dirty
         * before putting it, while the inode is being finally evicted.
         *
         * Below fixes dirty accounting after removing the folio entirely
         * but leaves the dirty flag set: it has no effect for truncated
         * folio and anyway will be cleared before returning folio to
         * buddy allocator.
         */
        if (WARN_ON_ONCE(folio_test_dirty(folio) &&
                         mapping_can_writeback(mapping)))
                folio_account_cleaned(folio, inode_to_wb(mapping->host));
}

/*
 * Delete a page from the page cache and free it. Caller has to make
 * sure the page is locked and that nobody else uses it - or that usage
 * is safe.  The caller must hold the i_pages lock.
 */
void __filemap_remove_folio(struct folio *folio, void *shadow)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio->mapping;

        trace_mm_filemap_delete_from_page_cache(folio);
        filemap_unaccount_folio(mapping, folio);
        page_cache_delete(mapping, folio, shadow);
}

void filemap_free_folio(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio)
{
        void (*free_folio)(struct folio *);
        int refs = 1;

        free_folio = mapping->a_ops->free_folio;
        if (free_folio)
                free_folio(folio);

        if (folio_test_large(folio))
                refs = folio_nr_pages(folio);
        folio_put_refs(folio, refs);
}

/**
 * filemap_remove_folio - Remove folio from page cache.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * This must be called only on folios that are locked and have been
 * verified to be in the page cache.  It will never put the folio into
 * the free list because the caller has a reference on the page.
 */
void filemap_remove_folio(struct folio *folio)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = folio->mapping;

        BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
        spin_lock(&mapping->host->i_lock);
        xa_lock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        __filemap_remove_folio(folio, NULL);
        xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        if (mapping_shrinkable(mapping))
                inode_add_lru(mapping->host);
        spin_unlock(&mapping->host->i_lock);

        filemap_free_folio(mapping, folio);
}

/*
 * page_cache_delete_batch - delete several folios from page cache
 * @mapping: the mapping to which folios belong
 * @fbatch: batch of folios to delete
 *
 * The function walks over mapping->i_pages and removes folios passed in
 * @fbatch from the mapping. The function expects @fbatch to be sorted
 * by page index and is optimised for it to be dense.
 * It tolerates holes in @fbatch (mapping entries at those indices are not
 * modified).
 *
 * The function expects the i_pages lock to be held.
 */
static void page_cache_delete_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                             struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, fbatch->folios[0]->index);
        long total_pages = 0;
        int i = 0;
        struct folio *folio;

        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);
        xas_for_each(&xas, folio, ULONG_MAX) {
                if (i >= folio_batch_count(fbatch))
                        break;

                /* A swap/dax/shadow entry got inserted? Skip it. */
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * A page got inserted in our range? Skip it. We have our
                 * pages locked so they are protected from being removed.
                 * If we see a page whose index is higher than ours, it
                 * means our page has been removed, which shouldn't be
                 * possible because we're holding the PageLock.
                 */
                if (folio != fbatch->folios[i]) {
                        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio->index >
                                        fbatch->folios[i]->index, folio);
                        continue;
                }

                WARN_ON_ONCE(!folio_test_locked(folio));

                folio->mapping = NULL;
                /* Leave folio->index set: truncation lookup relies on it */

                i++;
                xas_store(&xas, NULL);
                total_pages += folio_nr_pages(folio);
        }
        mapping->nrpages -= total_pages;
}

void delete_from_page_cache_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                                  struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        int i;

        if (!folio_batch_count(fbatch))
                return;

        spin_lock(&mapping->host->i_lock);
        xa_lock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        for (i = 0; i < folio_batch_count(fbatch); i++) {
                struct folio *folio = fbatch->folios[i];

                trace_mm_filemap_delete_from_page_cache(folio);
                filemap_unaccount_folio(mapping, folio);
        }
        page_cache_delete_batch(mapping, fbatch);
        xa_unlock_irq(&mapping->i_pages);
        if (mapping_shrinkable(mapping))
                inode_add_lru(mapping->host);
        spin_unlock(&mapping->host->i_lock);

        for (i = 0; i < folio_batch_count(fbatch); i++)
                filemap_free_folio(mapping, fbatch->folios[i]);
}

int filemap_check_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        int ret = 0;
        /* Check for outstanding write errors */
        if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags) &&
            test_and_clear_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))
                ret = -ENOSPC;
        if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags) &&
            test_and_clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))
                ret = -EIO;
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_check_errors);

static int filemap_check_and_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        /* Check for outstanding write errors */
        if (test_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags))
                return -EIO;
        if (test_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags))
                return -ENOSPC;
        return 0;
}

/**
 * filemap_fdatawrite_wbc - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range
 * @mapping:    address space structure to write
 * @wbc:        the writeback_control controlling the writeout
 *
 * Call writepages on the mapping using the provided wbc to control the
 * writeout.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int filemap_fdatawrite_wbc(struct address_space *mapping,
                           struct writeback_control *wbc)
{
        int ret;

        if (!mapping_can_writeback(mapping) ||
            !mapping_tagged(mapping, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY))
                return 0;

        wbc_attach_fdatawrite_inode(wbc, mapping->host);
        ret = do_writepages(mapping, wbc);
        wbc_detach_inode(wbc);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite_wbc);

/**
 * __filemap_fdatawrite_range - start writeback on mapping dirty pages in range
 * @mapping:    address space structure to write
 * @start:      offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end:        offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 * @sync_mode:  enable synchronous operation
 *
 * Start writeback against all of a mapping's dirty pages that lie
 * within the byte offsets <start, end> inclusive.
 *
 * If sync_mode is WB_SYNC_ALL then this is a "data integrity" operation, as
 * opposed to a regular memory cleansing writeback.  The difference between
 * these two operations is that if a dirty page/buffer is encountered, it must
 * be waited upon, and not just skipped over.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int __filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                                loff_t end, int sync_mode)
{
        struct writeback_control wbc = {
                .sync_mode = sync_mode,
                .nr_to_write = LONG_MAX,
                .range_start = start,
                .range_end = end,
        };

        return filemap_fdatawrite_wbc(mapping, &wbc);
}

static inline int __filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping,
        int sync_mode)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, 0, LLONG_MAX, sync_mode);
}

int filemap_fdatawrite(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_ALL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite);

int filemap_fdatawrite_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                                loff_t end)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, start, end, WB_SYNC_ALL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawrite_range);

/**
 * filemap_flush - mostly a non-blocking flush
 * @mapping:    target address_space
 *
 * This is a mostly non-blocking flush.  Not suitable for data-integrity
 * purposes - I/O may not be started against all dirty pages.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int filemap_flush(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return __filemap_fdatawrite(mapping, WB_SYNC_NONE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_flush);

/**
 * filemap_range_has_page - check if a page exists in range.
 * @mapping:           address space within which to check
 * @start_byte:        offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:          offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Find at least one page in the range supplied, usually used to check if
 * direct writing in this range will trigger a writeback.
 *
 * Return: %true if at least one page exists in the specified range,
 * %false otherwise.
 */
bool filemap_range_has_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                           loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        struct folio *folio;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;

        if (end_byte < start_byte)
                return false;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (;;) {
                folio = xas_find(&xas, max);
                if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                        continue;
                /* Shadow entries don't count */
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * We don't need to try to pin this page; we're about to
                 * release the RCU lock anyway.  It is enough to know that
                 * there was a page here recently.
                 */
                break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return folio != NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_range_has_page);

static void __filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
                                     loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        pgoff_t index = start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgoff_t end = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct folio_batch fbatch;
        unsigned nr_folios;

        folio_batch_init(&fbatch);

        while (index <= end) {
                unsigned i;

                nr_folios = filemap_get_folios_tag(mapping, &index, end,
                                PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK, &fbatch);

                if (!nr_folios)
                        break;

                for (i = 0; i < nr_folios; i++) {
                        struct folio *folio = fbatch.folios[i];

                        folio_wait_writeback(folio);
                        folio_clear_error(folio);
                }
                folio_batch_release(&fbatch);
                cond_resched();
        }
}

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_range - wait for writeback to complete
 * @mapping:            address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
 * in the given range and wait for all of them.  Check error status of
 * the address space and return it.
 *
 * Since the error status of the address space is cleared by this function,
 * callers are responsible for checking the return value and handling and/or
 * reporting the error.
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_range(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start_byte,
                            loff_t end_byte)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return filemap_check_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range);

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors - wait for writeback to complete
 * @mapping:            address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space in the
 * given range and wait for all of them.  Unlike filemap_fdatawait_range(),
 * this function does not clear error status of the address space.
 *
 * Use this function if callers don't handle errors themselves.  Expected
 * call sites are system-wide / filesystem-wide data flushers: e.g. sync(2),
 * fsfreeze(8)
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return filemap_check_and_keep_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_range_keep_errors);

/**
 * file_fdatawait_range - wait for writeback to complete
 * @file:               file pointing to address space structure to wait for
 * @start_byte:         offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @end_byte:           offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the address space that file
 * refers to, in the given range and wait for all of them.  Check error
 * status of the address space vs. the file->f_wb_err cursor and return it.
 *
 * Since the error status of the file is advanced by this function,
 * callers are responsible for checking the return value and handling and/or
 * reporting the error.
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space vs. the file->f_wb_err cursor.
 */
int file_fdatawait_range(struct file *file, loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, start_byte, end_byte);
        return file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_fdatawait_range);

/**
 * filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors - wait for writeback without clearing errors
 * @mapping: address space structure to wait for
 *
 * Walk the list of under-writeback pages of the given address space
 * and wait for all of them.  Unlike filemap_fdatawait(), this function
 * does not clear error status of the address space.
 *
 * Use this function if callers don't handle errors themselves.  Expected
 * call sites are system-wide / filesystem-wide data flushers: e.g. sync(2),
 * fsfreeze(8)
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, 0, LLONG_MAX);
        return filemap_check_and_keep_errors(mapping);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fdatawait_keep_errors);

/* Returns true if writeback might be needed or already in progress. */
static bool mapping_needs_writeback(struct address_space *mapping)
{
        return mapping->nrpages;
}

bool filemap_range_has_writeback(struct address_space *mapping,
                                 loff_t start_byte, loff_t end_byte)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = end_byte >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        struct folio *folio;

        if (end_byte < start_byte)
                return false;

        rcu_read_lock();
        xas_for_each(&xas, folio, max) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                        continue;
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        continue;
                if (folio_test_dirty(folio) || folio_test_locked(folio) ||
                                folio_test_writeback(folio))
                        break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return folio != NULL;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(filemap_range_has_writeback);

/**
 * filemap_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
 * @mapping:    the address_space for the pages
 * @lstart:     offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @lend:       offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
 *
 * Note that @lend is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
 * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
 *
 * Return: error status of the address space.
 */
int filemap_write_and_wait_range(struct address_space *mapping,
                                 loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
{
        int err = 0, err2;

        if (lend < lstart)
                return 0;

        if (mapping_needs_writeback(mapping)) {
                err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
                                                 WB_SYNC_ALL);
                /*
                 * Even if the above returned error, the pages may be
                 * written partially (e.g. -ENOSPC), so we wait for it.
                 * But the -EIO is special case, it may indicate the worst
                 * thing (e.g. bug) happened, so we avoid waiting for it.
                 */
                if (err != -EIO)
                        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, lstart, lend);
        }
        err2 = filemap_check_errors(mapping);
        if (!err)
                err = err2;
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_write_and_wait_range);

void __filemap_set_wb_err(struct address_space *mapping, int err)
{
        errseq_t eseq = errseq_set(&mapping->wb_err, err);

        trace_filemap_set_wb_err(mapping, eseq);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__filemap_set_wb_err);

/**
 * file_check_and_advance_wb_err - report wb error (if any) that was previously
 *                                 and advance wb_err to current one
 * @file: struct file on which the error is being reported
 *
 * When userland calls fsync (or something like nfsd does the equivalent), we
 * want to report any writeback errors that occurred since the last fsync (or
 * since the file was opened if there haven't been any).
 *
 * Grab the wb_err from the mapping. If it matches what we have in the file,
 * then just quickly return 0. The file is all caught up.
 *
 * If it doesn't match, then take the mapping value, set the "seen" flag in
 * it and try to swap it into place. If it works, or another task beat us
 * to it with the new value, then update the f_wb_err and return the error
 * portion. The error at this point must be reported via proper channels
 * (a'la fsync, or NFS COMMIT operation, etc.).
 *
 * While we handle mapping->wb_err with atomic operations, the f_wb_err
 * value is protected by the f_lock since we must ensure that it reflects
 * the latest value swapped in for this file descriptor.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int file_check_and_advance_wb_err(struct file *file)
{
        int err = 0;
        errseq_t old = READ_ONCE(file->f_wb_err);
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        /* Locklessly handle the common case where nothing has changed */
        if (errseq_check(&mapping->wb_err, old)) {
                /* Something changed, must use slow path */
                spin_lock(&file->f_lock);
                old = file->f_wb_err;
                err = errseq_check_and_advance(&mapping->wb_err,
                                                &file->f_wb_err);
                trace_file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file, old);
                spin_unlock(&file->f_lock);
        }

        /*
         * We're mostly using this function as a drop in replacement for
         * filemap_check_errors. Clear AS_EIO/AS_ENOSPC to emulate the effect
         * that the legacy code would have had on these flags.
         */
        clear_bit(AS_EIO, &mapping->flags);
        clear_bit(AS_ENOSPC, &mapping->flags);
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_check_and_advance_wb_err);

/**
 * file_write_and_wait_range - write out & wait on a file range
 * @file:       file pointing to address_space with pages
 * @lstart:     offset in bytes where the range starts
 * @lend:       offset in bytes where the range ends (inclusive)
 *
 * Write out and wait upon file offsets lstart->lend, inclusive.
 *
 * Note that @lend is inclusive (describes the last byte to be written) so
 * that this function can be used to write to the very end-of-file (end = -1).
 *
 * After writing out and waiting on the data, we check and advance the
 * f_wb_err cursor to the latest value, and return any errors detected there.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int file_write_and_wait_range(struct file *file, loff_t lstart, loff_t lend)
{
        int err = 0, err2;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        if (lend < lstart)
                return 0;

        if (mapping_needs_writeback(mapping)) {
                err = __filemap_fdatawrite_range(mapping, lstart, lend,
                                                 WB_SYNC_ALL);
                /* See comment of filemap_write_and_wait() */
                if (err != -EIO)
                        __filemap_fdatawait_range(mapping, lstart, lend);
        }
        err2 = file_check_and_advance_wb_err(file);
        if (!err)
                err = err2;
        return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(file_write_and_wait_range);

