From: Linus Torvalds Date: Tue, 13 Sep 2005 16:47:30 +0000 (-0700) Subject: Merge master.kernel.org:/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dwmw2/audit-2.6 X-Git-Tag: v2.6.16.28-rc1~3717 X-Git-Url: http://git.samba.org/samba.git/?p=sfrench%2Fcifs-2.6.git;a=commitdiff_plain;h=5d54e69c68c05b162a56f9914cae72afd7e6f40a;hp=b6ddc518520887a62728b0414efbf802a9dfdd55 Merge /pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dwmw2/audit-2.6 --- diff --git a/COPYING b/COPYING index 2a7e338ec2fc..ca442d313d86 100644 --- a/COPYING +++ b/COPYING @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Version 2, June 1991 Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. @@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software - Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. diff --git a/Documentation/00-INDEX b/Documentation/00-INDEX index f28a24e0279b..433cf5e9ae04 100644 --- a/Documentation/00-INDEX +++ b/Documentation/00-INDEX @@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ SubmittingPatches - procedure to get a source patch included into the kernel tree. VGA-softcursor.txt - how to change your VGA cursor from a blinking underscore. +applying-patches.txt + - description of various trees and how to apply their patches. arm/ - directory with info about Linux on the ARM architecture. basic_profiling.txt @@ -275,7 +277,7 @@ tty.txt unicode.txt - info on the Unicode character/font mapping used in Linux. uml/ - - directory with infomation about User Mode Linux. + - directory with information about User Mode Linux. usb/ - directory with info regarding the Universal Serial Bus. video4linux/ diff --git a/Documentation/CodingStyle b/Documentation/CodingStyle index f25b3953f513..22e5f9036f3c 100644 --- a/Documentation/CodingStyle +++ b/Documentation/CodingStyle @@ -236,6 +236,9 @@ ugly), but try to avoid excess. Instead, put the comments at the head of the function, telling people what it does, and possibly WHY it does it. +When commenting the kernel API functions, please use the kerneldoc format. +See the files Documentation/kernel-doc-nano-HOWTO.txt and scripts/kernel-doc +for details. Chapter 8: You've made a mess of it diff --git a/Documentation/DMA-API.txt b/Documentation/DMA-API.txt index 6ee3cd6134df..1af0f2d50220 100644 --- a/Documentation/DMA-API.txt +++ b/Documentation/DMA-API.txt @@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ pool's device. dma_addr_t addr); This puts memory back into the pool. The pool is what was passed to -the the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what +the pool allocation routine; the cpu and dma addresses are what were returned when that routine allocated the memory being freed. diff --git a/Documentation/DMA-ISA-LPC.txt b/Documentation/DMA-ISA-LPC.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..705f6be92bdb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/DMA-ISA-LPC.txt @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ + DMA with ISA and LPC devices + ============================ + + Pierre Ossman + +This document describes how to do DMA transfers using the old ISA DMA +controller. Even though ISA is more or less dead today the LPC bus +uses the same DMA system so it will be around for quite some time. + +Part I - Headers and dependencies +--------------------------------- + +To do ISA style DMA you need to include two headers: + +#include +#include + +The first is the generic DMA API used to convert virtual addresses to +physical addresses (see Documentation/DMA-API.txt for details). + +The second contains the routines specific to ISA DMA transfers. Since +this is not present on all platforms make sure you construct your +Kconfig to be dependent on ISA_DMA_API (not ISA) so that nobody tries +to build your driver on unsupported platforms. + +Part II - Buffer allocation +--------------------------- + +The ISA DMA controller has some very strict requirements on which +memory it can access so extra care must be taken when allocating +buffers. + +(You usually need a special buffer for DMA transfers instead of +transferring directly to and from your normal data structures.) + +The DMA-able address space is the lowest 16 MB of _physical_ memory. +Also the transfer block may not cross page boundaries (which are 64 +or 128 KiB depending on which channel you use). + +In order to allocate a piece of memory that satisfies all these +requirements you pass the flag GFP_DMA to kmalloc. + +Unfortunately the memory available for ISA DMA is scarce so unless you +allocate the memory during boot-up it's a good idea to also pass +__GFP_REPEAT and __GFP_NOWARN to make the allocater try a bit harder. + +(This scarcity also means that you should allocate the buffer as +early as possible and not release it until the driver is unloaded.) + +Part III - Address translation +------------------------------ + +To translate the virtual address to a physical use the normal DMA +API. Do _not_ use isa_virt_to_phys() even though it does the same +thing. The reason for this is that the function isa_virt_to_phys() +will require a Kconfig dependency to ISA, not just ISA_DMA_API which +is really all you need. Remember that even though the DMA controller +has its origins in ISA it is used elsewhere. + +Note: x86_64 had a broken DMA API when it came to ISA but has since +been fixed. If your arch has problems then fix the DMA API instead of +reverting to the ISA functions. + +Part IV - Channels +------------------ + +A normal ISA DMA controller has 8 channels. The lower four are for +8-bit transfers and the upper four are for 16-bit transfers. + +(Actually the DMA controller is really two separate controllers where +channel 4 is used to give DMA access for the second controller (0-3). +This means that of the four 16-bits channels only three are usable.) + +You allocate these in a similar fashion as all basic resources: + +extern int request_dma(unsigned int dmanr, const char * device_id); +extern void free_dma(unsigned int dmanr); + +The ability to use 16-bit or 8-bit transfers is _not_ up to you as a +driver author but depends on what the hardware supports. Check your +specs or test different channels. + +Part V - Transfer data +---------------------- + +Now for the good stuff, the actual DMA transfer. :) + +Before you use any ISA DMA routines you need to claim the DMA lock +using claim_dma_lock(). The reason is that some DMA operations are +not atomic so only one driver may fiddle with the registers at a +time. + +The first time you use the DMA controller you should call +clear_dma_ff(). This clears an internal register in the DMA +controller that is used for the non-atomic operations. As long as you +(and everyone else) uses the locking functions then you only need to +reset this once. + +Next, you tell the controller in which direction you intend to do the +transfer using set_dma_mode(). Currently you have the options +DMA_MODE_READ and DMA_MODE_WRITE. + +Set the address from where the transfer should start (this needs to +be 16-bit aligned for 16-bit transfers) and how many bytes to +transfer. Note that it's _bytes_. The DMA routines will do all the +required translation to values that the DMA controller understands. + +The final step is enabling the DMA channel and releasing the DMA +lock. + +Once the DMA transfer is finished (or timed out) you should disable +the channel again. You should also check get_dma_residue() to make +sure that all data has been transfered. + +Example: + +int flags, residue; + +flags = claim_dma_lock(); + +clear_dma_ff(); + +set_dma_mode(channel, DMA_MODE_WRITE); +set_dma_addr(channel, phys_addr); +set_dma_count(channel, num_bytes); + +dma_enable(channel); + +release_dma_lock(flags); + +while (!device_done()); + +flags = claim_dma_lock(); + +dma_disable(channel); + +residue = dma_get_residue(channel); +if (residue != 0) + printk(KERN_ERR "driver: Incomplete DMA transfer!" + " %d bytes left!\n", residue); + +release_dma_lock(flags); + +Part VI - Suspend/resume +------------------------ + +It is the driver's responsibility to make sure that the machine isn't +suspended while a DMA transfer is in progress. Also, all DMA settings +are lost when the system suspends so if your driver relies on the DMA +controller being in a certain state then you have to restore these +registers upon resume. diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl index 1ef6f43c6d8f..341aaa4ce481 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/journal-api.tmpl @@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ filesystem. Almost. You still need to actually journal your filesystem changes, this is done by wrapping them into transactions. Additionally you -also need to wrap the modification of each of the the buffers +also need to wrap the modification of each of the buffers with calls to the journal layer, so it knows what the modifications you are actually making are. To do this use journal_start() which returns a transaction handle. @@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ and its counterpart journal_stop(), which indicates the end of a transaction are nestable calls, so you can reenter a transaction if necessary, but remember you must call journal_stop() the same number of times as journal_start() before the transaction is completed (or more accurately -leaves the the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify +leaves the update phase). Ext3/VFS makes use of this feature to simplify quota support. diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl index 49a9ef82d575..6367bba32d22 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/kernel-hacking.tmpl @@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ - Paul - Rusty + Rusty Russell
@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ - 2001 + 2005 Rusty Russell @@ -64,7 +63,7 @@ Introduction - Welcome, gentle reader, to Rusty's Unreliable Guide to Linux + Welcome, gentle reader, to Rusty's Remarkably Unreliable Guide to Linux Kernel Hacking. This document describes the common routines and general requirements for kernel code: its goal is to serve as a primer for Linux kernel development for experienced C @@ -96,13 +95,13 @@ - not associated with any process, serving a softirq, tasklet or bh; + not associated with any process, serving a softirq or tasklet; - running in kernel space, associated with a process; + running in kernel space, associated with a process (user context); @@ -114,11 +113,12 @@ - There is a strict ordering between these: other than the last - category (userspace) each can only be pre-empted by those above. - For example, while a softirq is running on a CPU, no other - softirq will pre-empt it, but a hardware interrupt can. However, - any other CPUs in the system execute independently. + There is an ordering between these. The bottom two can preempt + each other, but above that is a strict hierarchy: each can only be + preempted by the ones above it. For example, while a softirq is + running on a CPU, no other softirq will preempt it, but a hardware + interrupt can. However, any other CPUs in the system execute + independently. @@ -130,10 +130,10 @@ User Context - User context is when you are coming in from a system call or - other trap: you can sleep, and you own the CPU (except for - interrupts) until you call schedule(). - In other words, user context (unlike userspace) is not pre-emptable. + User context is when you are coming in from a system call or other + trap: like userspace, you can be preempted by more important tasks + and by interrupts. You can sleep, by calling + schedule(). @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ - Beware that if you have interrupts or bottom halves disabled + Beware that if you have preemption or softirqs disabled (see below), in_interrupt() will return a false positive. @@ -168,10 +168,10 @@ keyboard are examples of real hardware which produce interrupts at any time. The kernel runs interrupt handlers, which services the hardware. The kernel - guarantees that this handler is never re-entered: if another + guarantees that this handler is never re-entered: if the same interrupt arrives, it is queued (or dropped). Because it disables interrupts, this handler has to be fast: frequently it - simply acknowledges the interrupt, marks a `software interrupt' + simply acknowledges the interrupt, marks a 'software