/**
 * replace_page_cache_folio - replace a pagecache folio with a new one
 * @old:        folio to be replaced
 * @new:        folio to replace with
 *
 * This function replaces a folio in the pagecache with a new one.  On
 * success it acquires the pagecache reference for the new folio and
 * drops it for the old folio.  Both the old and new folios must be
 * locked.  This function does not add the new folio to the LRU, the
 * caller must do that.
 *
 * The remove + add is atomic.  This function cannot fail.
 */
void replace_page_cache_folio(struct folio *old, struct folio *new)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = old->mapping;
        void (*free_folio)(struct folio *) = mapping->a_ops->free_folio;
        pgoff_t offset = old->index;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, offset);

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(old), old);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(new), new);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(new->mapping, new);

        folio_get(new);
        new->mapping = mapping;
        new->index = offset;

        mem_cgroup_replace_folio(old, new);

        xas_lock_irq(&xas);
        xas_store(&xas, new);

        old->mapping = NULL;
        /* hugetlb pages do not participate in page cache accounting. */
        if (!folio_test_hugetlb(old))
                __lruvec_stat_sub_folio(old, NR_FILE_PAGES);
        if (!folio_test_hugetlb(new))
                __lruvec_stat_add_folio(new, NR_FILE_PAGES);
        if (folio_test_swapbacked(old))
                __lruvec_stat_sub_folio(old, NR_SHMEM);
        if (folio_test_swapbacked(new))
                __lruvec_stat_add_folio(new, NR_SHMEM);
        xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
        if (free_folio)
                free_folio(old);
        folio_put(old);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(replace_page_cache_folio);

noinline int __filemap_add_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
                struct folio *folio, pgoff_t index, gfp_t gfp, void **shadowp)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        int huge = folio_test_hugetlb(folio);
        bool charged = false;
        long nr = 1;

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(folio), folio);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_swapbacked(folio), folio);
        mapping_set_update(&xas, mapping);

        if (!huge) {
                int error = mem_cgroup_charge(folio, NULL, gfp);
                if (error)
                        return error;
                charged = true;
        }

        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(index & (folio_nr_pages(folio) - 1), folio);
        xas_set_order(&xas, index, folio_order(folio));
        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);

        gfp &= GFP_RECLAIM_MASK;
        folio_ref_add(folio, nr);
        folio->mapping = mapping;
        folio->index = xas.xa_index;

        do {
                unsigned int order = xa_get_order(xas.xa, xas.xa_index);
                void *entry, *old = NULL;

                if (order > folio_order(folio))
                        xas_split_alloc(&xas, xa_load(xas.xa, xas.xa_index),
                                        order, gfp);
                xas_lock_irq(&xas);
                xas_for_each_conflict(&xas, entry) {
                        old = entry;
                        if (!xa_is_value(entry)) {
                                xas_set_err(&xas, -EEXIST);
                                goto unlock;
                        }
                }

                if (old) {
                        if (shadowp)
                                *shadowp = old;
                        /* entry may have been split before we acquired lock */
                        order = xa_get_order(xas.xa, xas.xa_index);
                        if (order > folio_order(folio)) {
                                /* How to handle large swap entries? */
                                BUG_ON(shmem_mapping(mapping));
                                xas_split(&xas, old, order);
                                xas_reset(&xas);
                        }
                }

                xas_store(&xas, folio);
                if (xas_error(&xas))
                        goto unlock;

                mapping->nrpages += nr;

                /* hugetlb pages do not participate in page cache accounting */
                if (!huge) {
                        __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio, NR_FILE_PAGES, nr);
                        if (folio_test_pmd_mappable(folio))
                                __lruvec_stat_mod_folio(folio,
                                                NR_FILE_THPS, nr);
                }
unlock:
                xas_unlock_irq(&xas);
        } while (xas_nomem(&xas, gfp));

        if (xas_error(&xas))
                goto error;

        trace_mm_filemap_add_to_page_cache(folio);
        return 0;
error:
        if (charged)
                mem_cgroup_uncharge(folio);
        folio->mapping = NULL;
        /* Leave page->index set: truncation relies upon it */
        folio_put_refs(folio, nr);
        return xas_error(&xas);
}
ALLOW_ERROR_INJECTION(__filemap_add_folio, ERRNO);

int filemap_add_folio(struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio,
                                pgoff_t index, gfp_t gfp)
{
        void *shadow = NULL;
        int ret;

        __folio_set_locked(folio);
        ret = __filemap_add_folio(mapping, folio, index, gfp, &shadow);
        if (unlikely(ret))
                __folio_clear_locked(folio);
        else {
                /*
                 * The folio might have been evicted from cache only
                 * recently, in which case it should be activated like
                 * any other repeatedly accessed folio.
                 * The exception is folios getting rewritten; evicting other
                 * data from the working set, only to cache data that will
                 * get overwritten with something else, is a waste of memory.
                 */
                WARN_ON_ONCE(folio_test_active(folio));
                if (!(gfp & __GFP_WRITE) && shadow)
                        workingset_refault(folio, shadow);
                folio_add_lru(folio);
        }
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(filemap_add_folio);

#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct folio *filemap_alloc_folio(gfp_t gfp, unsigned int order)
{
        int n;
        struct folio *folio;

        if (cpuset_do_page_mem_spread()) {
                unsigned int cpuset_mems_cookie;
                do {
                        cpuset_mems_cookie = read_mems_allowed_begin();
                        n = cpuset_mem_spread_node();
                        folio = __folio_alloc_node(gfp, order, n);
                } while (!folio && read_mems_allowed_retry(cpuset_mems_cookie));

                return folio;
        }
        return folio_alloc(gfp, order);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_alloc_folio);
#endif

/*
 * filemap_invalidate_lock_two - lock invalidate_lock for two mappings
 *
 * Lock exclusively invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
 *
 * @mapping1: the first mapping to lock
 * @mapping2: the second mapping to lock
 */
void filemap_invalidate_lock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
                                 struct address_space *mapping2)
{
        if (mapping1 > mapping2)
                swap(mapping1, mapping2);
        if (mapping1)
                down_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
        if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
                down_write_nested(&mapping2->invalidate_lock, 1);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_lock_two);

/*
 * filemap_invalidate_unlock_two - unlock invalidate_lock for two mappings
 *
 * Unlock exclusive invalidate_lock of any passed mapping that is not NULL.
 *
 * @mapping1: the first mapping to unlock
 * @mapping2: the second mapping to unlock
 */
void filemap_invalidate_unlock_two(struct address_space *mapping1,
                                   struct address_space *mapping2)
{
        if (mapping1)
                up_write(&mapping1->invalidate_lock);
        if (mapping2 && mapping1 != mapping2)
                up_write(&mapping2->invalidate_lock);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_invalidate_unlock_two);

/*
 * In order to wait for pages to become available there must be
 * waitqueues associated with pages. By using a hash table of
 * waitqueues where the bucket discipline is to maintain all
 * waiters on the same queue and wake all when any of the pages
 * become available, and for the woken contexts to check to be
 * sure the appropriate page became available, this saves space
 * at a cost of "thundering herd" phenomena during rare hash
 * collisions.
 */
#define PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS 8
#define PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE (1 << PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS)
static wait_queue_head_t folio_wait_table[PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE] __cacheline_aligned;

static wait_queue_head_t *folio_waitqueue(struct folio *folio)
{
        return &folio_wait_table[hash_ptr(folio, PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_BITS)];
}

void __init pagecache_init(void)
{
        int i;

        for (i = 0; i < PAGE_WAIT_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
                init_waitqueue_head(&folio_wait_table[i]);

        page_writeback_init();
}

/*
 * The page wait code treats the "wait->flags" somewhat unusually, because
 * we have multiple different kinds of waits, not just the usual "exclusive"
 * one.
 *
 * We have:
 *
 *  (a) no special bits set:
 *
 *      We're just waiting for the bit to be released, and when a waker
 *      calls the wakeup function, we set WQ_FLAG_WOKEN and wake it up,
 *      and remove it from the wait queue.
 *
 *      Simple and straightforward.
 *
 *  (b) WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE:
 *
 *      The waiter is waiting to get the lock, and only one waiter should
 *      be woken up to avoid any thundering herd behavior. We'll set the
 *      WQ_FLAG_WOKEN bit, wake it up, and remove it from the wait queue.
 *
 *      This is the traditional exclusive wait.
 *
 *  (c) WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE | WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM:
 *
 *      The waiter is waiting to get the bit, and additionally wants the
 *      lock to be transferred to it for fair lock behavior. If the lock
 *      cannot be taken, we stop walking the wait queue without waking
 *      the waiter.
 *
 *      This is the "fair lock handoff" case, and in addition to setting
 *      WQ_FLAG_WOKEN, we set WQ_FLAG_DONE to let the waiter easily see
 *      that it now has the lock.
 */
static int wake_page_function(wait_queue_entry_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *arg)
{
        unsigned int flags;
        struct wait_page_key *key = arg;
        struct wait_page_queue *wait_page
                = container_of(wait, struct wait_page_queue, wait);

        if (!wake_page_match(wait_page, key))
                return 0;

        /*
         * If it's a lock handoff wait, we get the bit for it, and
         * stop walking (and do not wake it up) if we can't.
         */
        flags = wait->flags;
        if (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) {
                if (test_bit(key->bit_nr, &key->folio->flags))
                        return -1;
                if (flags & WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM) {
                        if (test_and_set_bit(key->bit_nr, &key->folio->flags))
                                return -1;
                        flags |= WQ_FLAG_DONE;
                }
        }

        /*
         * We are holding the wait-queue lock, but the waiter that
         * is waiting for this will be checking the flags without
         * any locking.
         *
         * So update the flags atomically, and wake up the waiter
         * afterwards to avoid any races. This store-release pairs
         * with the load-acquire in folio_wait_bit_common().
         */
        smp_store_release(&wait->flags, flags | WQ_FLAG_WOKEN);
        wake_up_state(wait->private, mode);

        /*
         * Ok, we have successfully done what we're waiting for,
         * and we can unconditionally remove the wait entry.
         *
         * Note that this pairs with the "finish_wait()" in the
         * waiter, and has to be the absolute last thing we do.
         * After this list_del_init(&wait->entry) the wait entry
         * might be de-allocated and the process might even have
         * exited.
         */
        list_del_init_careful(&wait->entry);
        return (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) != 0;
}

static void folio_wake_bit(struct folio *folio, int bit_nr)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = folio_waitqueue(folio);
        struct wait_page_key key;
        unsigned long flags;

        key.folio = folio;
        key.bit_nr = bit_nr;
        key.page_match = 0;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
        __wake_up_locked_key(q, TASK_NORMAL, &key);

        /*
         * It's possible to miss clearing waiters here, when we woke our page
         * waiters, but the hashed waitqueue has waiters for other pages on it.
         * That's okay, it's a rare case. The next waker will clear it.
         *
         * Note that, depending on the page pool (buddy, hugetlb, ZONE_DEVICE,
         * other), the flag may be cleared in the course of freeing the page;
         * but that is not required for correctness.
         */
        if (!waitqueue_active(q) || !key.page_match)
                folio_clear_waiters(folio);

        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}

/*
 * A choice of three behaviors for folio_wait_bit_common():
 */
enum behavior {
        EXCLUSIVE,      /* Hold ref to page and take the bit when woken, like
                         * __folio_lock() waiting on then setting PG_locked.
                         */
        SHARED,         /* Hold ref to page and check the bit when woken, like
                         * folio_wait_writeback() waiting on PG_writeback.
                         */
        DROP,           /* Drop ref to page before wait, no check when woken,
                         * like folio_put_wait_locked() on PG_locked.
                         */
};

/*
 * Attempt to check (or get) the folio flag, and mark us done
 * if successful.
 */
static inline bool folio_trylock_flag(struct folio *folio, int bit_nr,
                                        struct wait_queue_entry *wait)
{
        if (wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) {
                if (test_and_set_bit(bit_nr, &folio->flags))
                        return false;
        } else if (test_bit(bit_nr, &folio->flags))
                return false;

        wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_WOKEN | WQ_FLAG_DONE;
        return true;
}

/* How many times do we accept lock stealing from under a waiter? */
int sysctl_page_lock_unfairness = 5;

static inline int folio_wait_bit_common(struct folio *folio, int bit_nr,
                int state, enum behavior behavior)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = folio_waitqueue(folio);
        int unfairness = sysctl_page_lock_unfairness;
        struct wait_page_queue wait_page;
        wait_queue_entry_t *wait = &wait_page.wait;
        bool thrashing = false;
        unsigned long pflags;
        bool in_thrashing;

        if (bit_nr == PG_locked &&
            !folio_test_uptodate(folio) && folio_test_workingset(folio)) {
                delayacct_thrashing_start(&in_thrashing);
                psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
                thrashing = true;
        }

        init_wait(wait);
        wait->func = wake_page_function;
        wait_page.folio = folio;
        wait_page.bit_nr = bit_nr;

repeat:
        wait->flags = 0;
        if (behavior == EXCLUSIVE) {
                wait->flags = WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
                if (--unfairness < 0)
                        wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_CUSTOM;
        }

        /*
         * Do one last check whether we can get the
         * page bit synchronously.
         *
         * Do the folio_set_waiters() marking before that
         * to let any waker we _just_ missed know they
         * need to wake us up (otherwise they'll never
         * even go to the slow case that looks at the
         * page queue), and add ourselves to the wait
         * queue if we need to sleep.
         *
         * This part needs to be done under the queue
         * lock to avoid races.
         */
        spin_lock_irq(&q->lock);
        folio_set_waiters(folio);
        if (!folio_trylock_flag(folio, bit_nr, wait))
                __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, wait);
        spin_unlock_irq(&q->lock);

        /*
         * From now on, all the logic will be based on
         * the WQ_FLAG_WOKEN and WQ_FLAG_DONE flag, to
         * see whether the page bit testing has already
         * been done by the wake function.
         *
         * We can drop our reference to the folio.
         */
        if (behavior == DROP)
                folio_put(folio);

        /*
         * Note that until the "finish_wait()", or until
         * we see the WQ_FLAG_WOKEN flag, we need to
         * be very careful with the 'wait->flags', because
         * we may race with a waker that sets them.
         */
        for (;;) {
                unsigned int flags;

                set_current_state(state);

                /* Loop until we've been woken or interrupted */
                flags = smp_load_acquire(&wait->flags);
                if (!(flags & WQ_FLAG_WOKEN)) {
                        if (signal_pending_state(state, current))
                                break;

                        io_schedule();
                        continue;
                }

                /* If we were non-exclusive, we're done */
                if (behavior != EXCLUSIVE)
                        break;

                /* If the waker got the lock for us, we're done */
                if (flags & WQ_FLAG_DONE)
                        break;

                /*
                 * Otherwise, if we're getting the lock, we need to
                 * try to get it ourselves.
                 *
                 * And if that fails, we'll have to retry this all.
                 */
                if (unlikely(test_and_set_bit(bit_nr, folio_flags(folio, 0))))
                        goto repeat;

                wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_DONE;
                break;
        }

        /*
         * If a signal happened, this 'finish_wait()' may remove the last
         * waiter from the wait-queues, but the folio waiters bit will remain
         * set. That's ok. The next wakeup will take care of it, and trying
         * to do it here would be difficult and prone to races.
         */
        finish_wait(q, wait);

        if (thrashing) {
                delayacct_thrashing_end(&in_thrashing);
                psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);
        }

        /*
         * NOTE! The wait->flags weren't stable until we've done the
         * 'finish_wait()', and we could have exited the loop above due
         * to a signal, and had a wakeup event happen after the signal
         * test but before the 'finish_wait()'.
         *
         * So only after the finish_wait() can we reliably determine
         * if we got woken up or not, so we can now figure out the final
         * return value based on that state without races.
         *
         * Also note that WQ_FLAG_WOKEN is sufficient for a non-exclusive
         * waiter, but an exclusive one requires WQ_FLAG_DONE.
         */
        if (behavior == EXCLUSIVE)
                return wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_DONE ? 0 : -EINTR;

        return wait->flags & WQ_FLAG_WOKEN ? 0 : -EINTR;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MIGRATION
/**
 * migration_entry_wait_on_locked - Wait for a migration entry to be removed
 * @entry: migration swap entry.
 * @ptl: already locked ptl. This function will drop the lock.
 *
 * Wait for a migration entry referencing the given page to be removed. This is
 * equivalent to put_and_wait_on_page_locked(page, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) except
 * this can be called without taking a reference on the page. Instead this
 * should be called while holding the ptl for the migration entry referencing
 * the page.
 *
 * Returns after unlocking the ptl.
 *
 * This follows the same logic as folio_wait_bit_common() so see the comments
 * there.
 */
void migration_entry_wait_on_locked(swp_entry_t entry, spinlock_t *ptl)
        __releases(ptl)
{
        struct wait_page_queue wait_page;
        wait_queue_entry_t *wait = &wait_page.wait;
        bool thrashing = false;
        unsigned long pflags;
        bool in_thrashing;
        wait_queue_head_t *q;
        struct folio *folio = page_folio(pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry));

        q = folio_waitqueue(folio);
        if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio) && folio_test_workingset(folio)) {
                delayacct_thrashing_start(&in_thrashing);
                psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
                thrashing = true;
        }

        init_wait(wait);
        wait->func = wake_page_function;
        wait_page.folio = folio;
        wait_page.bit_nr = PG_locked;
        wait->flags = 0;

        spin_lock_irq(&q->lock);
        folio_set_waiters(folio);
        if (!folio_trylock_flag(folio, PG_locked, wait))
                __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, wait);
        spin_unlock_irq(&q->lock);

        /*
         * If a migration entry exists for the page the migration path must hold
         * a valid reference to the page, and it must take the ptl to remove the
         * migration entry. So the page is valid until the ptl is dropped.
         */
        spin_unlock(ptl);

        for (;;) {
                unsigned int flags;

                set_current_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);

                /* Loop until we've been woken or interrupted */
                flags = smp_load_acquire(&wait->flags);
                if (!(flags & WQ_FLAG_WOKEN)) {
                        if (signal_pending_state(TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, current))
                                break;

                        io_schedule();
                        continue;
                }
                break;
        }

        finish_wait(q, wait);

        if (thrashing) {
                delayacct_thrashing_end(&in_thrashing);
                psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);
        }
}
#endif

void folio_wait_bit(struct folio *folio, int bit_nr)
{
        folio_wait_bit_common(folio, bit_nr, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, SHARED);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_wait_bit);

int folio_wait_bit_killable(struct folio *folio, int bit_nr)
{
        return folio_wait_bit_common(folio, bit_nr, TASK_KILLABLE, SHARED);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_wait_bit_killable);

/**
 * folio_put_wait_locked - Drop a reference and wait for it to be unlocked
 * @folio: The folio to wait for.
 * @state: The sleep state (TASK_KILLABLE, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE, etc).
 *
 * The caller should hold a reference on @folio.  They expect the page to
 * become unlocked relatively soon, but do not wish to hold up migration
 * (for example) by holding the reference while waiting for the folio to
 * come unlocked.  After this function returns, the caller should not
 * dereference @folio.
 *
 * Return: 0 if the folio was unlocked or -EINTR if interrupted by a signal.
 */
static int folio_put_wait_locked(struct folio *folio, int state)
{
        return folio_wait_bit_common(folio, PG_locked, state, DROP);
}

/**
 * folio_add_wait_queue - Add an arbitrary waiter to a folio's wait queue
 * @folio: Folio defining the wait queue of interest
 * @waiter: Waiter to add to the queue
 *
 * Add an arbitrary @waiter to the wait queue for the nominated @folio.
 */
void folio_add_wait_queue(struct folio *folio, wait_queue_entry_t *waiter)
{
        wait_queue_head_t *q = folio_waitqueue(folio);
        unsigned long flags;

        spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
        __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, waiter);
        folio_set_waiters(folio);
        spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(folio_add_wait_queue);

/**
 * folio_unlock - Unlock a locked folio.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * Unlocks the folio and wakes up any thread sleeping on the page lock.
 *
 * Context: May be called from interrupt or process context.  May not be
 * called from NMI context.
 */
void folio_unlock(struct folio *folio)
{
        /* Bit 7 allows x86 to check the byte's sign bit */
        BUILD_BUG_ON(PG_waiters != 7);
        BUILD_BUG_ON(PG_locked > 7);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(folio), folio);
        if (folio_xor_flags_has_waiters(folio, 1 << PG_locked))
                folio_wake_bit(folio, PG_locked);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_unlock);

/**
 * folio_end_read - End read on a folio.
 * @folio: The folio.
 * @success: True if all reads completed successfully.
 *
 * When all reads against a folio have completed, filesystems should
 * call this function to let the pagecache know that no more reads
 * are outstanding.  This will unlock the folio and wake up any thread
 * sleeping on the lock.  The folio will also be marked uptodate if all
 * reads succeeded.
 *
 * Context: May be called from interrupt or process context.  May not be
 * called from NMI context.
 */
void folio_end_read(struct folio *folio, bool success)
{
        unsigned long mask = 1 << PG_locked;

        /* Must be in bottom byte for x86 to work */
        BUILD_BUG_ON(PG_uptodate > 7);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_locked(folio), folio);
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(folio_test_uptodate(folio), folio);

        if (likely(success))
                mask |= 1 << PG_uptodate;
        if (folio_xor_flags_has_waiters(folio, mask))
                folio_wake_bit(folio, PG_locked);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_end_read);

/**
 * folio_end_private_2 - Clear PG_private_2 and wake any waiters.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * Clear the PG_private_2 bit on a folio and wake up any sleepers waiting for
 * it.  The folio reference held for PG_private_2 being set is released.
 *
 * This is, for example, used when a netfs folio is being written to a local
 * disk cache, thereby allowing writes to the cache for the same folio to be
 * serialised.
 */
void folio_end_private_2(struct folio *folio)
{
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_private_2(folio), folio);
        clear_bit_unlock(PG_private_2, folio_flags(folio, 0));
        folio_wake_bit(folio, PG_private_2);
        folio_put(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_end_private_2);

/**
 * folio_wait_private_2 - Wait for PG_private_2 to be cleared on a folio.
 * @folio: The folio to wait on.
 *
 * Wait for PG_private_2 (aka PG_fscache) to be cleared on a folio.
 */
void folio_wait_private_2(struct folio *folio)
{
        while (folio_test_private_2(folio))
                folio_wait_bit(folio, PG_private_2);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_wait_private_2);

/**
 * folio_wait_private_2_killable - Wait for PG_private_2 to be cleared on a folio.
 * @folio: The folio to wait on.
 *
 * Wait for PG_private_2 (aka PG_fscache) to be cleared on a folio or until a
 * fatal signal is received by the calling task.
 *
 * Return:
 * - 0 if successful.
 * - -EINTR if a fatal signal was encountered.
 */
int folio_wait_private_2_killable(struct folio *folio)
{
        int ret = 0;

        while (folio_test_private_2(folio)) {
                ret = folio_wait_bit_killable(folio, PG_private_2);
                if (ret < 0)
                        break;
        }

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_wait_private_2_killable);

/**
 * folio_end_writeback - End writeback against a folio.
 * @folio: The folio.
 *
 * The folio must actually be under writeback.
 *
 * Context: May be called from process or interrupt context.
 */
void folio_end_writeback(struct folio *folio)
{
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_test_writeback(folio), folio);

        /*
         * folio_test_clear_reclaim() could be used here but it is an
         * atomic operation and overkill in this particular case. Failing
         * to shuffle a folio marked for immediate reclaim is too mild
         * a gain to justify taking an atomic operation penalty at the
         * end of every folio writeback.
         */
        if (folio_test_reclaim(folio)) {
                folio_clear_reclaim(folio);
                folio_rotate_reclaimable(folio);
        }

        /*
         * Writeback does not hold a folio reference of its own, relying
         * on truncation to wait for the clearing of PG_writeback.
         * But here we must make sure that the folio is not freed and
         * reused before the folio_wake_bit().
         */
        folio_get(folio);
        if (__folio_end_writeback(folio))
                folio_wake_bit(folio, PG_writeback);
        acct_reclaim_writeback(folio);
        folio_put(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(folio_end_writeback);

/**
 * __folio_lock - Get a lock on the folio, assuming we need to sleep to get it.
 * @folio: The folio to lock
 */
void __folio_lock(struct folio *folio)
{
        folio_wait_bit_common(folio, PG_locked, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE,
                                EXCLUSIVE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__folio_lock);

int __folio_lock_killable(struct folio *folio)
{
        return folio_wait_bit_common(folio, PG_locked, TASK_KILLABLE,
                                        EXCLUSIVE);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(__folio_lock_killable);

static int __folio_lock_async(struct folio *folio, struct wait_page_queue *wait)
{
        struct wait_queue_head *q = folio_waitqueue(folio);
        int ret;

        wait->folio = folio;
        wait->bit_nr = PG_locked;

        spin_lock_irq(&q->lock);
        __add_wait_queue_entry_tail(q, &wait->wait);
        folio_set_waiters(folio);
        ret = !folio_trylock(folio);
        /*
         * If we were successful now, we know we're still on the
         * waitqueue as we're still under the lock. This means it's
         * safe to remove and return success, we know the callback
         * isn't going to trigger.
         */
        if (!ret)
                __remove_wait_queue(q, &wait->wait);
        else
                ret = -EIOCBQUEUED;
        spin_unlock_irq(&q->lock);
        return ret;
}

/*
 * Return values:
 * 0 - folio is locked.
 * non-zero - folio is not locked.
 *     mmap_lock or per-VMA lock has been released (mmap_read_unlock() or
 *     vma_end_read()), unless flags had both FAULT_FLAG_ALLOW_RETRY and
 *     FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT set, in which case the lock is still held.
 *
 * If neither ALLOW_RETRY nor KILLABLE are set, will always return 0
 * with the folio locked and the mmap_lock/per-VMA lock is left unperturbed.
 */
vm_fault_t __folio_lock_or_retry(struct folio *folio, struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        unsigned int flags = vmf->flags;

        if (fault_flag_allow_retry_first(flags)) {
                /*
                 * CAUTION! In this case, mmap_lock/per-VMA lock is not
                 * released even though returning VM_FAULT_RETRY.
                 */
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
                        return VM_FAULT_RETRY;

                release_fault_lock(vmf);
                if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE)
                        folio_wait_locked_killable(folio);
                else
                        folio_wait_locked(folio);
                return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
        }
        if (flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
                bool ret;

                ret = __folio_lock_killable(folio);
                if (ret) {
                        release_fault_lock(vmf);
                        return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
                }
        } else {
                __folio_lock(folio);
        }

        return 0;
}

/**
 * page_cache_next_miss() - Find the next gap in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Mapping.
 * @index: Index.
 * @max_scan: Maximum range to search.
 *
 * Search the range [index, min(index + max_scan - 1, ULONG_MAX)] for the
 * gap with the lowest index.
 *
 * This function may be called under the rcu_read_lock.  However, this will
 * not atomically search a snapshot of the cache at a single point in time.
 * For example, if a gap is created at index 5, then subsequently a gap is
 * created at index 10, page_cache_next_miss covering both indices may
 * return 10 if called under the rcu_read_lock.
 *
 * Return: The index of the gap if found, otherwise an index outside the
 * range specified (in which case 'return - index >= max_scan' will be true).
 * In the rare case of index wrap-around, 0 will be returned.
 */
pgoff_t page_cache_next_miss(struct address_space *mapping,
                             pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);

        while (max_scan--) {
                void *entry = xas_next(&xas);
                if (!entry || xa_is_value(entry))
                        break;
                if (xas.xa_index == 0)
                        break;
        }

        return xas.xa_index;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_next_miss);

/**
 * page_cache_prev_miss() - Find the previous gap in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Mapping.
 * @index: Index.
 * @max_scan: Maximum range to search.
 *
 * Search the range [max(index - max_scan + 1, 0), index] for the
 * gap with the highest index.
 *
 * This function may be called under the rcu_read_lock.  However, this will
 * not atomically search a snapshot of the cache at a single point in time.
 * For example, if a gap is created at index 10, then subsequently a gap is
 * created at index 5, page_cache_prev_miss() covering both indices may
 * return 5 if called under the rcu_read_lock.
 *
 * Return: The index of the gap if found, otherwise an index outside the
 * range specified (in which case 'index - return >= max_scan' will be true).
 * In the rare case of wrap-around, ULONG_MAX will be returned.
 */
pgoff_t page_cache_prev_miss(struct address_space *mapping,
                             pgoff_t index, unsigned long max_scan)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);

        while (max_scan--) {
                void *entry = xas_prev(&xas);
                if (!entry || xa_is_value(entry))
                        break;
                if (xas.xa_index == ULONG_MAX)
                        break;
        }

        return xas.xa_index;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(page_cache_prev_miss);