interrupt' for execution and exits. @@ -188,60 +188,52 @@ - Software Interrupt Context: Bottom Halves, Tasklets, softirqs + Software Interrupt Context: Softirqs and Tasklets Whenever a system call is about to return to userspace, or a - hardware interrupt handler exits, any `software interrupts' + hardware interrupt handler exits, any 'software interrupts' which are marked pending (usually by hardware interrupts) are run (kernel/softirq.c). Much of the real interrupt handling work is done here. Early in - the transition to SMP, there were only `bottom + the transition to SMP, there were only 'bottom halves' (BHs), which didn't take advantage of multiple CPUs. Shortly after we switched from wind-up computers made of match-sticks and snot, - we abandoned this limitation. + we abandoned this limitation and switched to 'softirqs'. include/linux/interrupt.h lists the - different BH's. No matter how many CPUs you have, no two BHs will run at - the same time. This made the transition to SMP simpler, but sucks hard for - scalable performance. A very important bottom half is the timer - BH (include/linux/timer.h): you - can register to have it call functions for you in a given length of time. + different softirqs. A very important softirq is the + timer softirq (include/linux/timer.h): you can + register to have it call functions for you in a given length of + time. - 2.3.43 introduced softirqs, and re-implemented the (now - deprecated) BHs underneath them. Softirqs are fully-SMP - versions of BHs: they can run on as many CPUs at once as - required. This means they need to deal with any races in shared - data using their own locks. A bitmask is used to keep track of - which are enabled, so the 32 available softirqs should not be - used up lightly. (Yes, people will - notice). - - - - tasklets (include/linux/interrupt.h) - are like softirqs, except they are dynamically-registrable (meaning you - can have as many as you want), and they also guarantee that any tasklet - will only run on one CPU at any time, although different tasklets can - run simultaneously (unlike different BHs). + Softirqs are often a pain to deal with, since the same softirq + will run simultaneously on more than one CPU. For this reason, + tasklets (include/linux/interrupt.h) are more + often used: they are dynamically-registrable (meaning you can have + as many as you want), and they also guarantee that any tasklet + will only run on one CPU at any time, although different tasklets + can run simultaneously. - The name `tasklet' is misleading: they have nothing to do with `tasks', + The name 'tasklet' is misleading: they have nothing to do with 'tasks', and probably more to do with some bad vodka Alexey Kuznetsov had at the time. - You can tell you are in a softirq (or bottom half, or tasklet) + You can tell you are in a softirq (or tasklet) using the in_softirq() macro (include/linux/interrupt.h). @@ -288,11 +280,10 @@ A rigid stack limit - The kernel stack is about 6K in 2.2 (for most - architectures: it's about 14K on the Alpha), and shared - with interrupts so you can't use it all. Avoid deep - recursion and huge local arrays on the stack (allocate - them dynamically instead). + Depending on configuration options the kernel stack is about 3K to 6K for most 32-bit architectures: it's + about 14K on most 64-bit archs, and often shared with interrupts + so you can't use it all. Avoid deep recursion and huge local + arrays on the stack (allocate them dynamically instead). @@ -339,7 +330,7 @@ asmlinkage long sys_mycall(int arg) If all your routine does is read or write some parameter, consider - implementing a sysctl interface instead. + implementing a sysfs interface instead. @@ -417,7 +408,10 @@ cond_resched(); /* Will sleep */ - You will eventually lock up your box if you break these rules. + You should always compile your kernel + CONFIG_DEBUG_SPINLOCK_SLEEP on, and it will warn + you if you break these rules. If you do break + the rules, you will eventually lock up your box. @@ -515,8 +509,7 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); success). - [Yes, this moronic interface makes me cringe. Please submit a - patch and become my hero --RR.] + [Yes, this moronic interface makes me cringe. The flamewar comes up every year or so. --RR.] The functions may sleep implicitly. This should never be called @@ -587,10 +580,11 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); - If you see a kmem_grow: Called nonatomically from int - warning message you called a memory allocation function - from interrupt context without GFP_ATOMIC. - You should really fix that. Run, don't walk. + If you see a sleeping function called from invalid + context warning message, then maybe you called a + sleeping allocation function from interrupt context without + GFP_ATOMIC. You should really fix that. + Run, don't walk. @@ -639,16 +633,16 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); - <function>udelay()</function>/<function>mdelay()</function> + <title><function>mdelay()</function>/<function>udelay()</function> <filename class="headerfile">include/asm/delay.h</filename> <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/delay.h</filename> - The udelay() function can be used for small pauses. - Do not use large values with udelay() as you risk + The udelay() and ndelay() functions can be used for small pauses. + Do not use large values with them as you risk overflow - the helper function mdelay() is useful - here, or even consider schedule_timeout(). + here, or consider msleep(). @@ -698,8 +692,8 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); These routines disable soft interrupts on the local CPU, and restore them. They are reentrant; if soft interrupts were disabled before, they will still be disabled after this pair - of functions has been called. They prevent softirqs, tasklets - and bottom halves from running on the current CPU. + of functions has been called. They prevent softirqs and tasklets + from running on the current CPU. @@ -708,10 +702,16 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); include/asm/smp.h - smp_processor_id() returns the current - processor number, between 0 and NR_CPUS (the - maximum number of CPUs supported by Linux, currently 32). These - values are not necessarily continuous. + get_cpu() disables preemption (so you won't + suddenly get moved to another CPU) and returns the current + processor number, between 0 and NR_CPUS. Note + that the CPU numbers are not necessarily continuous. You return + it again with put_cpu() when you are done. + + + If you know you cannot be preempted by another task (ie. you are + in interrupt context, or have preemption disabled) you can use + smp_processor_id(). @@ -722,19 +722,14 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); After boot, the kernel frees up a special section; functions marked with __init and data structures marked with - __initdata are dropped after boot is complete (within - modules this directive is currently ignored). __exit + __initdata are dropped after boot is complete: similarly + modules discard this memory after initialization. __exit is used to declare a function which is only required on exit: the function will be dropped if this file is not compiled as a module. See the header file for use. Note that it makes no sense for a function marked with __init to be exported to modules with EXPORT_SYMBOL() - this will break. - - Static data structures marked as __initdata must be initialised - (as opposed to ordinary static data which is zeroed BSS) and cannot be - const. - @@ -762,9 +757,8 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); The function can return a negative error number to cause module loading to fail (unfortunately, this has no effect if - the module is compiled into the kernel). For modules, this is - called in user context, with interrupts enabled, and the - kernel lock held, so it can sleep. + the module is compiled into the kernel). This function is + called in user context with interrupts enabled, so it can sleep. @@ -779,6 +773,34 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); reached zero. This function can also sleep, but cannot fail: everything must be cleaned up by the time it returns. + + + Note that this macro is optional: if it is not present, your + module will not be removable (except for 'rmmod -f'). + + + + + <function>try_module_get()</function>/<function>module_put()</function> + <filename class="headerfile">include/linux/module.h</filename> + + + These manipulate the module usage count, to protect against + removal (a module also can't be removed if another module uses one + of its exported symbols: see below). Before calling into module + code, you should call try_module_get() on + that module: if it fails, then the module is being removed and you + should act as if it wasn't there. Otherwise, you can safely enter + the module, and call module_put() when you're + finished. + + + + Most registerable structures have an + owner field, such as in the + file_operations structure. Set this field + to the macro THIS_MODULE. + @@ -821,7 +843,7 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); There is a macro to do this: wait_event_interruptible() - include/linux/sched.h The + include/linux/wait.h The first argument is the wait queue head, and the second is an expression which is evaluated; the macro returns 0 when this expression is true, or @@ -847,10 +869,11 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); Call wake_up() - include/linux/sched.h;, + include/linux/wait.h;, which will wake up every process in the queue. The exception is if one has TASK_EXCLUSIVE set, in which case - the remainder of the queue will not be woken. + the remainder of the queue will not be woken. There are other variants + of this basic function available in the same header. @@ -863,7 +886,7 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); first class of operations work on atomic_t include/asm/atomic.h; this - contains a signed integer (at least 24 bits long), and you must use + contains a signed integer (at least 32 bits long), and you must use these functions to manipulate or read atomic_t variables. atomic_read() and atomic_set() get and set the counter, @@ -882,13 +905,12 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); Note that these functions are slower than normal arithmetic, and - so should not be used unnecessarily. On some platforms they - are much slower, like 32-bit Sparc where they use a spinlock. + so should not be used unnecessarily. - The second class of atomic operations is atomic bit operations on a - long, defined in + The second class of atomic operations is atomic bit operations on an + unsigned long, defined in include/linux/bitops.h. These operations generally take a pointer to the bit pattern, and a bit @@ -899,7 +921,7 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); test_and_clear_bit() and test_and_change_bit() do the same thing, except return true if the bit was previously set; these are - particularly useful for very simple locking. + particularly useful for atomically setting flags. @@ -907,12 +929,6 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); than BITS_PER_LONG. The resulting behavior is strange on big-endian platforms though so it is a good idea not to do this. - - - Note that the order of bits depends on the architecture, and in - particular, the bitfield passed to these operations must be at - least as large as a long. - @@ -932,11 +948,8 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); include/linux/module.h - This is the classic method of exporting a symbol, and it works - for both modules and non-modules. In the kernel all these - declarations are often bundled into a single file to help - genksyms (which searches source files for these declarations). - See the comment on genksyms and Makefiles below. + This is the classic method of exporting a symbol: dynamically + loaded modules will be able to use the symbol as normal. @@ -949,7 +962,8 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); symbols exported by EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL() can only be seen by modules with a MODULE_LICENSE() that specifies a GPL - compatible license. + compatible license. It implies that the function is considered + an internal implementation issue, and not really an interface. @@ -962,12 +976,13 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); include/linux/list.h - There are three sets of linked-list routines in the kernel - headers, but this one seems to be winning out (and Linus has - used it). If you don't have some particular pressing need for - a single list, it's a good choice. In fact, I don't care - whether it's a good choice or not, just use it so we can get - rid of the others. + There used to be three sets of linked-list routines in the kernel + headers, but this one is the winner. If you don't have some + particular pressing need for a single list, it's a good choice. + + + + In particular, list_for_each_entry is useful. @@ -979,14 +994,13 @@ printk(KERN_INFO "my ip: %d.