/*
 * Lockless page cache protocol:
 * On the lookup side:
 * 1. Load the folio from i_pages
 * 2. Increment the refcount if it's not zero
 * 3. If the folio is not found by xas_reload(), put the refcount and retry
 *
 * On the removal side:
 * A. Freeze the page (by zeroing the refcount if nobody else has a reference)
 * B. Remove the page from i_pages
 * C. Return the page to the page allocator
 *
 * This means that any page may have its reference count temporarily
 * increased by a speculative page cache (or fast GUP) lookup as it can
 * be allocated by another user before the RCU grace period expires.
 * Because the refcount temporarily acquired here may end up being the
 * last refcount on the page, any page allocation must be freeable by
 * folio_put().
 */

/*
 * filemap_get_entry - Get a page cache entry.
 * @mapping: the address_space to search
 * @index: The page cache index.
 *
 * Looks up the page cache entry at @mapping & @index.  If it is a folio,
 * it is returned with an increased refcount.  If it is a shadow entry
 * of a previously evicted folio, or a swap entry from shmem/tmpfs,
 * it is returned without further action.
 *
 * Return: The folio, swap or shadow entry, %NULL if nothing is found.
 */
void *filemap_get_entry(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
repeat:
        xas_reset(&xas);
        folio = xas_load(&xas);
        if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                goto repeat;
        /*
         * A shadow entry of a recently evicted page, or a swap entry from
         * shmem/tmpfs.  Return it without attempting to raise page count.
         */
        if (!folio || xa_is_value(folio))
                goto out;

        if (!folio_try_get_rcu(folio))
                goto repeat;

        if (unlikely(folio != xas_reload(&xas))) {
                folio_put(folio);
                goto repeat;
        }
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return folio;
}

/**
 * __filemap_get_folio - Find and get a reference to a folio.
 * @mapping: The address_space to search.
 * @index: The page index.
 * @fgp_flags: %FGP flags modify how the folio is returned.
 * @gfp: Memory allocation flags to use if %FGP_CREAT is specified.
 *
 * Looks up the page cache entry at @mapping & @index.
 *
 * If %FGP_LOCK or %FGP_CREAT are specified then the function may sleep even
 * if the %GFP flags specified for %FGP_CREAT are atomic.
 *
 * If this function returns a folio, it is returned with an increased refcount.
 *
 * Return: The found folio or an ERR_PTR() otherwise.
 */
struct folio *__filemap_get_folio(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                fgf_t fgp_flags, gfp_t gfp)
{
        struct folio *folio;

repeat:
        folio = filemap_get_entry(mapping, index);
        if (xa_is_value(folio))
                folio = NULL;
        if (!folio)
                goto no_page;

        if (fgp_flags & FGP_LOCK) {
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOWAIT) {
                        if (!folio_trylock(folio)) {
                                folio_put(folio);
                                return ERR_PTR(-EAGAIN);
                        }
                } else {
                        folio_lock(folio);
                }

                /* Has the page been truncated? */
                if (unlikely(folio->mapping != mapping)) {
                        folio_unlock(folio);
                        folio_put(folio);
                        goto repeat;
                }
                VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_contains(folio, index), folio);
        }

        if (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED)
                folio_mark_accessed(folio);
        else if (fgp_flags & FGP_WRITE) {
                /* Clear idle flag for buffer write */
                if (folio_test_idle(folio))
                        folio_clear_idle(folio);
        }

        if (fgp_flags & FGP_STABLE)
                folio_wait_stable(folio);
no_page:
        if (!folio && (fgp_flags & FGP_CREAT)) {
                unsigned order = FGF_GET_ORDER(fgp_flags);
                int err;

                if ((fgp_flags & FGP_WRITE) && mapping_can_writeback(mapping))
                        gfp |= __GFP_WRITE;
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOFS)
                        gfp &= ~__GFP_FS;
                if (fgp_flags & FGP_NOWAIT) {
                        gfp &= ~GFP_KERNEL;
                        gfp |= GFP_NOWAIT | __GFP_NOWARN;
                }
                if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!(fgp_flags & (FGP_LOCK | FGP_FOR_MMAP))))
                        fgp_flags |= FGP_LOCK;

                if (!mapping_large_folio_support(mapping))
                        order = 0;
                if (order > MAX_PAGECACHE_ORDER)
                        order = MAX_PAGECACHE_ORDER;
                /* If we're not aligned, allocate a smaller folio */
                if (index & ((1UL << order) - 1))
                        order = __ffs(index);

                do {
                        gfp_t alloc_gfp = gfp;

                        err = -ENOMEM;
                        if (order == 1)
                                order = 0;
                        if (order > 0)
                                alloc_gfp |= __GFP_NORETRY | __GFP_NOWARN;
                        folio = filemap_alloc_folio(alloc_gfp, order);
                        if (!folio)
                                continue;

                        /* Init accessed so avoid atomic mark_page_accessed later */
                        if (fgp_flags & FGP_ACCESSED)
                                __folio_set_referenced(folio);

                        err = filemap_add_folio(mapping, folio, index, gfp);
                        if (!err)
                                break;
                        folio_put(folio);
                        folio = NULL;
                } while (order-- > 0);

                if (err == -EEXIST)
                        goto repeat;
                if (err)
                        return ERR_PTR(err);
                /*
                 * filemap_add_folio locks the page, and for mmap
                 * we expect an unlocked page.
                 */
                if (folio && (fgp_flags & FGP_FOR_MMAP))
                        folio_unlock(folio);
        }

        if (!folio)
                return ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
        return folio;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__filemap_get_folio);

static inline struct folio *find_get_entry(struct xa_state *xas, pgoff_t max,
                xa_mark_t mark)
{
        struct folio *folio;

retry:
        if (mark == XA_PRESENT)
                folio = xas_find(xas, max);
        else
                folio = xas_find_marked(xas, max, mark);

        if (xas_retry(xas, folio))
                goto retry;
        /*
         * A shadow entry of a recently evicted page, a swap
         * entry from shmem/tmpfs or a DAX entry.  Return it
         * without attempting to raise page count.
         */
        if (!folio || xa_is_value(folio))
                return folio;

        if (!folio_try_get_rcu(folio))
                goto reset;

        if (unlikely(folio != xas_reload(xas))) {
                folio_put(folio);
                goto reset;
        }

        return folio;
reset:
        xas_reset(xas);
        goto retry;
}

/**
 * find_get_entries - gang pagecache lookup
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page cache index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive).
 * @fbatch:     Where the resulting entries are placed.
 * @indices:    The cache indices corresponding to the entries in @entries
 *
 * find_get_entries() will search for and return a batch of entries in
 * the mapping.  The entries are placed in @fbatch.  find_get_entries()
 * takes a reference on any actual folios it returns.
 *
 * The entries have ascending indexes.  The indices may not be consecutive
 * due to not-present entries or large folios.
 *
 * Any shadow entries of evicted folios, or swap entries from
 * shmem/tmpfs, are included in the returned array.
 *
 * Return: The number of entries which were found.
 */
unsigned find_get_entries(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start,
                pgoff_t end, struct folio_batch *fbatch, pgoff_t *indices)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *start);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((folio = find_get_entry(&xas, end, XA_PRESENT)) != NULL) {
                indices[fbatch->nr] = xas.xa_index;
                if (!folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio))
                        break;
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (folio_batch_count(fbatch)) {
                unsigned long nr = 1;
                int idx = folio_batch_count(fbatch) - 1;

                folio = fbatch->folios[idx];
                if (!xa_is_value(folio))
                        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
                *start = indices[idx] + nr;
        }
        return folio_batch_count(fbatch);
}

/**
 * find_lock_entries - Find a batch of pagecache entries.
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search.
 * @start:      The starting page cache index.
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive).
 * @fbatch:     Where the resulting entries are placed.
 * @indices:    The cache indices of the entries in @fbatch.
 *
 * find_lock_entries() will return a batch of entries from @mapping.
 * Swap, shadow and DAX entries are included.  Folios are returned
 * locked and with an incremented refcount.  Folios which are locked
 * by somebody else or under writeback are skipped.  Folios which are
 * partially outside the range are not returned.
 *
 * The entries have ascending indexes.  The indices may not be consecutive
 * due to not-present entries, large folios, folios which could not be
 * locked or folios under writeback.
 *
 * Return: The number of entries which were found.
 */
unsigned find_lock_entries(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start,
                pgoff_t end, struct folio_batch *fbatch, pgoff_t *indices)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *start);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((folio = find_get_entry(&xas, end, XA_PRESENT))) {
                if (!xa_is_value(folio)) {
                        if (folio->index < *start)
                                goto put;
                        if (folio_next_index(folio) - 1 > end)
                                goto put;
                        if (!folio_trylock(folio))
                                goto put;
                        if (folio->mapping != mapping ||
                            folio_test_writeback(folio))
                                goto unlock;
                        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_contains(folio, xas.xa_index),
                                        folio);
                }
                indices[fbatch->nr] = xas.xa_index;
                if (!folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio))
                        break;
                continue;
unlock:
                folio_unlock(folio);
put:
                folio_put(folio);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();

        if (folio_batch_count(fbatch)) {
                unsigned long nr = 1;
                int idx = folio_batch_count(fbatch) - 1;

                folio = fbatch->folios[idx];
                if (!xa_is_value(folio))
                        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
                *start = indices[idx] + nr;
        }
        return folio_batch_count(fbatch);
}

/**
 * filemap_get_folios - Get a batch of folios
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive)
 * @fbatch:     The batch to fill.
 *
 * Search for and return a batch of folios in the mapping starting at
 * index @start and up to index @end (inclusive).  The folios are returned
 * in @fbatch with an elevated reference count.
 *
 * Return: The number of folios which were found.
 * We also update @start to index the next folio for the traversal.
 */
unsigned filemap_get_folios(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start,
                pgoff_t end, struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        return filemap_get_folios_tag(mapping, start, end, XA_PRESENT, fbatch);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_get_folios);

/**
 * filemap_get_folios_contig - Get a batch of contiguous folios
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive)
 * @fbatch:     The batch to fill
 *
 * filemap_get_folios_contig() works exactly like filemap_get_folios(),
 * except the returned folios are guaranteed to be contiguous. This may
 * not return all contiguous folios if the batch gets filled up.
 *
 * Return: The number of folios found.
 * Also update @start to be positioned for traversal of the next folio.
 */

unsigned filemap_get_folios_contig(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t *start, pgoff_t end, struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *start);
        unsigned long nr;
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();

        for (folio = xas_load(&xas); folio && xas.xa_index <= end;
                        folio = xas_next(&xas)) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                        continue;
                /*
                 * If the entry has been swapped out, we can stop looking.
                 * No current caller is looking for DAX entries.
                 */
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        goto update_start;

                if (!folio_try_get_rcu(folio))
                        goto retry;

                if (unlikely(folio != xas_reload(&xas)))
                        goto put_folio;

                if (!folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio)) {
                        nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
                        *start = folio->index + nr;
                        goto out;
                }
                continue;
put_folio:
                folio_put(folio);

retry:
                xas_reset(&xas);
        }

update_start:
        nr = folio_batch_count(fbatch);

        if (nr) {
                folio = fbatch->folios[nr - 1];
                *start = folio_next_index(folio);
        }
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        return folio_batch_count(fbatch);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_get_folios_contig);

/**
 * filemap_get_folios_tag - Get a batch of folios matching @tag
 * @mapping:    The address_space to search
 * @start:      The starting page index
 * @end:        The final page index (inclusive)
 * @tag:        The tag index
 * @fbatch:     The batch to fill
 *
 * The first folio may start before @start; if it does, it will contain
 * @start.  The final folio may extend beyond @end; if it does, it will
 * contain @end.  The folios have ascending indices.  There may be gaps
 * between the folios if there are indices which have no folio in the
 * page cache.  If folios are added to or removed from the page cache
 * while this is running, they may or may not be found by this call.
 * Only returns folios that are tagged with @tag.
 *
 * Return: The number of folios found.
 * Also update @start to index the next folio for traversal.
 */
unsigned filemap_get_folios_tag(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t *start,
                        pgoff_t end, xa_mark_t tag, struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, *start);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((folio = find_get_entry(&xas, end, tag)) != NULL) {
                /*
                 * Shadow entries should never be tagged, but this iteration
                 * is lockless so there is a window for page reclaim to evict
                 * a page we saw tagged. Skip over it.
                 */
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        continue;
                if (!folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio)) {
                        unsigned long nr = folio_nr_pages(folio);
                        *start = folio->index + nr;
                        goto out;
                }
        }
        /*
         * We come here when there is no page beyond @end. We take care to not
         * overflow the index @start as it confuses some of the callers. This
         * breaks the iteration when there is a page at index -1 but that is
         * already broke anyway.
         */
        if (end == (pgoff_t)-1)
                *start = (pgoff_t)-1;
        else
                *start = end + 1;
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        return folio_batch_count(fbatch);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_get_folios_tag);

/*
 * CD/DVDs are error prone. When a medium error occurs, the driver may fail
 * a _large_ part of the i/o request. Imagine the worst scenario:
 *
 *      ---R__________________________________________B__________
 *         ^ reading here                             ^ bad block(assume 4k)
 *
 * read(R) => miss => readahead(R...B) => media error => frustrating retries
 * => failing the whole request => read(R) => read(R+1) =>
 * readahead(R+1...B+1) => bang => read(R+2) => read(R+3) =>
 * readahead(R+3...B+2) => bang => read(R+3) => read(R+4) =>
 * readahead(R+4...B+3) => bang => read(R+4) => read(R+5) => ......
 *
 * It is going insane. Fix it by quickly scaling down the readahead size.
 */
static void shrink_readahead_size_eio(struct file_ra_state *ra)
{
        ra->ra_pages /= 4;
}