%d.%d.%d\n", NIPQUAD(ipaddress)); convention, and return 0 for success, and a negative error number (eg. -EFAULT) for failure. This can be - unintuitive at first, but it's fairly widespread in the networking - code, for example. + unintuitive at first, but it's fairly widespread in the kernel. - The filesystem code uses ERR_PTR() + Using ERR_PTR() - include/linux/fs.h; to + include/linux/err.h; to encode a negative error number into a pointer, and IS_ERR() and PTR_ERR() to get it back out again: avoids a separate pointer parameter for @@ -1040,7 +1054,7 @@ static struct block_device_operations opt_fops = { supported, due to lack of general use, but the following are considered standard (see the GCC info page section "C Extensions" for more details - Yes, really the info page, the - man page is only a short summary of the stuff in info): + man page is only a short summary of the stuff in info). @@ -1091,7 +1105,7 @@ static struct block_device_operations opt_fops = { - Function names as strings (__FUNCTION__) + Function names as strings (__func__). @@ -1164,63 +1178,35 @@ static struct block_device_operations opt_fops = { Usually you want a configuration option for your kernel hack. - Edit Config.in in the appropriate directory - (but under arch/ it's called - config.in). The Config Language used is not - bash, even though it looks like bash; the safe way is to use only - the constructs that you already see in - Config.in files (see - Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt). - It's good to run "make xconfig" at least once to test (because - it's the only one with a static parser). - - - - Variables which can be Y or N use bool followed by a - tagline and the config define name (which must start with - CONFIG_). The tristate function is the same, but - allows the answer M (which defines - CONFIG_foo_MODULE in your source, instead of - CONFIG_FOO) if CONFIG_MODULES - is enabled. + Edit Kconfig in the appropriate directory. + The Config language is simple to use by cut and paste, and there's + complete documentation in + Documentation/kbuild/kconfig-language.txt. You may well want to make your CONFIG option only visible if CONFIG_EXPERIMENTAL is enabled: this serves as a warning to users. There many other fancy things you can do: see - the various Config.in files for ideas. + the various Kconfig files for ideas. - - - Edit the Makefile: the CONFIG variables are - exported here so you can conditionalize compilation with `ifeq'. - If your file exports symbols then add the names to - export-objs so that genksyms will find them. - - - There is a restriction on the kernel build system that objects - which export symbols must have globally unique names. - If your object does not have a globally unique name then the - standard fix is to move the - EXPORT_SYMBOL() statements to their own - object with a unique name. - This is why several systems have separate exporting objects, - usually suffixed with ksyms. - - + In your description of the option, make sure you address both the + expert user and the user who knows nothing about your feature. Mention + incompatibilities and issues here. Definitely + end your description with if in doubt, say N + (or, occasionally, `Y'); this is for people who have no + idea what you are talking about. - Document your option in Documentation/Configure.help. Mention - incompatibilities and issues here. Definitely - end your description with if in doubt, say N - (or, occasionally, `Y'); this is for people who have no - idea what you are talking about. + Edit the Makefile: the CONFIG variables are + exported here so you can usually just add a "obj-$(CONFIG_xxx) += + xxx.o" line. The syntax is documented in + Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt. @@ -1253,20 +1239,12 @@ static struct block_device_operations opt_fops = { - include/linux/brlock.h: + include/asm-i386/delay.h: -extern inline void br_read_lock (enum brlock_indices idx) -{ - /* - * This causes a link-time bug message if an - * invalid index is used: - */ - if (idx >= __BR_END) - __br_lock_usage_bug(); - - read_lock(&__brlock_array[smp_processor_id()][idx]); -} +#define ndelay(n) (__builtin_constant_p(n) ? \ + ((n) > 20000 ? __bad_ndelay() : __const_udelay((n) * 5ul)) : \ + __ndelay(n)) diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl index 4367f4642f3d..42a760cd7467 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/mcabook.tmpl @@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ Public Functions Provided -!Earch/i386/kernel/mca.c +!Edrivers/mca/mca-legacy.c diff --git a/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl b/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl index f3ef0bf435e9..705c442c7bf4 100644 --- a/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl +++ b/Documentation/DocBook/usb.tmpl @@ -841,7 +841,7 @@ usbdev_ioctl (int fd, int ifno, unsigned request, void *param) File modification time is not updated by this request. Those struct members are from some interface descriptor - applying to the the current configuration. + applying to the current configuration. The interface number is the bInterfaceNumber value, and the altsetting number is the bAlternateSetting value. (This resets each endpoint in the interface.) diff --git a/Documentation/IPMI.txt b/Documentation/IPMI.txt index 84d3d4d10c17..bf1cf98d2a27 100644 --- a/Documentation/IPMI.txt +++ b/Documentation/IPMI.txt @@ -605,12 +605,13 @@ is in the ipmi_poweroff module. When the system requests a powerdown, it will send the proper IPMI commands to do this. This is supported on several platforms. -There is a module parameter named "poweroff_control" that may either be zero -(do a power down) or 2 (do a power cycle, power the system off, then power -it on in a few seconds). Setting ipmi_poweroff.poweroff_control=x will do -the same thing on the kernel command line. The parameter is also available -via the proc filesystem in /proc/ipmi/poweroff_control. Note that if the -system does not support power cycling, it will always to the power off. +There is a module parameter named "poweroff_powercycle" that may +either be zero (do a power down) or non-zero (do a power cycle, power +the system off, then power it on in a few seconds). Setting +ipmi_poweroff.poweroff_control=x will do the same thing on the kernel +command line. The parameter is also available via the proc filesystem +in /proc/sys/dev/ipmi/poweroff_powercycle. Note that if the system +does not support power cycling, it will always do the power off. Note that if you have ACPI enabled, the system will prefer using ACPI to power off. diff --git a/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt b/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt index d5032eb480aa..63edc5f847c4 100644 --- a/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt +++ b/Documentation/MSI-HOWTO.txt @@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ which may result in system hang. The software driver of specific MSI-capable hardware is responsible for whether calling pci_enable_msi or not. A return of zero indicates the kernel successfully initializes the MSI/MSI-X capability structure of the -device funtion. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode. +device function. The device function is now running on MSI/MSI-X mode. 5.6 How to tell whether MSI/MSI-X is enabled on device function diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/NMI-RCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/NMI-RCU.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..d0634a5c3445 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RCU/NMI-RCU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +Using RCU to Protect Dynamic NMI Handlers + + +Although RCU is usually used to protect read-mostly data structures, +it is possible to use RCU to provide dynamic non-maskable interrupt +handlers, as well as dynamic irq handlers. This document describes +how to do this, drawing loosely from Zwane Mwaikambo's NMI-timer +work in "arch/i386/oprofile/nmi_timer_int.c" and in +"arch/i386/kernel/traps.c". + +The relevant pieces of code are listed below, each followed by a +brief explanation. + + static int dummy_nmi_callback(struct pt_regs *regs, int cpu) + { + return 0; + } + +The dummy_nmi_callback() function is a "dummy" NMI handler that does +nothing, but returns zero, thus saying that it did nothing, allowing +the NMI handler to take the default machine-specific action. + + static nmi_callback_t nmi_callback = dummy_nmi_callback; + +This nmi_callback variable is a global function pointer to the current +NMI handler. + + fastcall void do_nmi(struct pt_regs * regs, long error_code) + { + int cpu; + + nmi_enter(); + + cpu = smp_processor_id(); + ++nmi_count(cpu); + + if (!rcu_dereference(nmi_callback)(regs, cpu)) + default_do_nmi(regs); + + nmi_exit(); + } + +The do_nmi() function processes each NMI. It first disables preemption +in the same way that a hardware irq would, then increments the per-CPU +count of NMIs. It then invokes the NMI handler stored in the nmi_callback +function pointer. If this handler returns zero, do_nmi() invokes the +default_do_nmi() function to handle a machine-specific NMI. Finally, +preemption is restored. + +Strictly speaking, rcu_dereference() is not needed, since this code runs +only on i386, which does not need rcu_dereference() anyway. However, +it is a good documentation aid, particularly for anyone attempting to +do something similar on Alpha. + +Quick Quiz: Why might the rcu_dereference() be necessary on Alpha, + given that the code referenced by the pointer is read-only? + + +Back to the discussion of NMI and RCU... + + void set_nmi_callback(nmi_callback_t callback) + { + rcu_assign_pointer(nmi_callback, callback); + } + +The set_nmi_callback() function registers an NMI handler. Note that any +data that is to be used by the callback must be initialized up -before- +the call to set_nmi_callback(). On architectures that do not order +writes, the rcu_assign_pointer() ensures that the NMI handler sees the +initialized values. + + void unset_nmi_callback(void) + { + rcu_assign_pointer(nmi_callback, dummy_nmi_callback); + } + +This function unregisters an NMI handler, restoring the original +dummy_nmi_handler(). However, there may well be an NMI handler +currently executing on some other CPU. We therefore cannot free +up any data structures used by the old NMI handler until execution +of it completes on all other CPUs. + +One way to accomplish this is via synchronize_sched(), perhaps as +follows: + + unset_nmi_callback(); + synchronize_sched(); + kfree(my_nmi_data); + +This works because synchronize_sched() blocks until all CPUs complete +any preemption-disabled segments of code that they were executing. +Since NMI handlers disable preemption, synchronize_sched() is guaranteed +not to return until all ongoing NMI handlers exit. It is therefore safe +to free up the handler's data as soon as synchronize_sched() returns. + + +Answer to Quick Quiz + + Why might the rcu_dereference() be necessary on Alpha, given + that the code referenced by the pointer is read-only? + + Answer: The caller to set_nmi_callback() might well have + initialized some data that is to be used by the + new NMI handler. In this case, the rcu_dereference() + would be needed, because otherwise a CPU that received + an NMI just after the new handler was set might see + the pointer to the new NMI handler, but the old + pre-initialized version of the handler's data. + + More important, the rcu_dereference() makes it clear + to someone reading the code that the pointer is being + protected by RCU. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt index 9c6d450138ea..fcbcbc35b122 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/RTFP.txt @@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ Read the F-ing Papers! This document describes RCU-related publications, and is followed by -the corresponding bibtex entries. +the corresponding bibtex entries. A number of the publications may +be found at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/. The first thing resembling RCU was published in 1980, when Kung and Lehman [Kung80] recommended use of a garbage collector to defer destruction @@ -113,6 +114,10 @@ describing how to make RCU safe for soft-realtime applications [Sarma04c], and a paper describing SELinux performance with RCU [JamesMorris04b]. +2005 has seen further adaptation of RCU to realtime use, permitting +preemption of RCU realtime critical sections [PaulMcKenney05a, +PaulMcKenney05b]. + Bibtex Entries @article{Kung80 @@ -410,3 +415,32 @@ Oregon Health and Sciences University" \url{http://www.livejournal.com/users/james_morris/2153.html} [Viewed December 10, 2004]" } + +@unpublished{PaulMcKenney05a +,Author="Paul E. McKenney" +,Title="{[RFC]} {RCU} and {CONFIG\_PREEMPT\_RT} progress" +,month="May" +,year="2005" +,note="Available: +\url{http://lkml.org/lkml/2005/5/9/185} +[Viewed May 13, 2005]" +,annotation=" + First publication of working lock-based deferred free patches + for the CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT environment. +" +} + +@conference{PaulMcKenney05b +,Author="Paul E. McKenney and Dipankar Sarma" +,Title="Towards Hard Realtime Response from the Linux Kernel on SMP Hardware" +,Booktitle="linux.conf.au 2005" +,month="April" +,year="2005" +,address="Canberra, Australia" +,note="Available: +\url{http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/realtimeRCU.2005.04.23a.pdf} +[Viewed May 13, 2005]" +,annotation=" + Realtime turns into making RCU yet more realtime friendly. +" +} diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt index 3bfb84b3b7db..aab4a9ec3931 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/UP.txt @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ is that since there is only one CPU, it should not be necessary to wait for anything else to get done, since there are no other CPUs for anything else to be happening on. Although this approach will -sort- -of- work a surprising amount of the time, it is a very bad idea in general. -This document presents two examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an +This document presents three examples that demonstrate exactly how bad an idea this is. @@ -26,6 +26,9 @@ from softirq, the list scan would find itself referencing a newly freed element B. This situation can greatly decrease the life expectancy of your kernel. +This same problem can occur if call_rcu() is invoked from a hardware +interrupt handler. + Example 2: Function-Call Fatality @@ -44,8 +47,37 @@ its arguments would cause it to fail to make the fundamental guarantee underlying RCU, namely that call_rcu() defers invoking its arguments until all RCU read-side critical sections currently executing have completed. -Quick Quiz: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in -this case? +Quick Quiz #1: why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in + this case? + + +Example 3: Death by Deadlock + +Suppose that call_rcu() is invoked while holding a lock, and that the +callback function must acquire this same lock. In this case, if +call_rcu() were to directly invoke the callback, the result would +be self-deadlock. + +In some cases, it would possible to restructure to code so that +the call_rcu() is delayed until after the lock is released. However, +there are cases where this can be quite ugly: + +1. If a number of items need to be passed to call_rcu() within + the same critical section, then the code would need to create + a list of them, then traverse the list once the lock was + released. + +2. In some cases, the lock will be held across some kernel API, + so that delaying the call_rcu() until the lock is released + requires that the data item be passed up via a common API. + It is far better to guarantee that callbacks are invoked + with no locks held than to have to modify such APIs to allow + arbitrary data items to be passed back up through them. + +If call_rcu() directly invokes the callback, painful locking restrictions +or API changes would be required. + +Quick Quiz #2: What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect? Summary @@ -53,12 +85,35 @@ Summary Permitting call_rcu() to immediately invoke its arguments or permitting synchronize_rcu() to immediately return breaks RCU, even on a UP system. So do not do it! Even on a UP system, the RCU infrastructure -must- -respect grace periods. - - -Answer to Quick Quiz - -The calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked list, and -is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section. Therefore, -the called function has been invoked within an RCU read-side critical -section, and is not permitted to block. +respect grace periods, and -must- invoke callbacks from a known environment +in which no locks are held. + + +Answer to Quick Quiz #1: + Why is it -not- legal to invoke synchronize_rcu() in this case? + + Because the calling function is scanning an RCU-protected linked + list, and is therefore within an RCU read-side critical section. + Therefore, the called function has been invoked within an RCU + read-side critical section, and is not permitted to block. + +Answer to Quick Quiz #2: + What locking restriction must RCU callbacks respect? + + Any lock that is acquired within an RCU callback must be + acquired elsewhere using an _irq variant of the spinlock + primitive. For example, if "mylock" is acquired by an + RCU callback, then a process-context acquisition of this + lock must use something like spin_lock_irqsave() to + acquire the lock. + + If the process-context code were to simply use spin_lock(), + then, since RCU callbacks can be invoked from softirq context, + the callback might be called from a softirq that interrupted + the process-context critical section. This would result in + self-deadlock. + + This restriction might seem gratuitous, since very few RCU + callbacks acquire locks directly. However, a great many RCU + callbacks do acquire locks -indirectly-, for example, via + the kfree() primitive. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt index 8f3fb77c9cd3..e118a7c1a092 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/checklist.txt @@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! rcu_read_lock_bh()) in the read-side critical sections, and are also an excellent aid to readability. + As a rough rule of thumb, any dereference of an RCU-protected + pointer must be covered by rcu_read_lock() or rcu_read_lock_bh() + or by the appropriate update-side lock. + 3. Does the update code tolerate concurrent accesses? The whole point of RCU is to permit readers to run without @@ -90,7 +94,11 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! The rcu_dereference() primitive is used by the various "_rcu()" list-traversal primitives, such as the - list_for_each_entry_rcu(). + list_for_each_entry_rcu(). Note that it is perfectly + legal (if redundant) for update-side code to use + rcu_dereference() and the "_rcu()" list-traversal + primitives. This is particularly useful in code + that is common to readers and updaters. b. If the list macros are being used, the list_add_tail_rcu() and list_add_rcu() primitives must be used in order @@ -150,16 +158,9 @@ over a rather long period of time, but improvements are always welcome! Use of the _rcu() list-traversal primitives outside of an RCU read-side critical section causes no harm other than - a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs and some - confusion on the part of people trying to read the code. - - Another way of thinking of this is "If you are holding the - lock that prevents the data structure from changing, why do - you also need RCU-based protection?" That said, there may - well be situations where use of the _rcu() list-traversal - primitives while the update-side lock is held results in - simpler and more maintainable code. The jury is still out - on this question. + a slight performance degradation on Alpha CPUs. It can + also be quite helpful in reducing code bloat when common + code is shared between readers and updaters. 10. Conversely, if you are in an RCU read-side critical section, you -must- use the "_rcu()" variants of the list macros. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt index eb444006683e..6fa092251586 100644 --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu.txt @@ -64,6 +64,54 @@ o I hear that RCU is patented? What is with that? Of these, one was allowed to lapse by the assignee, and the others have been contributed to the Linux kernel under GPL. +o I hear that RCU needs work in order to support realtime kernels? + + Yes, work in progress. + o Where can I find more information on RCU? See the RTFP.txt file in this directory. + Or point your browser at http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU/. + +o What are all these files in this directory? + + + NMI-RCU.txt + + Describes how to use RCU to implement dynamic + NMI handlers, which can be revectored on the fly, + without rebooting. + + RTFP.txt + + List of RCU-related publications and web sites. + + UP.txt + + Discussion of RCU usage in UP kernels. + + arrayRCU.txt + + Describes how to use RCU to protect arrays, with + resizeable arrays whose elements reference other + data structures being of the most interest. + + checklist.txt + + Lists things to check for when inspecting code that + uses RCU. + + listRCU.txt + + Describes how to use RCU to protect linked lists. + This is the simplest and most common use of RCU + in the Linux kernel. + + rcu.txt + + You are reading it! + + whatisRCU.txt + + Overview of how the RCU implementation works. Along + the way, presents a conceptual view of RCU. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcuref.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcuref.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a23fee66064d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcuref.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Refcounter framework for elements of lists/arrays protected by +RCU. + +Refcounting on elements of lists which are protected by traditional +reader/writer spinlocks or semaphores are straight forward as in: + +1. 2. +add() search_and_reference() +{ { + alloc_object read_lock(&list_lock); + ... search_for_element + atomic_set(&el->rc, 1); atomic_inc(&el->rc); + write_lock(&list_lock); ... + add_element read_unlock(&list_lock); + ... ... + write_unlock(&list_lock); } +} + +3. 4. +release_referenced() delete() +{ { + ... write_lock(&list_lock); + atomic_dec(&el->rc, relfunc) ... + ... delete_element +} write_unlock(&list_lock); + ... + if (atomic_dec_and_test(&el->rc)) + kfree(el); + ... + } + +If this list/array is made lock free using rcu as in changing the +write_lock in add() and delete() to spin_lock and changing read_lock +in search_and_reference to rcu_read_lock(), the rcuref_get in +search_and_reference could potentially hold reference to an element which +has already been deleted from the list/array. rcuref_lf_get_rcu takes +care of this scenario. search_and_reference should look as; + +1. 2. +add() search_and_reference() +{ { + alloc_object rcu_read_lock(); + ... search_for_element + atomic_set(&el->rc, 1); if (rcuref_inc_lf(&el->rc)) { + write_lock(&list_lock); rcu_read_unlock(); + return FAIL; + add_element } + ... ... + write_unlock(&list_lock); rcu_read_unlock(); +} } +3. 4. +release_referenced() delete() +{ { + ... write_lock(&list_lock); + rcuref_dec(&el->rc, relfunc) ... + ... delete_element +} write_unlock(&list_lock); + ... + if (rcuref_dec_and_test(&el->rc)) + call_rcu(&el->head, el_free); + ... + } + +Sometimes, reference to the element need to be obtained in the +update (write) stream. In such cases, rcuref_inc_lf might be an overkill +since the spinlock serialising list updates are held. rcuref_inc +is to be used in such cases. +For arches which do not have cmpxchg rcuref_inc_lf +api uses a hashed spinlock implementation and the same hashed spinlock +is acquired in all rcuref_xxx primitives to preserve atomicity. +Note: Use rcuref_inc api only if you need to use rcuref_inc_lf on the +refcounter atleast at one place. Mixing rcuref_inc and atomic_xxx api +might lead to races. rcuref_inc_lf() must be used in lockfree +RCU critical sections only. diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..354d89c78377 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/RCU/whatisRCU.txt @@ -0,0 +1,902 @@ +What is RCU? + +RCU is a synchronization mechanism that was added to the Linux kernel +during the 2.5 development effort that is optimized for read-mostly +situations. Although RCU is actually quite simple once you understand it, +getting there can sometimes be a challenge. Part of the problem is that +most of the past descriptions of RCU have been written with the mistaken +assumption that there is "one true way" to describe RCU. Instead, +the experience has been that different people must take different paths +to arrive at an understanding of RCU. This document provides several +different paths, as follows: + +1. RCU OVERVIEW +2. WHAT IS RCU'S CORE API? +3. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLE USES OF CORE RCU API? +4. WHAT IF MY UPDATING THREAD CANNOT BLOCK? +5. WHAT ARE SOME SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RCU? +6. ANALOGY WITH READER-WRITER LOCKING +7. FULL LIST OF RCU APIs +8. ANSWERS TO QUICK QUIZZES + +People who prefer starting with a conceptual overview should focus on +Section 1, though most readers will profit by reading this section at +some point. People who prefer to start with an API that they can then +experiment with should focus on Section 2. People who prefer to start +with example uses should focus on Sections 3 and 4. People who need to +understand the RCU implementation should focus on Section 5, then dive +into the kernel source code. People who reason best by analogy should +focus on Section 6. Section 7 serves as an index to the docbook API +documentation, and Section 8 is the traditional answer key. + +So, start with the section that makes the most sense to you and your +preferred method of learning. If you need to know everything about +everything, feel free to read the whole thing -- but if you are really +that type of person, you have perused the source code and will therefore +never need this document anyway. ;-) + + +1. RCU OVERVIEW + +The basic idea behind RCU is to split updates into "removal" and +"reclamation" phases. The removal phase removes references to data items +within a data structure (possibly by replacing them with references to +new versions of these data items), and can run concurrently with readers. +The reason that it is safe to run the removal phase concurrently with +readers is the semantics of modern CPUs guarantee that readers will see +either the old or the new version of the data structure rather than a +partially updated reference. The reclamation phase does the work of reclaiming +(e.g., freeing) the data items removed from the data structure during the +removal phase. Because reclaiming data items can disrupt any readers +concurrently referencing those data items, the reclamation phase must +not start until readers no longer hold references to those data items. + +Splitting the update into removal and reclamation phases permits the +updater to perform the removal phase immediately, and to defer the +reclamation phase until all readers active during the removal phase have +completed, either by blocking until they finish or by registering a +callback that is invoked after they finish. Only readers that are active +during the removal phase need be considered, because any reader starting +after the removal phase will be unable to gain a reference to the removed +data items, and therefore cannot be disrupted by the reclamation phase. + +So the typical RCU update sequence goes something like the following: + +a. Remove pointers to a data structure, so that subsequent + readers cannot gain a reference to it. + +b. Wait for all previous readers to complete their RCU read-side + critical sections. + +c. At this point, there cannot be any readers who hold references + to the data structure, so it now may safely be reclaimed + (e.g., kfree()d). + +Step (b) above is the key idea underlying RCU's deferred destruction. +The ability to wait until all readers are done allows RCU readers to +use much lighter-weight synchronization, in some cases, absolutely no +synchronization at all. In contrast, in more conventional lock-based +schemes, readers must use heavy-weight synchronization in order to +prevent an updater from deleting the data structure out from under them. +This is because lock-based updaters typically update data items in place, +and must therefore exclude readers. In contrast, RCU-based updaters +typically take advantage of the fact that writes to single aligned +pointers are atomic on modern CPUs, allowing atomic insertion, removal, +and replacement of data items in a linked structure without disrupting +readers. Concurrent RCU readers can then continue accessing the old +versions, and can dispense with the atomic operations, memory barriers, +and communications cache misses that are so expensive on present-day +SMP computer systems, even in absence of lock contention. + +In the three-step procedure shown above, the updater is performing both +the removal and the reclamation step, but it is often helpful for an +entirely different thread to do the reclamation, as is in fact the case +in the Linux kernel's directory-entry cache (dcache). Even if the same +thread performs both the update step (step (a) above) and the reclamation +step (step (c) above), it is often helpful to think of them separately. +For example, RCU readers and updaters need not communicate at all, +but RCU provides implicit low-overhead communication between readers +and reclaimers, namely, in step (b) above. + +So how the heck can a reclaimer tell when a reader is done, given +that readers are not doing any sort of synchronization operations??? +Read on to learn about how RCU's API makes this easy. + + +2. WHAT IS RCU'S CORE API? + +The core RCU API is quite small: + +a. rcu_read_lock() +b. rcu_read_unlock() +c. synchronize_rcu() / call_rcu() +d. rcu_assign_pointer() +e. rcu_dereference() + +There are many other members of the RCU API, but the rest can be +expressed in terms of these five, though most implementations instead +express synchronize_rcu() in terms of the call_rcu() callback API. + +The five core RCU APIs are described below, the other 18 will be enumerated +later. See the kernel docbook documentation for more info, or look directly +at the function header comments. + +rcu_read_lock() + + void rcu_read_lock(void); + + Used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is + entering an RCU read-side critical section. It is illegal + to block while in an RCU read-side critical section, though + kernels built with CONFIG_PREEMPT_RCU can preempt RCU read-side + critical sections. Any RCU-protected data structure accessed + during an RCU read-side critical section is guaranteed to remain + unreclaimed for the full duration of that critical section. + Reference counts may be used in conjunction with RCU to maintain + longer-term references to data structures. + +rcu_read_unlock() + + void rcu_read_unlock(void); + + Used by a reader to inform the reclaimer that the reader is + exiting an RCU read-side critical section. Note that RCU + read-side critical sections may be nested and/or overlapping. + +synchronize_rcu() + + void synchronize_rcu(void); + + Marks the end of updater code and the beginning of reclaimer + code. It does this by blocking until all pre-existing RCU + read-side critical sections on all CPUs have completed. + Note that synchronize_rcu() will -not- necessarily wait for + any subsequent RCU read-side critical sections to complete. + For example, consider the following sequence of events: + + CPU 0 CPU 1 CPU 2 + ----------------- ------------------------- --------------- + 1. rcu_read_lock() + 2. enters synchronize_rcu() + 3. rcu_read_lock() + 4. rcu_read_unlock() + 5. exits synchronize_rcu() + 6. rcu_read_unlock() + + To reiterate, synchronize_rcu() waits only for ongoing RCU + read-side critical sections to complete, not necessarily for + any that begin after synchronize_rcu() is invoked. + + Of course, synchronize_rcu() does not necessarily return + -immediately- after the last pre-existing RCU read-side critical + section completes. For one thing, there might well be scheduling + delays. For another thing, many RCU implementations process + requests in batches in order to improve efficiencies, which can + further delay synchronize_rcu(). + + Since synchronize_rcu() is the API that must figure out when + readers are done, its implementation is key to RCU. For RCU + to be useful in all but the most read-intensive situations, + synchronize_rcu()'s overhead must also be quite small. + + The call_rcu() API is a callback form of synchronize_rcu(), + and is described in more detail in a later section. Instead of + blocking, it registers a function and argument which are invoked + after all ongoing RCU read-side critical sections have completed. + This callback variant is particularly useful in situations where + it is illegal to block. + +rcu_assign_pointer() + + typeof(p) rcu_assign_pointer(p, typeof(p) v); + + Yes, rcu_assign_pointer() -is- implemented as a macro, though it + would be cool to be able to declare a function in this manner. + (Compiler experts will no doubt disagree.) + + The updater uses this function to assign a new value to an + RCU-protected pointer, in order to safely communicate the change + in value from the updater to the reader. This function returns + the new value, and also executes any memory-barrier instructions + required for a given CPU architecture. + + Perhaps more important, it serves to document which pointers + are protected by RCU. That said, rcu_assign_pointer() is most + frequently used indirectly, via the _rcu list-manipulation + primitives such as list_add_rcu(). + +rcu_dereference() + + typeof(p) rcu_dereference(p); + + Like rcu_assign_pointer(), rcu_dereference() must be implemented + as a macro. + + The reader uses rcu_dereference() to fetch an RCU-protected + pointer, which returns a value that may then be safely + dereferenced. Note that rcu_deference() does not actually + dereference the pointer, instead, it protects the pointer for + later dereferencing. It also executes any needed memory-barrier + instructions for a given CPU architecture. Currently, only Alpha + needs memory barriers within rcu_dereference() -- on other CPUs, + it compiles to nothing, not even a compiler directive. + + Common coding practice uses rcu_dereference() to copy an + RCU-protected pointer to a local variable, then dereferences + this local variable, for example as follows: + + p = rcu_dereference(head.next); + return p->data; + + However, in this case, one could just as easily combine these + into one statement: + + return rcu_dereference(head.next)->data; + + If you are going to be fetching multiple fields from the + RCU-protected structure, using the local variable is of + course preferred. Repeated rcu_dereference() calls look + ugly and incur unnecessary overhead on Alpha CPUs. + + Note that the value returned by rcu_dereference() is valid + only within the enclosing RCU read-side critical section. + For example, the following is -not- legal: + + rcu_read_lock(); + p = rcu_dereference(head.next); + rcu_read_unlock(); + x = p->address; + rcu_read_lock(); + y = p->data; + rcu_read_unlock(); + + Holding a reference from one RCU read-side critical section + to another is just as illegal as holding a reference from + one lock-based critical section to another! Similarly, + using a reference outside of the critical section in which + it was acquired is just as illegal as doing so with normal + locking. + + As with rcu_assign_pointer(), an important function of + rcu_dereference() is to document which pointers are protected + by RCU. And, again like rcu_assign_pointer(), rcu_dereference() + is typically used indirectly, via the _rcu list-manipulation + primitives, such as list_for_each_entry_rcu(). + +The following diagram shows how