/*
 * filemap_get_read_batch - Get a batch of folios for read
 *
 * Get a batch of folios which represent a contiguous range of bytes in
 * the file.  No exceptional entries will be returned.  If @index is in
 * the middle of a folio, the entire folio will be returned.  The last
 * folio in the batch may have the readahead flag set or the uptodate flag
 * clear so that the caller can take the appropriate action.
 */
static void filemap_get_read_batch(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index, pgoff_t max, struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, index);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
        for (folio = xas_load(&xas); folio; folio = xas_next(&xas)) {
                if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                        continue;
                if (xas.xa_index > max || xa_is_value(folio))
                        break;
                if (xa_is_sibling(folio))
                        break;
                if (!folio_try_get_rcu(folio))
                        goto retry;

                if (unlikely(folio != xas_reload(&xas)))
                        goto put_folio;

                if (!folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio))
                        break;
                if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                        break;
                if (folio_test_readahead(folio))
                        break;
                xas_advance(&xas, folio_next_index(folio) - 1);
                continue;
put_folio:
                folio_put(folio);
retry:
                xas_reset(&xas);
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

static int filemap_read_folio(struct file *file, filler_t filler,
                struct folio *folio)
{
        bool workingset = folio_test_workingset(folio);
        unsigned long pflags;
        int error;

        /*
         * A previous I/O error may have been due to temporary failures,
         * eg. multipath errors.  PG_error will be set again if read_folio
         * fails.
         */
        folio_clear_error(folio);

        /* Start the actual read. The read will unlock the page. */
        if (unlikely(workingset))
                psi_memstall_enter(&pflags);
        error = filler(file, folio);
        if (unlikely(workingset))
                psi_memstall_leave(&pflags);
        if (error)
                return error;

        error = folio_wait_locked_killable(folio);
        if (error)
                return error;
        if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                return 0;
        if (file)
                shrink_readahead_size_eio(&file->f_ra);
        return -EIO;
}

static bool filemap_range_uptodate(struct address_space *mapping,
                loff_t pos, size_t count, struct folio *folio,
                bool need_uptodate)
{
        if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                return true;
        /* pipes can't handle partially uptodate pages */
        if (need_uptodate)
                return false;
        if (!mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate)
                return false;
        if (mapping->host->i_blkbits >= folio_shift(folio))
                return false;

        if (folio_pos(folio) > pos) {
                count -= folio_pos(folio) - pos;
                pos = 0;
        } else {
                pos -= folio_pos(folio);
        }

        return mapping->a_ops->is_partially_uptodate(folio, pos, count);
}

static int filemap_update_page(struct kiocb *iocb,
                struct address_space *mapping, size_t count,
                struct folio *folio, bool need_uptodate)
{
        int error;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                if (!filemap_invalidate_trylock_shared(mapping))
                        return -EAGAIN;
        } else {
                filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
        }

        if (!folio_trylock(folio)) {
                error = -EAGAIN;
                if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_NOIO))
                        goto unlock_mapping;
                if (!(iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ)) {
                        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
                        /*
                         * This is where we usually end up waiting for a
                         * previously submitted readahead to finish.
                         */
                        folio_put_wait_locked(folio, TASK_KILLABLE);
                        return AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
                }
                error = __folio_lock_async(folio, iocb->ki_waitq);
                if (error)
                        goto unlock_mapping;
        }

        error = AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
        if (!folio->mapping)
                goto unlock;

        error = 0;
        if (filemap_range_uptodate(mapping, iocb->ki_pos, count, folio,
                                   need_uptodate))
                goto unlock;

        error = -EAGAIN;
        if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOIO | IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_WAITQ))
                goto unlock;

        error = filemap_read_folio(iocb->ki_filp, mapping->a_ops->read_folio,
                        folio);
        goto unlock_mapping;
unlock:
        folio_unlock(folio);
unlock_mapping:
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        if (error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                folio_put(folio);
        return error;
}

static int filemap_create_folio(struct file *file,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                struct folio_batch *fbatch)
{
        struct folio *folio;
        int error;

        folio = filemap_alloc_folio(mapping_gfp_mask(mapping), 0);
        if (!folio)
                return -ENOMEM;

        /*
         * Protect against truncate / hole punch. Grabbing invalidate_lock
         * here assures we cannot instantiate and bring uptodate new
         * pagecache folios after evicting page cache during truncate
         * and before actually freeing blocks.  Note that we could
         * release invalidate_lock after inserting the folio into
         * the page cache as the locked folio would then be enough to
         * synchronize with hole punching. But there are code paths
         * such as filemap_update_page() filling in partially uptodate
         * pages or ->readahead() that need to hold invalidate_lock
         * while mapping blocks for IO so let's hold the lock here as
         * well to keep locking rules simple.
         */
        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
        error = filemap_add_folio(mapping, folio, index,
                        mapping_gfp_constraint(mapping, GFP_KERNEL));
        if (error == -EEXIST)
                error = AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE;
        if (error)
                goto error;

        error = filemap_read_folio(file, mapping->a_ops->read_folio, folio);
        if (error)
                goto error;

        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        folio_batch_add(fbatch, folio);
        return 0;
error:
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        folio_put(folio);
        return error;
}

static int filemap_readahead(struct kiocb *iocb, struct file *file,
                struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio,
                pgoff_t last_index)
{
        DEFINE_READAHEAD(ractl, file, &file->f_ra, mapping, folio->index);

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOIO)
                return -EAGAIN;
        page_cache_async_ra(&ractl, folio, last_index - folio->index);
        return 0;
}

static int filemap_get_pages(struct kiocb *iocb, size_t count,
                struct folio_batch *fbatch, bool need_uptodate)
{
        struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &filp->f_ra;
        pgoff_t index = iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        pgoff_t last_index;
        struct folio *folio;
        int err = 0;

        /* "last_index" is the index of the page beyond the end of the read */
        last_index = DIV_ROUND_UP(iocb->ki_pos + count, PAGE_SIZE);
retry:
        if (fatal_signal_pending(current))
                return -EINTR;

        filemap_get_read_batch(mapping, index, last_index - 1, fbatch);
        if (!folio_batch_count(fbatch)) {
                if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOIO)
                        return -EAGAIN;
                page_cache_sync_readahead(mapping, ra, filp, index,
                                last_index - index);
                filemap_get_read_batch(mapping, index, last_index - 1, fbatch);
        }
        if (!folio_batch_count(fbatch)) {
                if (iocb->ki_flags & (IOCB_NOWAIT | IOCB_WAITQ))
                        return -EAGAIN;
                err = filemap_create_folio(filp, mapping,
                                iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT, fbatch);
                if (err == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                        goto retry;
                return err;
        }

        folio = fbatch->folios[folio_batch_count(fbatch) - 1];
        if (folio_test_readahead(folio)) {
                err = filemap_readahead(iocb, filp, mapping, folio, last_index);
                if (err)
                        goto err;
        }
        if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
                if ((iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ) &&
                    folio_batch_count(fbatch) > 1)
                        iocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_NOWAIT;
                err = filemap_update_page(iocb, mapping, count, folio,
                                          need_uptodate);
                if (err)
                        goto err;
        }

        return 0;
err:
        if (err < 0)
                folio_put(folio);
        if (likely(--fbatch->nr))
                return 0;
        if (err == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                goto retry;
        return err;
}

static inline bool pos_same_folio(loff_t pos1, loff_t pos2, struct folio *folio)
{
        unsigned int shift = folio_shift(folio);

        return (pos1 >> shift == pos2 >> shift);
}

/**
 * filemap_read - Read data from the page cache.
 * @iocb: The iocb to read.
 * @iter: Destination for the data.
 * @already_read: Number of bytes already read by the caller.
 *
 * Copies data from the page cache.  If the data is not currently present,
 * uses the readahead and read_folio address_space operations to fetch it.
 *
 * Return: Total number of bytes copied, including those already read by
 * the caller.  If an error happens before any bytes are copied, returns
 * a negative error number.
 */
ssize_t filemap_read(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter,
                ssize_t already_read)
{
        struct file *filp = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &filp->f_ra;
        struct address_space *mapping = filp->f_mapping;
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        struct folio_batch fbatch;
        int i, error = 0;
        bool writably_mapped;
        loff_t isize, end_offset;
        loff_t last_pos = ra->prev_pos;

        if (unlikely(iocb->ki_pos >= inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes))
                return 0;
        if (unlikely(!iov_iter_count(iter)))
                return 0;

        iov_iter_truncate(iter, inode->i_sb->s_maxbytes);
        folio_batch_init(&fbatch);

        do {
                cond_resched();

                /*
                 * If we've already successfully copied some data, then we
                 * can no longer safely return -EIOCBQUEUED. Hence mark
                 * an async read NOWAIT at that point.
                 */
                if ((iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_WAITQ) && already_read)
                        iocb->ki_flags |= IOCB_NOWAIT;

                if (unlikely(iocb->ki_pos >= i_size_read(inode)))
                        break;

                error = filemap_get_pages(iocb, iter->count, &fbatch, false);
                if (error < 0)
                        break;

                /*
                 * i_size must be checked after we know the pages are Uptodate.
                 *
                 * Checking i_size after the check allows us to calculate
                 * the correct value for "nr", which means the zero-filled
                 * part of the page is not copied back to userspace (unless
                 * another truncate extends the file - this is desired though).
                 */
                isize = i_size_read(inode);
                if (unlikely(iocb->ki_pos >= isize))
                        goto put_folios;
                end_offset = min_t(loff_t, isize, iocb->ki_pos + iter->count);

                /*
                 * Once we start copying data, we don't want to be touching any
                 * cachelines that might be contended:
                 */
                writably_mapped = mapping_writably_mapped(mapping);

                /*
                 * When a read accesses the same folio several times, only
                 * mark it as accessed the first time.
                 */
                if (!pos_same_folio(iocb->ki_pos, last_pos - 1,
                                    fbatch.folios[0]))
                        folio_mark_accessed(fbatch.folios[0]);

                for (i = 0; i < folio_batch_count(&fbatch); i++) {
                        struct folio *folio = fbatch.folios[i];
                        size_t fsize = folio_size(folio);
                        size_t offset = iocb->ki_pos & (fsize - 1);
                        size_t bytes = min_t(loff_t, end_offset - iocb->ki_pos,
                                             fsize - offset);
                        size_t copied;

                        if (end_offset < folio_pos(folio))
                                break;
                        if (i > 0)
                                folio_mark_accessed(folio);
                        /*
                         * If users can be writing to this folio using arbitrary
                         * virtual addresses, take care of potential aliasing
                         * before reading the folio on the kernel side.
                         */
                        if (writably_mapped)
                                flush_dcache_folio(folio);

                        copied = copy_folio_to_iter(folio, offset, bytes, iter);

                        already_read += copied;
                        iocb->ki_pos += copied;
                        last_pos = iocb->ki_pos;

                        if (copied < bytes) {
                                error = -EFAULT;
                                break;
                        }
                }
put_folios:
                for (i = 0; i < folio_batch_count(&fbatch); i++)
                        folio_put(fbatch.folios[i]);
                folio_batch_init(&fbatch);
        } while (iov_iter_count(iter) && iocb->ki_pos < isize && !error);

        file_accessed(filp);
        ra->prev_pos = last_pos;
        return already_read ? already_read : error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(filemap_read);

int kiocb_write_and_wait(struct kiocb *iocb, size_t count)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = iocb->ki_filp->f_mapping;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        loff_t end = pos + count - 1;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                if (filemap_range_needs_writeback(mapping, pos, end))
                        return -EAGAIN;
                return 0;
        }

        return filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos, end);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kiocb_write_and_wait);

int kiocb_invalidate_pages(struct kiocb *iocb, size_t count)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = iocb->ki_filp->f_mapping;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        loff_t end = pos + count - 1;
        int ret;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_NOWAIT) {
                /* we could block if there are any pages in the range */
                if (filemap_range_has_page(mapping, pos, end))
                        return -EAGAIN;
        } else {
                ret = filemap_write_and_wait_range(mapping, pos, end);
                if (ret)
                        return ret;
        }

        /*
         * After a write we want buffered reads to be sure to go to disk to get
         * the new data.  We invalidate clean cached page from the region we're
         * about to write.  We do this *before* the write so that we can return
         * without clobbering -EIOCBQUEUED from ->direct_IO().
         */
        return invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT,
                                             end >> PAGE_SHIFT);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(kiocb_invalidate_pages);

/**
 * generic_file_read_iter - generic filesystem read routine
 * @iocb:       kernel I/O control block
 * @iter:       destination for the data read
 *
 * This is the "read_iter()" routine for all filesystems
 * that can use the page cache directly.
 *
 * The IOCB_NOWAIT flag in iocb->ki_flags indicates that -EAGAIN shall
 * be returned when no data can be read without waiting for I/O requests
 * to complete; it doesn't prevent readahead.
 *
 * The IOCB_NOIO flag in iocb->ki_flags indicates that no new I/O
 * requests shall be made for the read or for readahead.  When no data
 * can be read, -EAGAIN shall be returned.  When readahead would be
 * triggered, a partial, possibly empty read shall be returned.
 *
 * Return:
 * * number of bytes copied, even for partial reads
 * * negative error code (or 0 if IOCB_NOIO) if nothing was read
 */
ssize_t
generic_file_read_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *iter)
{
        size_t count = iov_iter_count(iter);
        ssize_t retval = 0;

        if (!count)
                return 0; /* skip atime */

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT) {
                struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
                struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;

                retval = kiocb_write_and_wait(iocb, count);
                if (retval < 0)
                        return retval;
                file_accessed(file);

                retval = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(iocb, iter);
                if (retval >= 0) {
                        iocb->ki_pos += retval;
                        count -= retval;
                }
                if (retval != -EIOCBQUEUED)
                        iov_iter_revert(iter, count - iov_iter_count(iter));

                /*
                 * Btrfs can have a short DIO read if we encounter
                 * compressed extents, so if there was an error, or if
                 * we've already read everything we wanted to, or if
                 * there was a short read because we hit EOF, go ahead
                 * and return.  Otherwise fallthrough to buffered io for
                 * the rest of the read.  Buffered reads will not work for
                 * DAX files, so don't bother trying.
                 */
                if (retval < 0 || !count || IS_DAX(inode))
                        return retval;
                if (iocb->ki_pos >= i_size_read(inode))
                        return retval;
        }

        return filemap_read(iocb, iter, retval);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_read_iter);