each API communicates among the +reader, updater, and reclaimer. + + + rcu_assign_pointer() + +--------+ + +---------------------->| reader |---------+ + | +--------+ | + | | | + | | | Protect: + | | | rcu_read_lock() + | | | rcu_read_unlock() + | rcu_dereference() | | + +---------+ | | + | updater |<---------------------+ | + +---------+ V + | +-----------+ + +----------------------------------->| reclaimer | + +-----------+ + Defer: + synchronize_rcu() & call_rcu() + + +The RCU infrastructure observes the time sequence of rcu_read_lock(), +rcu_read_unlock(), synchronize_rcu(), and call_rcu() invocations in +order to determine when (1) synchronize_rcu() invocations may return +to their callers and (2) call_rcu() callbacks may be invoked. Efficient +implementations of the RCU infrastructure make heavy use of batching in +order to amortize their overhead over many uses of the corresponding APIs. + +There are no fewer than three RCU mechanisms in the Linux kernel; the +diagram above shows the first one, which is by far the most commonly used. +The rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() primitives are used for +all three mechanisms, but different defer and protect primitives are +used as follows: + + Defer Protect + +a. synchronize_rcu() rcu_read_lock() / rcu_read_unlock() + call_rcu() + +b. call_rcu_bh() rcu_read_lock_bh() / rcu_read_unlock_bh() + +c. synchronize_sched() preempt_disable() / preempt_enable() + local_irq_save() / local_irq_restore() + hardirq enter / hardirq exit + NMI enter / NMI exit + +These three mechanisms are used as follows: + +a. RCU applied to normal data structures. + +b. RCU applied to networking data structures that may be subjected + to remote denial-of-service attacks. + +c. RCU applied to scheduler and interrupt/NMI-handler tasks. + +Again, most uses will be of (a). The (b) and (c) cases are important +for specialized uses, but are relatively uncommon. + + +3. WHAT ARE SOME EXAMPLE USES OF CORE RCU API? + +This section shows a simple use of the core RCU API to protect a +global pointer to a dynamically allocated structure. More typical +uses of RCU may be found in listRCU.txt, arrayRCU.txt, and NMI-RCU.txt. + + struct foo { + int a; + char b; + long c; + }; + DEFINE_SPINLOCK(foo_mutex); + + struct foo *gbl_foo; + + /* + * Create a new struct foo that is the same as the one currently + * pointed to by gbl_foo, except that field "a" is replaced + * with "new_a". Points gbl_foo to the new structure, and + * frees up the old structure after a grace period. + * + * Uses rcu_assign_pointer() to ensure that concurrent readers + * see the initialized version of the new structure. + * + * Uses synchronize_rcu() to ensure that any readers that might + * have references to the old structure complete before freeing + * the old structure. + */ + void foo_update_a(int new_a) + { + struct foo *new_fp; + struct foo *old_fp; + + new_fp = kmalloc(sizeof(*fp), GFP_KERNEL); + spin_lock(&foo_mutex); + old_fp = gbl_foo; + *new_fp = *old_fp; + new_fp->a = new_a; + rcu_assign_pointer(gbl_foo, new_fp); + spin_unlock(&foo_mutex); + synchronize_rcu(); + kfree(old_fp); + } + + /* + * Return the value of field "a" of the current gbl_foo + * structure. Use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() + * to ensure that the structure does not get deleted out + * from under us, and use rcu_dereference() to ensure that + * we see the initialized version of the structure (important + * for DEC Alpha and for people reading the code). + */ + int foo_get_a(void) + { + int retval; + + rcu_read_lock(); + retval = rcu_dereference(gbl_foo)->a; + rcu_read_unlock(); + return retval; + } + +So, to sum up: + +o Use rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() to guard RCU + read-side critical sections. + +o Within an RCU read-side critical section, use rcu_dereference() + to dereference RCU-protected pointers. + +o Use some solid scheme (such as locks or semaphores) to + keep concurrent updates from interfering with each other. + +o Use rcu_assign_pointer() to update an RCU-protected pointer. + This primitive protects concurrent readers from the updater, + -not- concurrent updates from each other! You therefore still + need to use locking (or something similar) to keep concurrent + rcu_assign_pointer() primitives from interfering with each other. + +o Use synchronize_rcu() -after- removing a data element from an + RCU-protected data structure, but -before- reclaiming/freeing + the data element, in order to wait for the completion of all + RCU read-side critical sections that might be referencing that + data item. + +See checklist.txt for additional rules to follow when using RCU. + + +4. WHAT IF MY UPDATING THREAD CANNOT BLOCK? + +In the example above, foo_update_a() blocks until a grace period elapses. +This is quite simple, but in some cases one cannot afford to wait so +long -- there might be other high-priority work to be done. + +In such cases, one uses call_rcu() rather than synchronize_rcu(). +The call_rcu() API is as follows: + + void call_rcu(struct rcu_head * head, + void (*func)(struct rcu_head *head)); + +This function invokes func(head) after a grace period has elapsed. +This invocation might happen from either softirq or process context, +so the function is not permitted to block. The foo struct needs to +have an rcu_head structure added, perhaps as follows: + + struct foo { + int a; + char b; + long c; + struct rcu_head rcu; + }; + +The foo_update_a() function might then be written as follows: + + /* + * Create a new struct foo that is the same as the one currently + * pointed to by gbl_foo, except that field "a" is replaced + * with "new_a". Points gbl_foo to the new structure, and + * frees up the old structure after a grace period. + * + * Uses rcu_assign_pointer() to ensure that concurrent readers + * see the initialized version of the new structure. + * + * Uses call_rcu() to ensure that any readers that might have + * references to the old structure complete before freeing the + * old structure. + */ + void foo_update_a(int new_a) + { + struct foo *new_fp; + struct foo *old_fp; + + new_fp = kmalloc(sizeof(*fp), GFP_KERNEL); + spin_lock(&foo_mutex); + old_fp = gbl_foo; + *new_fp = *old_fp; + new_fp->a = new_a; + rcu_assign_pointer(gbl_foo, new_fp); + spin_unlock(&foo_mutex); + call_rcu(&old_fp->rcu, foo_reclaim); + } + +The foo_reclaim() function might appear as follows: + + void foo_reclaim(struct rcu_head *rp) + { + struct foo *fp = container_of(rp, struct foo, rcu); + + kfree(fp); + } + +The container_of() primitive is a macro that, given a pointer into a +struct, the type of the struct, and the pointed-to field within the +struct, returns a pointer to the beginning of the struct. + +The use of call_rcu() permits the caller of foo_update_a() to +immediately regain control, without needing to worry further about the +old version of the newly updated element. It also clearly shows the +RCU distinction between updater, namely foo_update_a(), and reclaimer, +namely foo_reclaim(). + +The summary of advice is the same as for the previous section, except +that we are now using call_rcu() rather than synchronize_rcu(): + +o Use call_rcu() -after- removing a data element from an + RCU-protected data structure in order to register a callback + function that will be invoked after the completion of all RCU + read-side critical sections that might be referencing that + data item. + +Again, see checklist.txt for additional rules governing the use of RCU. + + +5. WHAT ARE SOME SIMPLE IMPLEMENTATIONS OF RCU? + +One of the nice things about RCU is that it has extremely simple "toy" +implementations that are a good first step towards understanding the +production-quality implementations in the Linux kernel. This section +presents two such "toy" implementations of RCU, one that is implemented +in terms of familiar locking primitives, and another that more closely +resembles "classic" RCU. Both are way too simple for real-world use, +lacking both functionality and performance. However, they are useful +in getting a feel for how RCU works. See kernel/rcupdate.c for a +production-quality implementation, and see: + + http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU + +for papers describing the Linux kernel RCU implementation. The OLS'01 +and OLS'02 papers are a good introduction, and the dissertation provides +more details on the current implementation. + + +5A. "TOY" IMPLEMENTATION #1: LOCKING + +This section presents a "toy" RCU implementation that is based on +familiar locking primitives. Its overhead makes it a non-starter for +real-life use, as does its lack of scalability. It is also unsuitable +for realtime use, since it allows scheduling latency to "bleed" from +one read-side critical section to another. + +However, it is probably the easiest implementation to relate to, so is +a good starting point. + +It is extremely simple: + + static DEFINE_RWLOCK(rcu_gp_mutex); + + void rcu_read_lock(void) + { + read_lock(&rcu_gp_mutex); + } + + void rcu_read_unlock(void) + { + read_unlock(&rcu_gp_mutex); + } + + void synchronize_rcu(void) + { + write_lock(&rcu_gp_mutex); + write_unlock(&rcu_gp_mutex); + } + +[You can ignore rcu_assign_pointer() and rcu_dereference() without +missing much. But here they are anyway. And whatever you do, don't +forget about them when submitting patches making use of RCU!] + + #define rcu_assign_pointer(p, v) ({ \ + smp_wmb(); \ + (p) = (v); \ + }) + + #define rcu_dereference(p) ({ \ + typeof(p) _________p1 = p; \ + smp_read_barrier_depends(); \ + (_________p1); \ + }) + + +The rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() primitive read-acquire +and release a global reader-writer lock. The synchronize_rcu() +primitive write-acquires this same lock, then immediately releases +it. This means that once synchronize_rcu() exits, all RCU read-side +critical sections that were in progress before synchonize_rcu() was +called are guaranteed to have completed -- there is no way that +synchronize_rcu() would have been able to write-acquire the lock +otherwise. + +It is possible to nest rcu_read_lock(), since reader-writer locks may +be recursively acquired. Note also that rcu_read_lock() is immune +from deadlock (an important property of RCU). The reason for this is +that the only thing that can block rcu_read_lock() is a synchronize_rcu(). +But synchronize_rcu() does not acquire any locks while holding rcu_gp_mutex, +so there can be no deadlock cycle. + +Quick Quiz #1: Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock + occur when using this algorithm in a real-world Linux + kernel? How could this deadlock be avoided? + + +5B. "TOY" EXAMPLE #2: CLASSIC RCU + +This section presents a "toy" RCU implementation that is based on +"classic RCU". It is also short on performance (but only for updates) and +on features such as hotplug CPU and the ability to run in CONFIG_PREEMPT +kernels. The definitions of rcu_dereference() and rcu_assign_pointer() +are the same as those shown in the preceding section, so they are omitted. + + void rcu_read_lock(void) { } + + void rcu_read_unlock(void) { } + + void synchronize_rcu(void) + { + int cpu; + + for_each_cpu(cpu) + run_on(cpu); + } + +Note that rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock() do absolutely nothing. +This is the great strength of classic RCU in a non-preemptive kernel: +read-side overhead is precisely zero, at least on non-Alpha CPUs. +And there is absolutely no way that rcu_read_lock() can possibly +participate in a deadlock cycle! + +The implementation of synchronize_rcu() simply schedules itself on each +CPU in turn. The run_on() primitive can be implemented straightforwardly +in terms of the sched_setaffinity() primitive. Of course, a somewhat less +"toy" implementation would restore the affinity upon completion rather +than just leaving all tasks running on the last CPU, but when I said +"toy", I meant -toy-! + +So how the heck is this supposed to work??? + +Remember that it is illegal to block while in an RCU read-side critical +section. Therefore, if a given CPU executes a context switch, we know +that it must have completed all preceding RCU read-side critical sections. +Once -all- CPUs have executed a context switch, then -all- preceding +RCU read-side critical sections will have completed. + +So, suppose that