/*
 * Splice subpages from a folio into a pipe.
 */
size_t splice_folio_into_pipe(struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
                              struct folio *folio, loff_t fpos, size_t size)
{
        struct page *page;
        size_t spliced = 0, offset = offset_in_folio(folio, fpos);

        page = folio_page(folio, offset / PAGE_SIZE);
        size = min(size, folio_size(folio) - offset);
        offset %= PAGE_SIZE;

        while (spliced < size &&
               !pipe_full(pipe->head, pipe->tail, pipe->max_usage)) {
                struct pipe_buffer *buf = pipe_head_buf(pipe);
                size_t part = min_t(size_t, PAGE_SIZE - offset, size - spliced);

                *buf = (struct pipe_buffer) {
                        .ops    = &page_cache_pipe_buf_ops,
                        .page   = page,
                        .offset = offset,
                        .len    = part,
                };
                folio_get(folio);
                pipe->head++;
                page++;
                spliced += part;
                offset = 0;
        }

        return spliced;
}

/**
 * filemap_splice_read -  Splice data from a file's pagecache into a pipe
 * @in: The file to read from
 * @ppos: Pointer to the file position to read from
 * @pipe: The pipe to splice into
 * @len: The amount to splice
 * @flags: The SPLICE_F_* flags
 *
 * This function gets folios from a file's pagecache and splices them into the
 * pipe.  Readahead will be called as necessary to fill more folios.  This may
 * be used for blockdevs also.
 *
 * Return: On success, the number of bytes read will be returned and *@ppos
 * will be updated if appropriate; 0 will be returned if there is no more data
 * to be read; -EAGAIN will be returned if the pipe had no space, and some
 * other negative error code will be returned on error.  A short read may occur
 * if the pipe has insufficient space, we reach the end of the data or we hit a
 * hole.
 */
ssize_t filemap_splice_read(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
                            struct pipe_inode_info *pipe,
                            size_t len, unsigned int flags)
{
        struct folio_batch fbatch;
        struct kiocb iocb;
        size_t total_spliced = 0, used, npages;
        loff_t isize, end_offset;
        bool writably_mapped;
        int i, error = 0;

        if (unlikely(*ppos >= in->f_mapping->host->i_sb->s_maxbytes))
                return 0;

        init_sync_kiocb(&iocb, in);
        iocb.ki_pos = *ppos;

        /* Work out how much data we can actually add into the pipe */
        used = pipe_occupancy(pipe->head, pipe->tail);
        npages = max_t(ssize_t, pipe->max_usage - used, 0);
        len = min_t(size_t, len, npages * PAGE_SIZE);

        folio_batch_init(&fbatch);

        do {
                cond_resched();

                if (*ppos >= i_size_read(in->f_mapping->host))
                        break;

                iocb.ki_pos = *ppos;
                error = filemap_get_pages(&iocb, len, &fbatch, true);
                if (error < 0)
                        break;

                /*
                 * i_size must be checked after we know the pages are Uptodate.
                 *
                 * Checking i_size after the check allows us to calculate
                 * the correct value for "nr", which means the zero-filled
                 * part of the page is not copied back to userspace (unless
                 * another truncate extends the file - this is desired though).
                 */
                isize = i_size_read(in->f_mapping->host);
                if (unlikely(*ppos >= isize))
                        break;
                end_offset = min_t(loff_t, isize, *ppos + len);

                /*
                 * Once we start copying data, we don't want to be touching any
                 * cachelines that might be contended:
                 */
                writably_mapped = mapping_writably_mapped(in->f_mapping);

                for (i = 0; i < folio_batch_count(&fbatch); i++) {
                        struct folio *folio = fbatch.folios[i];
                        size_t n;

                        if (folio_pos(folio) >= end_offset)
                                goto out;
                        folio_mark_accessed(folio);

                        /*
                         * If users can be writing to this folio using arbitrary
                         * virtual addresses, take care of potential aliasing
                         * before reading the folio on the kernel side.
                         */
                        if (writably_mapped)
                                flush_dcache_folio(folio);

                        n = min_t(loff_t, len, isize - *ppos);
                        n = splice_folio_into_pipe(pipe, folio, *ppos, n);
                        if (!n)
                                goto out;
                        len -= n;
                        total_spliced += n;
                        *ppos += n;
                        in->f_ra.prev_pos = *ppos;
                        if (pipe_full(pipe->head, pipe->tail, pipe->max_usage))
                                goto out;
                }

                folio_batch_release(&fbatch);
        } while (len);

out:
        folio_batch_release(&fbatch);
        file_accessed(in);

        return total_spliced ? total_spliced : error;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_splice_read);

static inline loff_t folio_seek_hole_data(struct xa_state *xas,
                struct address_space *mapping, struct folio *folio,
                loff_t start, loff_t end, bool seek_data)
{
        const struct address_space_operations *ops = mapping->a_ops;
        size_t offset, bsz = i_blocksize(mapping->host);

        if (xa_is_value(folio) || folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                return seek_data ? start : end;
        if (!ops->is_partially_uptodate)
                return seek_data ? end : start;

        xas_pause(xas);
        rcu_read_unlock();
        folio_lock(folio);
        if (unlikely(folio->mapping != mapping))
                goto unlock;

        offset = offset_in_folio(folio, start) & ~(bsz - 1);

        do {
                if (ops->is_partially_uptodate(folio, offset, bsz) ==
                                                        seek_data)
                        break;
                start = (start + bsz) & ~(bsz - 1);
                offset += bsz;
        } while (offset < folio_size(folio));
unlock:
        folio_unlock(folio);
        rcu_read_lock();
        return start;
}

static inline size_t seek_folio_size(struct xa_state *xas, struct folio *folio)
{
        if (xa_is_value(folio))
                return PAGE_SIZE << xa_get_order(xas->xa, xas->xa_index);
        return folio_size(folio);
}

/**
 * mapping_seek_hole_data - Seek for SEEK_DATA / SEEK_HOLE in the page cache.
 * @mapping: Address space to search.
 * @start: First byte to consider.
 * @end: Limit of search (exclusive).
 * @whence: Either SEEK_HOLE or SEEK_DATA.
 *
 * If the page cache knows which blocks contain holes and which blocks
 * contain data, your filesystem can use this function to implement
 * SEEK_HOLE and SEEK_DATA.  This is useful for filesystems which are
 * entirely memory-based such as tmpfs, and filesystems which support
 * unwritten extents.
 *
 * Return: The requested offset on success, or -ENXIO if @whence specifies
 * SEEK_DATA and there is no data after @start.  There is an implicit hole
 * after @end - 1, so SEEK_HOLE returns @end if all the bytes between @start
 * and @end contain data.
 */
loff_t mapping_seek_hole_data(struct address_space *mapping, loff_t start,
                loff_t end, int whence)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start >> PAGE_SHIFT);
        pgoff_t max = (end - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        bool seek_data = (whence == SEEK_DATA);
        struct folio *folio;

        if (end <= start)
                return -ENXIO;

        rcu_read_lock();
        while ((folio = find_get_entry(&xas, max, XA_PRESENT))) {
                loff_t pos = (u64)xas.xa_index << PAGE_SHIFT;
                size_t seek_size;

                if (start < pos) {
                        if (!seek_data)
                                goto unlock;
                        start = pos;
                }

                seek_size = seek_folio_size(&xas, folio);
                pos = round_up((u64)pos + 1, seek_size);
                start = folio_seek_hole_data(&xas, mapping, folio, start, pos,
                                seek_data);
                if (start < pos)
                        goto unlock;
                if (start >= end)
                        break;
                if (seek_size > PAGE_SIZE)
                        xas_set(&xas, pos >> PAGE_SHIFT);
                if (!xa_is_value(folio))
                        folio_put(folio);
        }
        if (seek_data)
                start = -ENXIO;
unlock:
        rcu_read_unlock();
        if (folio && !xa_is_value(folio))
                folio_put(folio);
        if (start > end)
                return end;
        return start;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MMU
#define MMAP_LOTSAMISS  (100)
/*
 * lock_folio_maybe_drop_mmap - lock the page, possibly dropping the mmap_lock
 * @vmf - the vm_fault for this fault.
 * @folio - the folio to lock.
 * @fpin - the pointer to the file we may pin (or is already pinned).
 *
 * This works similar to lock_folio_or_retry in that it can drop the
 * mmap_lock.  It differs in that it actually returns the folio locked
 * if it returns 1 and 0 if it couldn't lock the folio.  If we did have
 * to drop the mmap_lock then fpin will point to the pinned file and
 * needs to be fput()'ed at a later point.
 */
static int lock_folio_maybe_drop_mmap(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct folio *folio,
                                     struct file **fpin)
{
        if (folio_trylock(folio))
                return 1;

        /*
         * NOTE! This will make us return with VM_FAULT_RETRY, but with
         * the fault lock still held. That's how FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT
         * is supposed to work. We have way too many special cases..
         */
        if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_RETRY_NOWAIT)
                return 0;

        *fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, *fpin);
        if (vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_KILLABLE) {
                if (__folio_lock_killable(folio)) {
                        /*
                         * We didn't have the right flags to drop the
                         * fault lock, but all fault_handlers only check
                         * for fatal signals if we return VM_FAULT_RETRY,
                         * so we need to drop the fault lock here and
                         * return 0 if we don't have a fpin.
                         */
                        if (*fpin == NULL)
                                release_fault_lock(vmf);
                        return 0;
                }
        } else
                __folio_lock(folio);

        return 1;
}

/*
 * Synchronous readahead happens when we don't even find a page in the page
 * cache at all.  We don't want to perform IO under the mmap sem, so if we have
 * to drop the mmap sem we return the file that was pinned in order for us to do
 * that.  If we didn't pin a file then we return NULL.  The file that is
 * returned needs to be fput()'ed when we're done with it.
 */
static struct file *do_sync_mmap_readahead(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &file->f_ra;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        DEFINE_READAHEAD(ractl, file, ra, mapping, vmf->pgoff);
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        unsigned long vm_flags = vmf->vma->vm_flags;
        unsigned int mmap_miss;

#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
        /* Use the readahead code, even if readahead is disabled */
        if (vm_flags & VM_HUGEPAGE) {
                fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
                ractl._index &= ~((unsigned long)HPAGE_PMD_NR - 1);
                ra->size = HPAGE_PMD_NR;
                /*
                 * Fetch two PMD folios, so we get the chance to actually
                 * readahead, unless we've been told not to.
                 */
                if (!(vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ))
                        ra->size *= 2;
                ra->async_size = HPAGE_PMD_NR;
                page_cache_ra_order(&ractl, ra, HPAGE_PMD_ORDER);
                return fpin;
        }
#endif

        /* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */
        if (vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ)
                return fpin;
        if (!ra->ra_pages)
                return fpin;

        if (vm_flags & VM_SEQ_READ) {
                fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
                page_cache_sync_ra(&ractl, ra->ra_pages);
                return fpin;
        }

        /* Avoid banging the cache line if not needed */
        mmap_miss = READ_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss);
        if (mmap_miss < MMAP_LOTSAMISS * 10)
                WRITE_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss, ++mmap_miss);

        /*
         * Do we miss much more than hit in this file? If so,
         * stop bothering with read-ahead. It will only hurt.
         */
        if (mmap_miss > MMAP_LOTSAMISS)
                return fpin;

        /*
         * mmap read-around
         */
        fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
        ra->start = max_t(long, 0, vmf->pgoff - ra->ra_pages / 2);
        ra->size = ra->ra_pages;
        ra->async_size = ra->ra_pages / 4;
        ractl._index = ra->start;
        page_cache_ra_order(&ractl, ra, 0);
        return fpin;
}

/*
 * Asynchronous readahead happens when we find the page and PG_readahead,
 * so we want to possibly extend the readahead further.  We return the file that
 * was pinned if we have to drop the mmap_lock in order to do IO.
 */
static struct file *do_async_mmap_readahead(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                                            struct folio *folio)
{
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file_ra_state *ra = &file->f_ra;
        DEFINE_READAHEAD(ractl, file, ra, file->f_mapping, vmf->pgoff);
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        unsigned int mmap_miss;

        /* If we don't want any read-ahead, don't bother */
        if (vmf->vma->vm_flags & VM_RAND_READ || !ra->ra_pages)
                return fpin;

        mmap_miss = READ_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss);
        if (mmap_miss)
                WRITE_ONCE(ra->mmap_miss, --mmap_miss);

        if (folio_test_readahead(folio)) {
                fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
                page_cache_async_ra(&ractl, folio, ra->ra_pages);
        }
        return fpin;
}

/**
 * filemap_fault - read in file data for page fault handling
 * @vmf:        struct vm_fault containing details of the fault
 *
 * filemap_fault() is invoked via the vma operations vector for a
 * mapped memory region to read in file data during a page fault.
 *
 * The goto's are kind of ugly, but this streamlines the normal case of having
 * it in the page cache, and handles the special cases reasonably without
 * having a lot of duplicated code.
 *
 * vma->vm_mm->mmap_lock must be held on entry.
 *
 * If our return value has VM_FAULT_RETRY set, it's because the mmap_lock
 * may be dropped before doing I/O or by lock_folio_maybe_drop_mmap().
 *
 * If our return value does not have VM_FAULT_RETRY set, the mmap_lock
 * has not been released.
 *
 * We never return with VM_FAULT_RETRY and a bit from VM_FAULT_ERROR set.
 *
 * Return: bitwise-OR of %VM_FAULT_ codes.
 */
vm_fault_t filemap_fault(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        int error;
        struct file *file = vmf->vma->vm_file;
        struct file *fpin = NULL;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        pgoff_t max_idx, index = vmf->pgoff;
        struct folio *folio;
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;
        bool mapping_locked = false;

        max_idx = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(inode), PAGE_SIZE);
        if (unlikely(index >= max_idx))
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

        /*
         * Do we have something in the page cache already?
         */
        folio = filemap_get_folio(mapping, index);
        if (likely(!IS_ERR(folio))) {
                /*
                 * We found the page, so try async readahead before waiting for
                 * the lock.
                 */
                if (!(vmf->flags & FAULT_FLAG_TRIED))
                        fpin = do_async_mmap_readahead(vmf, folio);
                if (unlikely(!folio_test_uptodate(folio))) {
                        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
                        mapping_locked = true;
                }
        } else {
                /* No page in the page cache at all */
                count_vm_event(PGMAJFAULT);
                count_memcg_event_mm(vmf->vma->vm_mm, PGMAJFAULT);
                ret = VM_FAULT_MAJOR;
                fpin = do_sync_mmap_readahead(vmf);
retry_find:
                /*
                 * See comment in filemap_create_folio() why we need
                 * invalidate_lock
                 */
                if (!mapping_locked) {
                        filemap_invalidate_lock_shared(mapping);
                        mapping_locked = true;
                }
                folio = __filemap_get_folio(mapping, index,
                                          FGP_CREAT|FGP_FOR_MMAP,
                                          vmf->gfp_mask);
                if (IS_ERR(folio)) {
                        if (fpin)
                                goto out_retry;
                        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
                        return VM_FAULT_OOM;
                }
        }

        if (!lock_folio_maybe_drop_mmap(vmf, folio, &fpin))
                goto out_retry;