we remove a data item from its structure and then invoke +synchronize_rcu(). Once synchronize_rcu() returns, we are guaranteed +that there are no RCU read-side critical sections holding a reference +to that data item, so we can safely reclaim it. + +Quick Quiz #2: Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side + overhead is -negative-. + +Quick Quiz #3: If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side + critical section, what the heck do you do in + PREEMPT_RT, where normal spinlocks can block??? + + +6. ANALOGY WITH READER-WRITER LOCKING + +Although RCU can be used in many different ways, a very common use of +RCU is analogous to reader-writer locking. The following unified +diff shows how closely related RCU and reader-writer locking can be. + + @@ -13,15 +14,15 @@ + struct list_head *lp; + struct el *p; + + - read_lock(); + - list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { + + rcu_read_lock(); + + list_for_each_entry_rcu(p, head, lp) { + if (p->key == key) { + *result = p->data; + - read_unlock(); + + rcu_read_unlock(); + return 1; + } + } + - read_unlock(); + + rcu_read_unlock(); + return 0; + } + + @@ -29,15 +30,16 @@ + { + struct el *p; + + - write_lock(&listmutex); + + spin_lock(&listmutex); + list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { + if (p->key == key) { + list_del(&p->list); + - write_unlock(&listmutex); + + spin_unlock(&listmutex); + + synchronize_rcu(); + kfree(p); + return 1; + } + } + - write_unlock(&listmutex); + + spin_unlock(&listmutex); + return 0; + } + +Or, for those who prefer a side-by-side listing: + + 1 struct el { 1 struct el { + 2 struct list_head list; 2 struct list_head list; + 3 long key; 3 long key; + 4 spinlock_t mutex; 4 spinlock_t mutex; + 5 int data; 5 int data; + 6 /* Other data fields */ 6 /* Other data fields */ + 7 }; 7 }; + 8 spinlock_t listmutex; 8 spinlock_t listmutex; + 9 struct el head; 9 struct el head; + + 1 int search(long key, int *result) 1 int search(long key, int *result) + 2 { 2 { + 3 struct list_head *lp; 3 struct list_head *lp; + 4 struct el *p; 4 struct el *p; + 5 5 + 6 read_lock(); 6 rcu_read_lock(); + 7 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 7 list_for_each_entry_rcu(p, head, lp) { + 8 if (p->key == key) { 8 if (p->key == key) { + 9 *result = p->data; 9 *result = p->data; +10 read_unlock(); 10 rcu_read_unlock(); +11 return 1; 11 return 1; +12 } 12 } +13 } 13 } +14 read_unlock(); 14 rcu_read_unlock(); +15 return 0; 15 return 0; +16 } 16 } + + 1 int delete(long key) 1 int delete(long key) + 2 { 2 { + 3 struct el *p; 3 struct el *p; + 4 4 + 5 write_lock(&listmutex); 5 spin_lock(&listmutex); + 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { 6 list_for_each_entry(p, head, lp) { + 7 if (p->key == key) { 7 if (p->key == key) { + 8 list_del(&p->list); 8 list_del(&p->list); + 9 write_unlock(&listmutex); 9 spin_unlock(&listmutex); + 10 synchronize_rcu(); +10 kfree(p); 11 kfree(p); +11 return 1; 12 return 1; +12 } 13 } +13 } 14 } +14 write_unlock(&listmutex); 15 spin_unlock(&listmutex); +15 return 0; 16 return 0; +16 } 17 } + +Either way, the differences are quite small. Read-side locking moves +to rcu_read_lock() and rcu_read_unlock, update-side locking moves from +from a reader-writer lock to a simple spinlock, and a synchronize_rcu() +precedes the kfree(). + +However, there is one potential catch: the read-side and update-side +critical sections can now run concurrently. In many cases, this will +not be a problem, but it is necessary to check carefully regardless. +For example, if multiple independent list updates must be seen as +a single atomic update, converting to RCU will require special care. + +Also, the presence of synchronize_rcu() means that the RCU version of +delete() can now block. If this is a problem, there is a callback-based +mechanism that never blocks, namely call_rcu(), that can be used in +place of synchronize_rcu(). + + +7. FULL LIST OF RCU APIs + +The RCU APIs are documented in docbook-format header comments in the +Linux-kernel source code, but it helps to have a full list of the +APIs, since there does not appear to be a way to categorize them +in docbook. Here is the list, by category. + +Markers for RCU read-side critical sections: + + rcu_read_lock + rcu_read_unlock + rcu_read_lock_bh + rcu_read_unlock_bh + +RCU pointer/list traversal: + + rcu_dereference + list_for_each_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of + list_for_each_entry_rcu) + list_for_each_safe_rcu (deprecated, not used) + list_for_each_entry_rcu + list_for_each_continue_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of new + list_for_each_entry_continue_rcu) + hlist_for_each_rcu (to be deprecated in favor of + hlist_for_each_entry_rcu) + hlist_for_each_entry_rcu + +RCU pointer update: + + rcu_assign_pointer + list_add_rcu + list_add_tail_rcu + list_del_rcu + list_replace_rcu + hlist_del_rcu + hlist_add_head_rcu + +RCU grace period: + + synchronize_kernel (deprecated) + synchronize_net + synchronize_sched + synchronize_rcu + call_rcu + call_rcu_bh + +See the comment headers in the source code (or the docbook generated +from them) for more information. + + +8. ANSWERS TO QUICK QUIZZES + +Quick Quiz #1: Why is this argument naive? How could a deadlock + occur when using this algorithm in a real-world Linux + kernel? [Referring to the lock-based "toy" RCU + algorithm.] + +Answer: Consider the following sequence of events: + + 1. CPU 0 acquires some unrelated lock, call it + "problematic_lock". + + 2. CPU 1 enters synchronize_rcu(), write-acquiring + rcu_gp_mutex. + + 3. CPU 0 enters rcu_read_lock(), but must wait + because CPU 1 holds rcu_gp_mutex. + + 4. CPU 1 is interrupted, and the irq handler + attempts to acquire problematic_lock. + + The system is now deadlocked. + + One way to avoid this deadlock is to use an approach like + that of CONFIG_PREEMPT_RT, where all normal spinlocks + become blocking locks, and all irq handlers execute in + the context of special tasks. In this case, in step 4 + above, the irq handler would block, allowing CPU 1 to + release rcu_gp_mutex, avoiding the deadlock. + + Even in the absence of deadlock, this RCU implementation + allows latency to "bleed" from readers to other + readers through synchronize_rcu(). To see this, + consider task A in an RCU read-side critical section + (thus read-holding rcu_gp_mutex), task B blocked + attempting to write-acquire rcu_gp_mutex, and + task C blocked in rcu_read_lock() attempting to + read_acquire rcu_gp_mutex. Task A's RCU read-side + latency is holding up task C, albeit indirectly via + task B. + + Realtime RCU implementations therefore use a counter-based + approach where tasks in RCU read-side critical sections + cannot be blocked by tasks executing synchronize_rcu(). + +Quick Quiz #2: Give an example where Classic RCU's read-side + overhead is -negative-. + +Answer: Imagine a single-CPU system with a non-CONFIG_PREEMPT + kernel where a routing table is used by process-context + code, but can be updated by irq-context code (for example, + by an "ICMP REDIRECT" packet). The usual way of handling + this would be to have the process-context code disable + interrupts while searching the routing table. Use of + RCU allows such interrupt-disabling to be dispensed with. + Thus, without RCU, you pay the cost of disabling interrupts, + and with RCU you don't. + + One can argue that the overhead of RCU in this + case is negative with respect to the single-CPU + interrupt-disabling approach. Others might argue that + the overhead of RCU is merely zero, and that replacing + the positive overhead of the interrupt-disabling scheme + with the zero-overhead RCU scheme does not constitute + negative overhead. + + In real life, of course, things are more complex. But + even the theoretical possibility of negative overhead for + a synchronization primitive is a bit unexpected. ;-) + +Quick Quiz #3: If it is illegal to block in an RCU read-side + critical section, what the heck do you do in + PREEMPT_RT, where normal spinlocks can block??? + +Answer: Just as PREEMPT_RT permits preemption of spinlock + critical sections, it permits preemption of RCU + read-side critical sections. It also permits + spinlocks blocking while in RCU read-side critical + sections. + + Why the apparent inconsistency? Because it is it + possible to use priority boosting to keep the RCU + grace periods short if need be (for example, if running + short of memory). In contrast, if blocking waiting + for (say) network reception, there is no way to know + what should be boosted. Especially given that the + process we need to boost might well be a human being + who just went out for a pizza or something. And although + a computer-operated cattle prod might arouse serious + interest, it might also provoke serious objections. + Besides, how does the computer know what pizza parlor + the human being went to??? + + +ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS + +My thanks to the people who helped make this human-readable, including +Jon Walpole, Josh Triplett, Serge Hallyn, and Suzanne Wood. + + +For more information, see http://www.rdrop.com/users/paulmck/RCU. diff --git a/Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt b/Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt index 0acdc80c30c2..744f1aec6553 100644 --- a/Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt +++ b/Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt @@ -35,4 +35,4 @@ created. Please use command "cat /proc/acpi/hotkey/polling_method" to retrieve it. Note: Use cmdline "acpi_generic_hotkey" to over-ride -loading any platform specific drivers. +platform-specific with generic driver. diff --git a/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh b/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh index 8bacf9f2c7cc..32615814271c 100644 --- a/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh +++ b/Documentation/aoe/mkshelf.sh @@ -8,13 +8,15 @@ fi n_partitions=${n_partitions:-16} dir=$1 shelf=$2 +nslots=16 +maxslot=`echo $nslots 1 - p | dc` MAJOR=152 set -e -minor=`echo 10 \* $shelf \* $n_partitions | bc` +minor=`echo $nslots \* $shelf \* $n_partitions | bc` endp=`echo $n_partitions - 1 | bc` -for slot in `seq 0 9`; do +for slot in `seq 0 $maxslot`; do for part in `seq 0 $endp`; do name=e$shelf.$slot test "$part" != "0" && name=${name}p$part diff --git a/Documentation/applying-patches.txt b/Documentation/applying-patches.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..681e426e2482 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/applying-patches.txt @@ -0,0 +1,439 @@ + + Applying Patches To The Linux Kernel + ------------------------------------ + + (Written by Jesper Juhl, August 2005) + + + +A frequently asked question on the Linux Kernel Mailing List is how to apply +a patch to the kernel or, more specifically, what base kernel a patch for +one of the many trees/branches should be applied to. Hopefully this document +will explain this to you. + +In addition to explaining how to apply and revert patches, a brief +description of the different kernel trees (and examples of how to apply +their specific patches) is also provided. + + +What is a patch? +--- + A patch is a small text document containing a delta of changes between two +different versions of a source tree. Patches are created with the `diff' +program. +To correctly apply a patch you need to know what base it was generated from +and what new version the patch will change the source tree into. These +should both be present in the patch file metadata or be possible to deduce +from the filename. + + +How do I apply or revert a patch? +--- + You apply a patch with the `patch' program. The patch program reads a diff +(or patch) file and makes the changes to the source tree described in it. + +Patches for the Linux kernel are generated relative to the parent directory +holding the kernel source dir. + +This means that paths to files inside the patch file contain the name of the +kernel source directories it was generated against (or some other directory +names like "a/" and "b/"). +Since this is unlikely to match the name of the kernel source dir on your +local machine (but is often useful info to see what version an otherwise +unlabeled patch was generated against) you should change into your kernel +source directory