        /* Did it get truncated? */
        if (unlikely(folio->mapping != mapping)) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
                goto retry_find;
        }
        VM_BUG_ON_FOLIO(!folio_contains(folio, index), folio);

        /*
         * We have a locked folio in the page cache, now we need to check
         * that it's up-to-date. If not, it is going to be due to an error,
         * or because readahead was otherwise unable to retrieve it.
         */
        if (unlikely(!folio_test_uptodate(folio))) {
                /*
                 * If the invalidate lock is not held, the folio was in cache
                 * and uptodate and now it is not. Strange but possible since we
                 * didn't hold the page lock all the time. Let's drop
                 * everything, get the invalidate lock and try again.
                 */
                if (!mapping_locked) {
                        folio_unlock(folio);
                        folio_put(folio);
                        goto retry_find;
                }

                /*
                 * OK, the folio is really not uptodate. This can be because the
                 * VMA has the VM_RAND_READ flag set, or because an error
                 * arose. Let's read it in directly.
                 */
                goto page_not_uptodate;
        }

        /*
         * We've made it this far and we had to drop our mmap_lock, now is the
         * time to return to the upper layer and have it re-find the vma and
         * redo the fault.
         */
        if (fpin) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                goto out_retry;
        }
        if (mapping_locked)
                filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);

        /*
         * Found the page and have a reference on it.
         * We must recheck i_size under page lock.
         */
        max_idx = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(inode), PAGE_SIZE);
        if (unlikely(index >= max_idx)) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
                return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
        }

        vmf->page = folio_file_page(folio, index);
        return ret | VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

page_not_uptodate:
        /*
         * Umm, take care of errors if the page isn't up-to-date.
         * Try to re-read it _once_. We do this synchronously,
         * because there really aren't any performance issues here
         * and we need to check for errors.
         */
        fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, fpin);
        error = filemap_read_folio(file, mapping->a_ops->read_folio, folio);
        if (fpin)
                goto out_retry;
        folio_put(folio);

        if (!error || error == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                goto retry_find;
        filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);

        return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

out_retry:
        /*
         * We dropped the mmap_lock, we need to return to the fault handler to
         * re-find the vma and come back and find our hopefully still populated
         * page.
         */
        if (!IS_ERR(folio))
                folio_put(folio);
        if (mapping_locked)
                filemap_invalidate_unlock_shared(mapping);
        if (fpin)
                fput(fpin);
        return ret | VM_FAULT_RETRY;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_fault);

static bool filemap_map_pmd(struct vm_fault *vmf, struct folio *folio,
                pgoff_t start)
{
        struct mm_struct *mm = vmf->vma->vm_mm;

        /* Huge page is mapped? No need to proceed. */
        if (pmd_trans_huge(*vmf->pmd)) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
                return true;
        }

        if (pmd_none(*vmf->pmd) && folio_test_pmd_mappable(folio)) {
                struct page *page = folio_file_page(folio, start);
                vm_fault_t ret = do_set_pmd(vmf, page);
                if (!ret) {
                        /* The page is mapped successfully, reference consumed. */
                        folio_unlock(folio);
                        return true;
                }
        }

        if (pmd_none(*vmf->pmd) && vmf->prealloc_pte)
                pmd_install(mm, vmf->pmd, &vmf->prealloc_pte);

        return false;
}

static struct folio *next_uptodate_folio(struct xa_state *xas,
                struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        struct folio *folio = xas_next_entry(xas, end_pgoff);
        unsigned long max_idx;

        do {
                if (!folio)
                        return NULL;
                if (xas_retry(xas, folio))
                        continue;
                if (xa_is_value(folio))
                        continue;
                if (folio_test_locked(folio))
                        continue;
                if (!folio_try_get_rcu(folio))
                        continue;
                /* Has the page moved or been split? */
                if (unlikely(folio != xas_reload(xas)))
                        goto skip;
                if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio) || folio_test_readahead(folio))
                        goto skip;
                if (!folio_trylock(folio))
                        goto skip;
                if (folio->mapping != mapping)
                        goto unlock;
                if (!folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                        goto unlock;
                max_idx = DIV_ROUND_UP(i_size_read(mapping->host), PAGE_SIZE);
                if (xas->xa_index >= max_idx)
                        goto unlock;
                return folio;
unlock:
                folio_unlock(folio);
skip:
                folio_put(folio);
        } while ((folio = xas_next_entry(xas, end_pgoff)) != NULL);

        return NULL;
}

/*
 * Map page range [start_page, start_page + nr_pages) of folio.
 * start_page is gotten from start by folio_page(folio, start)
 */
static vm_fault_t filemap_map_folio_range(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                        struct folio *folio, unsigned long start,
                        unsigned long addr, unsigned int nr_pages,
                        unsigned int *mmap_miss)
{
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;
        struct page *page = folio_page(folio, start);
        unsigned int count = 0;
        pte_t *old_ptep = vmf->pte;

        do {
                if (PageHWPoison(page + count))
                        goto skip;

                (*mmap_miss)++;

                /*
                 * NOTE: If there're PTE markers, we'll leave them to be
                 * handled in the specific fault path, and it'll prohibit the
                 * fault-around logic.
                 */
                if (!pte_none(ptep_get(&vmf->pte[count])))
                        goto skip;

                count++;
                continue;
skip:
                if (count) {
                        set_pte_range(vmf, folio, page, count, addr);
                        folio_ref_add(folio, count);
                        if (in_range(vmf->address, addr, count * PAGE_SIZE))
                                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
                }

                count++;
                page += count;
                vmf->pte += count;
                addr += count * PAGE_SIZE;
                count = 0;
        } while (--nr_pages > 0);

        if (count) {
                set_pte_range(vmf, folio, page, count, addr);
                folio_ref_add(folio, count);
                if (in_range(vmf->address, addr, count * PAGE_SIZE))
                        ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
        }

        vmf->pte = old_ptep;

        return ret;
}

static vm_fault_t filemap_map_order0_folio(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                struct folio *folio, unsigned long addr,
                unsigned int *mmap_miss)
{
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;
        struct page *page = &folio->page;

        if (PageHWPoison(page))
                return ret;

        (*mmap_miss)++;

        /*
         * NOTE: If there're PTE markers, we'll leave them to be
         * handled in the specific fault path, and it'll prohibit
         * the fault-around logic.
         */
        if (!pte_none(ptep_get(vmf->pte)))
                return ret;

        if (vmf->address == addr)
                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;

        set_pte_range(vmf, folio, page, 1, addr);
        folio_ref_inc(folio);

        return ret;
}

vm_fault_t filemap_map_pages(struct vm_fault *vmf,
                             pgoff_t start_pgoff, pgoff_t end_pgoff)
{
        struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
        struct file *file = vma->vm_file;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        pgoff_t last_pgoff = start_pgoff;
        unsigned long addr;
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, start_pgoff);
        struct folio *folio;
        vm_fault_t ret = 0;
        unsigned int nr_pages = 0, mmap_miss = 0, mmap_miss_saved;

        rcu_read_lock();
        folio = next_uptodate_folio(&xas, mapping, end_pgoff);
        if (!folio)
                goto out;

        if (filemap_map_pmd(vmf, folio, start_pgoff)) {
                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
                goto out;
        }

        addr = vma->vm_start + ((start_pgoff - vma->vm_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT);
        vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd, addr, &vmf->ptl);
        if (!vmf->pte) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
                goto out;
        }
        do {
                unsigned long end;

                addr += (xas.xa_index - last_pgoff) << PAGE_SHIFT;
                vmf->pte += xas.xa_index - last_pgoff;
                last_pgoff = xas.xa_index;
                end = folio_next_index(folio) - 1;
                nr_pages = min(end, end_pgoff) - xas.xa_index + 1;

                if (!folio_test_large(folio))
                        ret |= filemap_map_order0_folio(vmf,
                                        folio, addr, &mmap_miss);
                else
                        ret |= filemap_map_folio_range(vmf, folio,
                                        xas.xa_index - folio->index, addr,
                                        nr_pages, &mmap_miss);

                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
        } while ((folio = next_uptodate_folio(&xas, mapping, end_pgoff)) != NULL);
        pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
out:
        rcu_read_unlock();

        mmap_miss_saved = READ_ONCE(file->f_ra.mmap_miss);
        if (mmap_miss >= mmap_miss_saved)
                WRITE_ONCE(file->f_ra.mmap_miss, 0);
        else
                WRITE_ONCE(file->f_ra.mmap_miss, mmap_miss_saved - mmap_miss);

        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_map_pages);

vm_fault_t filemap_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = vmf->vma->vm_file->f_mapping;
        struct folio *folio = page_folio(vmf->page);
        vm_fault_t ret = VM_FAULT_LOCKED;

        sb_start_pagefault(mapping->host->i_sb);
        file_update_time(vmf->vma->vm_file);
        folio_lock(folio);
        if (folio->mapping != mapping) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                ret = VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
                goto out;
        }
        /*
         * We mark the folio dirty already here so that when freeze is in
         * progress, we are guaranteed that writeback during freezing will
         * see the dirty folio and writeprotect it again.
         */
        folio_mark_dirty(folio);
        folio_wait_stable(folio);
out:
        sb_end_pagefault(mapping->host->i_sb);
        return ret;
}

const struct vm_operations_struct generic_file_vm_ops = {
        .fault          = filemap_fault,
        .map_pages      = filemap_map_pages,
        .page_mkwrite   = filemap_page_mkwrite,
};

/* This is used for a general mmap of a disk file */

int generic_file_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;

        if (!mapping->a_ops->read_folio)
                return -ENOEXEC;
        file_accessed(file);
        vma->vm_ops = &generic_file_vm_ops;
        return 0;
}

/*
 * This is for filesystems which do not implement ->writepage.
 */
int generic_file_readonly_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        if (vma_is_shared_maywrite(vma))
                return -EINVAL;
        return generic_file_mmap(file, vma);
}
#else
vm_fault_t filemap_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
        return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;
}
int generic_file_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        return -ENOSYS;
}
int generic_file_readonly_mmap(struct file *file, struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
        return -ENOSYS;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_MMU */

EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_page_mkwrite);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_mmap);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_readonly_mmap);

static struct folio *do_read_cache_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index, filler_t filler, struct file *file, gfp_t gfp)
{
        struct folio *folio;
        int err;

        if (!filler)
                filler = mapping->a_ops->read_folio;
repeat:
        folio = filemap_get_folio(mapping, index);
        if (IS_ERR(folio)) {
                folio = filemap_alloc_folio(gfp, 0);
                if (!folio)
                        return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
                err = filemap_add_folio(mapping, folio, index, gfp);
                if (unlikely(err)) {
                        folio_put(folio);
                        if (err == -EEXIST)
                                goto repeat;
                        /* Presumably ENOMEM for xarray node */
                        return ERR_PTR(err);
                }

                goto filler;
        }
        if (folio_test_uptodate(folio))
                goto out;

        if (!folio_trylock(folio)) {
                folio_put_wait_locked(folio, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE);
                goto repeat;
        }

        /* Folio was truncated from mapping */
        if (!folio->mapping) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                folio_put(folio);
                goto repeat;
        }

        /* Someone else locked and filled the page in a very small window */
        if (folio_test_uptodate(folio)) {
                folio_unlock(folio);
                goto out;
        }

filler:
        err = filemap_read_folio(file, filler, folio);
        if (err) {
                folio_put(folio);
                if (err == AOP_TRUNCATED_PAGE)
                        goto repeat;
                return ERR_PTR(err);
        }

out:
        folio_mark_accessed(folio);
        return folio;
}

/**
 * read_cache_folio - Read into page cache, fill it if needed.
 * @mapping: The address_space to read from.
 * @index: The index to read.
 * @filler: Function to perform the read, or NULL to use aops->read_folio().
 * @file: Passed to filler function, may be NULL if not required.
 *
 * Read one page into the page cache.  If it succeeds, the folio returned
 * will contain @index, but it may not be the first page of the folio.
 *
 * If the filler function returns an error, it will be returned to the
 * caller.
 *
 * Context: May sleep.  Expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be held.
 * Return: An uptodate folio on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
 */
struct folio *read_cache_folio(struct address_space *mapping, pgoff_t index,
                filler_t filler, struct file *file)
{
        return do_read_cache_folio(mapping, index, filler, file,
                        mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_folio);

/**
 * mapping_read_folio_gfp - Read into page cache, using specified allocation flags.
 * @mapping:    The address_space for the folio.
 * @index:      The index that the allocated folio will contain.
 * @gfp:        The page allocator flags to use if allocating.
 *
 * This is the same as "read_cache_folio(mapping, index, NULL, NULL)", but with
 * any new memory allocations done using the specified allocation flags.
 *
 * The most likely error from this function is EIO, but ENOMEM is
 * possible and so is EINTR.  If ->read_folio returns another error,
 * that will be returned to the caller.
 *
 * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
 *
 * Return: Uptodate folio on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
 */
struct folio *mapping_read_folio_gfp(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index, gfp_t gfp)
{
        return do_read_cache_folio(mapping, index, NULL, NULL, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mapping_read_folio_gfp);

static struct page *do_read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t index, filler_t *filler, struct file *file, gfp_t gfp)
{
        struct folio *folio;

        folio = do_read_cache_folio(mapping, index, filler, file, gfp);
        if (IS_ERR(folio))
                return &folio->page;
        return folio_file_page(folio, index);
}

struct page *read_cache_page(struct address_space *mapping,
                        pgoff_t index, filler_t *filler, struct file *file)
{
        return do_read_cache_page(mapping, index, filler, file,
                        mapping_gfp_mask(mapping));
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_page);

/**
 * read_cache_page_gfp - read into page cache, using specified page allocation flags.
 * @mapping:    the page's address_space
 * @index:      the page index
 * @gfp:        the page allocator flags to use if allocating
 *
 * This is the same as "read_mapping_page(mapping, index, NULL)", but with
 * any new page allocations done using the specified allocation flags.
 *
 * If the page does not get brought uptodate, return -EIO.
 *
 * The function expects mapping->invalidate_lock to be already held.
 *
 * Return: up to date page on success, ERR_PTR() on failure.
 */
struct page *read_cache_page_gfp(struct address_space *mapping,
                                pgoff_t index,
                                gfp_t gfp)
{
        return do_read_cache_page(mapping, index, NULL, NULL, gfp);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_cache_page_gfp);

/*
 * Warn about a page cache invalidation failure during a direct I/O write.
 */
static void dio_warn_stale_pagecache(struct file *filp)
{
        static DEFINE_RATELIMIT_STATE(_rs, 86400 * HZ, DEFAULT_RATELIMIT_BURST);
        char pathname[128];
        char *path;

        errseq_set(&filp->f_mapping->wb_err, -EIO);
        if (__ratelimit(&_rs)) {
                path = file_path(filp, pathname, sizeof(pathname));
                if (IS_ERR(path))
                        path = "(unknown)";
                pr_crit("Page cache invalidation failure on direct I/O.  Possible data corruption due to collision with buffered I/O!\n");
                pr_crit("File: %s PID: %d Comm: %.20s\n", path, current->pid,
                        current->comm);
        }
}

void kiocb_invalidate_post_direct_write(struct kiocb *iocb, size_t count)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = iocb->ki_filp->f_mapping;

        if (mapping->nrpages &&
            invalidate_inode_pages2_range(mapping,
                        iocb->ki_pos >> PAGE_SHIFT,
                        (iocb->ki_pos + count - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT))
                dio_warn_stale_pagecache(iocb->ki_filp);
}

ssize_t
generic_file_direct_write(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct address_space *mapping = iocb->ki_filp->f_mapping;
        size_t write_len = iov_iter_count(from);
        ssize_t written;

        /*
         * If a page can not be invalidated, return 0 to fall back
         * to buffered write.
         */
        written = kiocb_invalidate_pages(iocb, write_len);
        if (written) {
                if (written == -EBUSY)
                        return 0;
                return written;
        }

        written = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(iocb, from);

        /*
         * Finally, try again to invalidate clean pages which might have been
         * cached by non-direct readahead, or faulted in by get_user_pages()
         * if the source of the write was an mmap'ed region of the file
         * we're writing.  Either one is a pretty crazy thing to do,
         * so we don't support it 100%.  If this invalidation
         * fails, tough, the write still worked...
         *
         * Most of the time we do not need this since dio_complete() will do
         * the invalidation for us. However there are some file systems that
         * do not end up with dio_complete() being called, so let's not break
         * them by removing it completely.
         *
         * Noticeable example is a blkdev_direct_IO().
         *
         * Skip invalidation for async writes or if mapping has no pages.
         */
        if (written > 0) {
                struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
                loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;

                kiocb_invalidate_post_direct_write(iocb, written);
                pos += written;
                write_len -= written;
                if (pos > i_size_read(inode) && !S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
                        i_size_write(inode, pos);
                        mark_inode_dirty(inode);
                }
                iocb->ki_pos = pos;
        }
        if (written != -EIOCBQUEUED)
                iov_iter_revert(from, write_len - iov_iter_count(from));
        return written;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_direct_write);

ssize_t generic_perform_write(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *i)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        loff_t pos = iocb->ki_pos;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        const struct address_space_operations *a_ops = mapping->a_ops;
        long status = 0;
        ssize_t written = 0;

        do {
                struct page *page;
                unsigned long offset;   /* Offset into pagecache page */
                unsigned long bytes;    /* Bytes to write to page */
                size_t copied;          /* Bytes copied from user */
                void *fsdata = NULL;

                offset = (pos & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
                bytes = min_t(unsigned long, PAGE_SIZE - offset,
                                                iov_iter_count(i));

again:
                /*
                 * Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
                 * Otherwise there's a nasty deadlock on copying from the
                 * same page as we're writing to, without it being marked
                 * up-to-date.
                 */
                if (unlikely(fault_in_iov_iter_readable(i, bytes) == bytes)) {
                        status = -EFAULT;
                        break;
                }

                if (fatal_signal_pending(current)) {
                        status = -EINTR;
                        break;
                }

                status = a_ops->write_begin(file, mapping, pos, bytes,
                                                &page, &fsdata);
                if (unlikely(status < 0))
                        break;

                if (mapping_writably_mapped(mapping))
                        flush_dcache_page(page);

                copied = copy_page_from_iter_atomic(page, offset, bytes, i);
                flush_dcache_page(page);

                status = a_ops->write_end(file, mapping, pos, bytes, copied,
                                                page, fsdata);
                if (unlikely(status != copied)) {
                        iov_iter_revert(i, copied - max(status, 0L));
                        if (unlikely(status < 0))
                                break;
                }
                cond_resched();

                if (unlikely(status == 0)) {
                        /*
                         * A short copy made ->write_end() reject the
                         * thing entirely.  Might be memory poisoning
                         * halfway through, might be a race with munmap,
                         * might be severe memory pressure.
                         */
                        if (copied)
                                bytes = copied;
                        goto again;
                }
                pos += status;
                written += status;

                balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
        } while (iov_iter_count(i));

        if (!written)
                return status;
        iocb->ki_pos += written;
        return written;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_perform_write);

/**
 * __generic_file_write_iter - write data to a file
 * @iocb:       IO state structure (file, offset, etc.)
 * @from:       iov_iter with data to write
 *
 * This function does all the work needed for actually writing data to a
 * file. It does all basic checks, removes SUID from the file, updates
 * modification times and calls proper subroutines depending on whether we
 * do direct IO or a standard buffered write.
 *
 * It expects i_rwsem to be grabbed unless we work on a block device or similar
 * object which does not need locking at all.
 *
 * This function does *not* take care of syncing data in case of O_SYNC write.
 * A caller has to handle it. This is mainly due to the fact that we want to
 * avoid syncing under i_rwsem.
 *
 * Return:
 * * number of bytes written, even for truncated writes
 * * negative error code if no data has been written at all
 */
ssize_t __generic_file_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct address_space *mapping = file->f_mapping;
        struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
        ssize_t ret;

        ret = file_remove_privs(file);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        ret = file_update_time(file);
        if (ret)
                return ret;

        if (iocb->ki_flags & IOCB_DIRECT) {
                ret = generic_file_direct_write(iocb, from);
                /*
                 * If the write stopped short of completing, fall back to
                 * buffered writes.  Some filesystems do this for writes to
                 * holes, for example.  For DAX files, a buffered write will
                 * not succeed (even if it did, DAX does not handle dirty
                 * page-cache pages correctly).
                 */
                if (ret < 0 || !iov_iter_count(from) || IS_DAX(inode))
                        return ret;
                return direct_write_fallback(iocb, from, ret,
                                generic_perform_write(iocb, from));
        }

        return generic_perform_write(iocb, from);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(__generic_file_write_iter);

/**
 * generic_file_write_iter - write data to a file
 * @iocb:       IO state structure
 * @from:       iov_iter with data to write
 *
 * This is a wrapper around __generic_file_write_iter() to be used by most
 * filesystems. It takes care of syncing the file in case of O_SYNC file
 * and acquires i_rwsem as needed.
 * Return:
 * * negative error code if no data has been written at all of
 *   vfs_fsync_range() failed for a synchronous write
 * * number of bytes written, even for truncated writes
 */
ssize_t generic_file_write_iter(struct kiocb *iocb, struct iov_iter *from)
{
        struct file *file = iocb->ki_filp;
        struct inode *inode = file->f_mapping->host;
        ssize_t ret;

        inode_lock(inode);
        ret = generic_write_checks(iocb, from);
        if (ret > 0)
                ret = __generic_file_write_iter(iocb, from);
        inode_unlock(inode);

        if (ret > 0)
                ret = generic_write_sync(iocb, ret);
        return ret;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_write_iter);

/**
 * filemap_release_folio() - Release fs-specific metadata on a folio.
 * @folio: The folio which the kernel is trying to free.
 * @gfp: Memory allocation flags (and I/O mode).
 *
 * The address_space is trying to release any data attached to a folio
 * (presumably at folio->private).
 *
 * This will also be called if the private_2 flag is set on a page,
 * indicating that the folio has other metadata associated with it.
 *
 * The @gfp argument specifies whether I/O may be performed to release
 * this page (__GFP_IO), and whether the call may block
 * (__GFP_RECLAIM & __GFP_FS).
 *
 * Return: %true if the release was successful, otherwise %false.
 */
bool filemap_release_folio(struct folio *folio, gfp_t gfp)
{
        struct address_space * const mapping = folio->mapping;

        BUG_ON(!folio_test_locked(folio));
        if (!folio_needs_release(folio))
                return true;
        if (folio_test_writeback(folio))
                return false;

        if (mapping && mapping->a_ops->release_folio)
                return mapping->a_ops->release_folio(folio, gfp);
        return try_to_free_buffers(folio);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(filemap_release_folio);

#ifdef CONFIG_CACHESTAT_SYSCALL
/**
 * filemap_cachestat() - compute the page cache statistics of a mapping
 * @mapping:    The mapping to compute the statistics for.
 * @first_index:        The starting page cache index.
 * @last_index: The final page index (inclusive).
 * @cs: the cachestat struct to write the result to.
 *
 * This will query the page cache statistics of a mapping in the
 * page range of [first_index, last_index] (inclusive). The statistics
 * queried include: number of dirty pages, number of pages marked for
 * writeback, and the number of (recently) evicted pages.
 */
static void filemap_cachestat(struct address_space *mapping,
                pgoff_t first_index, pgoff_t last_index, struct cachestat *cs)
{
        XA_STATE(xas, &mapping->i_pages, first_index);
        struct folio *folio;

        rcu_read_lock();
        xas_for_each(&xas, folio, last_index) {
                int order;
                unsigned long nr_pages;
                pgoff_t folio_first_index, folio_last_index;

                /*
                 * Don't deref the folio. It is not pinned, and might
                 * get freed (and reused) underneath us.
                 *
                 * We *could* pin it, but that would be expensive for
                 * what should be a fast and lightweight syscall.
                 *
                 * Instead, derive all information of interest from
                 * the rcu-protected xarray.
                 */

                if (xas_retry(&xas, folio))
                        continue;

                order = xa_get_order(xas.xa, xas.xa_index);
                nr_pages = 1 << order;
                folio_first_index = round_down(xas.xa_index, 1 << order);
                folio_last_index = folio_first_index + nr_pages - 1;

                /* Folios might straddle the range boundaries, only count covered pages */
                if (folio_first_index < first_index)
                        nr_pages -= first_index - folio_first_index;

                if (folio_last_index > last_index)
                        nr_pages -= folio_last_index - last_index;

                if (xa_is_value(folio)) {
                        /* page is evicted */
                        void *shadow = (void *)folio;
                        bool workingset; /* not used */

                        cs->nr_evicted += nr_pages;

#ifdef CONFIG_SWAP /* implies CONFIG_MMU */
                        if (shmem_mapping(mapping)) {
                                /* shmem file - in swap cache */
                                swp_entry_t swp = radix_to_swp_entry(folio);

                                shadow = get_shadow_from_swap_cache(swp);
                        }
#endif
                        if (workingset_test_recent(shadow, true, &workingset))
                                cs->nr_recently_evicted += nr_pages;

                        goto resched;
                }

                /* page is in cache */
                cs->nr_cache += nr_pages;

                if (xas_get_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_DIRTY))
                        cs->nr_dirty += nr_pages;

                if (xas_get_mark(&xas, PAGECACHE_TAG_WRITEBACK))
                        cs->nr_writeback += nr_pages;

resched:
                if (need_resched()) {
                        xas_pause(&xas);
                        cond_resched_rcu();
                }
        }
        rcu_read_unlock();
}

/*
 * The cachestat(2) system call.
 *
 * cachestat() returns the page cache statistics of a file in the
 * bytes range specified by `off` and `len`: number of cached pages,
 * number of dirty pages, number of pages marked for writeback,
 * number of evicted pages, and number of recently evicted pages.
 *
 * An evicted page is a page that is previously in the page cache
 * but has been evicted since. A page is recently evicted if its last
 * eviction was recent enough that its reentry to the cache would
 * indicate that it is actively being used by the system, and that
 * there is memory pressure on the system.
 *
 * `off` and `len` must be non-negative integers. If `len` > 0,
 * the queried range is [`off`, `off` + `len`]. If `len` == 0,
 * we will query in the range from `off` to the end of the file.
 *
 * The `flags` argument is unused for now, but is included for future
 * extensibility. User should pass 0 (i.e no flag specified).
 *
 * Currently, hugetlbfs is not supported.
 *
 * Because the status of a page can change after cachestat() checks it
 * but before it returns to the application, the returned values may
 * contain stale information.
 *
 * return values:
 *  zero        - success
 *  -EFAULT     - cstat or cstat_range points to an illegal address
 *  -EINVAL     - invalid flags
 *  -EBADF      - invalid file descriptor
 *  -EOPNOTSUPP - file descriptor is of a hugetlbfs file
 */
SYSCALL_DEFINE4(cachestat, unsigned int, fd,
                struct cachestat_range __user *, cstat_range,
                struct cachestat __user *, cstat, unsigned int, flags)
{
        struct fd f = fdget(fd);
        struct address_space *mapping;
        struct cachestat_range csr;
        struct cachestat cs;
        pgoff_t first_index, last_index;

        if (!f.file)
                return -EBADF;

        if (copy_from_user(&csr, cstat_range,
                        sizeof(struct cachestat_range))) {
                fdput(f);
                return -EFAULT;
        }

        /* hugetlbfs is not supported */
        if (is_file_hugepages(f.file)) {
                fdput(f);
                return -EOPNOTSUPP;
        }

        if (flags != 0) {
                fdput(f);
                return -EINVAL;
        }

        first_index = csr.off >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        last_index =
                csr.len == 0 ? ULONG_MAX : (csr.off + csr.len - 1) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
        memset(&cs, 0, sizeof(struct cachestat));
        mapping = f.file->f_mapping;
        filemap_cachestat(mapping, first_index, last_index, &cs);
        fdput(f);

        if (copy_to_user(cstat, &cs, sizeof(struct cachestat)))
                return -EFAULT;

        return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_CACHESTAT_SYSCALL */