and then strip the first element of the path from filenames +in the patch file when applying it (the -p1 argument to `patch' does this). + +To revert a previously applied patch, use the -R argument to patch. +So, if you applied a patch like this: + patch -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z + +You can revert (undo) it like this: + patch -R -p1 < ../patch-x.y.z + + +How do I feed a patch/diff file to `patch'? +--- + This (as usual with Linux and other UNIX like operating systems) can be +done in several different ways. +In all the examples below I feed the file (in uncompressed form) to patch +via stdin using the following syntax: + patch -p1 < path/to/patch-x.y.z + +If you just want to be able to follow the examples below and don't want to +know of more than one way to use patch, then you can stop reading this +section here. + +Patch can also get the name of the file to use via the -i argument, like +this: + patch -p1 -i path/to/patch-x.y.z + +If your patch file is compressed with gzip or bzip2 and you don't want to +uncompress it before applying it, then you can feed it to patch like this +instead: + zcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.gz | patch -p1 + bzcat path/to/patch-x.y.z.bz2 | patch -p1 + +If you wish to uncompress the patch file by hand first before applying it +(what I assume you've done in the examples below), then you simply run +gunzip or bunzip2 on the file - like this: + gunzip patch-x.y.z.gz + bunzip2 patch-x.y.z.bz2 + +Which will leave you with a plain text patch-x.y.z file that you can feed to +patch via stdin or the -i argument, as you prefer. + +A few other nice arguments for patch are -s which causes patch to be silent +except for errors which is nice to prevent errors from scrolling out of the +screen too fast, and --dry-run which causes patch to just print a listing of +what would happen, but doesn't actually make any changes. Finally --verbose +tells patch to print more information about the work being done. + + +Common errors when patching +--- + When patch applies a patch file it attempts to verify the sanity of the +file in different ways. +Checking that the file looks like a valid patch file, checking the code +around the bits being modified matches the context provided in the patch are +just two of the basic sanity checks patch does. + +If patch encounters something that doesn't look quite right it has two +options. It can either refuse to apply the changes and abort or it can try +to find a way to make the patch apply with a few minor changes. + +One example of something that's not 'quite right' that patch will attempt to +fix up is if all the context matches, the lines being changed match, but the +line numbers are different. This can happen, for example, if the patch makes +a change in the middle of the file but for some reasons a few lines have +been added or removed near the beginning of the file. In that case +everything looks good it has just moved up or down a bit, and patch will +usually adjust the line numbers and apply the patch. + +Whenever patch applies a patch that it had to modify a bit to make it fit +it'll tell you about it by saying the patch applied with 'fuzz'. +You should be wary of such changes since even though patch probably got it +right it doesn't /always/ get it right, and the result will sometimes be +wrong. + +When patch encounters a change that it can't fix up with fuzz it rejects it +outright and leaves a file with a .rej extension (a reject file). You can +read this file to see exactely what change couldn't be applied, so you can +go fix it up by hand if you wish. + +If you don't have any third party patches applied to your kernel source, but +only patches from kernel.org and you apply the patches in the correct order, +and have made no modifications yourself to the source files, then you should +never see a fuzz or reject message from patch. If you do see such messages +anyway, then there's a high risk that either your local source tree or the +patch file is corrupted in some way. In that case you should probably try +redownloading the patch and if things are still not OK then you'd be advised +to start with a fresh tree downloaded in full from kernel.org. + +Let's look a bit more at some of the messages patch can produce. + +If patch stops and presents a "File to patch:" prompt, then patch could not +find a file to be patched. Most likely you forgot to specify -p1 or you are +in the wrong directory. Less often, you'll find patches that need to be +applied with -p0 instead of -p1 (reading the patch file should reveal if +this is the case - if so, then this is an error by the person who created +the patch but is not fatal). + +If you get "Hunk #2 succeeded at 1887 with fuzz 2 (offset 7 lines)." or a +message similar to that, then it means that patch had to adjust the location +of the change (in this example it needed to move 7 lines from where it +expected to make the change to make it fit). +The resulting file may or may not be OK, depending on the reason the file +was different than expected. +This often happens if you try to apply a patch that was generated against a +different kernel version than the one you are trying to patch. + +If you get a message like "Hunk #3 FAILED at 2387.", then it means that the +patch could not be applied correctly and the patch program was unable to +fuzz its way through. This will generate a .rej file with the change that +caused the patch to fail and also a .orig file showing you the original +content that couldn't be changed. + +If you get "Reversed (or previously applied) patch detected! Assume -R? [n]" +then patch detected that the change contained in the patch seems to have +already been made. +If you actually did apply this patch previously and you just re-applied it +in error, then just say [n]o and abort this patch. If you applied this patch +previously and actually intended to revert it, but forgot to specify -R, +then you can say [y]es here to make patch revert it for you. +This can also happen if the creator of the patch reversed the source and +destination directories when creating the patch, and in that case reverting +the patch will in fact apply it. + +A message similar to "patch: **** unexpected end of file in patch" or "patch +unexpectedly ends in middle of line" means that patch could make no sense of +the file you fed to it. Either your download is broken or you tried to feed +patch a compressed patch file without uncompressing it first. + +As I already mentioned above, these errors should never happen if you apply +a patch from kernel.org to the correct version of an unmodified source tree. +So if you get these errors with kernel.org patches then you should probably +assume that either your patch file or your tree is broken and I'd advice you +to start over with a fresh download of a full kernel tree and the patch you +wish to apply. + + +Are there any alternatives to `patch'? +--- + Yes there are alternatives. You can use the `interdiff' program +(http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils/) to generate a patch representing the +differences between two patches and then apply the result. +This will let you move from something like 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single +step. The -z flag to interdiff will even let you feed it patches in gzip or +bzip2 compressed form directly without the use of zcat or bzcat or manual +decompression. + +Here's how you'd go from 2.6.12.2 to 2.6.12.3 in a single step: + interdiff -z ../patch-2.6.12.2.bz2 ../patch-2.6.12.3.gz | patch -p1 + +Although interdiff may save you a step or two you are generally advised to +do the additional steps since interdiff can get things wrong in some cases. + + Another alternative is `ketchup', which is a python script for automatic +downloading and applying of patches (http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/). + +Other nice tools are diffstat which shows a summary of changes made by a +patch, lsdiff which displays a short listing of affected files in a patch +file, along with (optionally) the line numbers of the start of each patch +and grepdiff which displays a list of the files modified by a patch where +the patch contains a given regular expression. + + +Where can I download the patches? +--- + The patches are available at http://kernel.org/ +Most recent patches are linked from the front page, but they also have +specific homes. + +The 2.6.x.y (-stable) and 2.6.x patches live at + ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ + +The -rc patches live at + ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/ + +The -git patches live at + ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/snapshots/ + +The -mm kernels live at + ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/ + +In place of ftp.kernel.org you can use ftp.cc.kernel.org, where cc is a +country code. This way you'll be downloading from a mirror site that's most +likely geographically closer to you, resulting in faster downloads for you, +less bandwidth used globally and less load on the main kernel.org servers - +these are good things, do use mirrors when possible. + + +The 2.6.x kernels +--- + These are the base stable releases released by Linus. The highest numbered +release is the most recent. + +If regressions or other serious flaws are found then a -stable fix patch +will be released (see below) on top of this base. Once a new 2.6.x base +kernel is released, a patch is made available that is a delta between the +previous 2.6.x kernel and the new one. + +To apply a patch moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12 you'd do the following (note +that such patches do *NOT* apply on top of 2.6.x.y kernels but on top of the +base 2.6.x kernel - if you need to move from 2.6.x.y to 2.6.x+1 you need to +first revert the 2.6.x.y patch). + +Here are some examples: + +# moving from 2.6.11 to 2.6.12 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11 # change to kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12 # apply the 2.6.12 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.11 linux-2.6.12 # rename source dir + +# moving from 2.6.11.1 to 2.6.12 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.11.1 # change to kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.11.1 # revert the 2.6.11.1 patch + # source dir is now 2.6.11 +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12 # apply new 2.6.12 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.11.1 inux-2.6.12 # rename source dir + + +The 2.6.x.y kernels +--- + Kernels with 4 digit versions are -stable kernels. They contain small(ish) +critical fixes for security problems or significant regressions discovered +in a given 2.6.x kernel. + +This is the recommended branch for users who want the most recent stable +kernel and are not interested in helping test development/experimental +versions. + +If no 2.6.x.y kernel is available, then the highest numbered 2.6.x kernel is +the current stable kernel. + +These patches are not incremental, meaning that for example the 2.6.12.3 +patch does not apply on top of the 2.6.12.2 kernel source, but rather on top +of the base 2.6.12 kernel source. +So, in order to apply the 2.6.12.3 patch to your existing 2.6.12.2 kernel +source you have to first back out the 2.6.12.2 patch (so you are left with a +base 2.6.12 kernel source) and then apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch. + +Here's a small example: + +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.2 # change into the kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.2 # revert the 2.6.12.2 patch +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12.3 # apply the new 2.6.12.3 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12.2 linux-2.6.12.3 # rename the kernel source dir + + +The -rc kernels +--- + These are release-candidate kernels. These are development kernels released +by Linus whenever he deems the current git (the kernel's source management +tool) tree to be in a reasonably sane state adequate for testing. + +These kernels are not stable and you should expect occasional breakage if +you intend to run them. This is however the most stable of the main +development branches and is also what will eventually turn into the next +stable kernel, so it is important that it be tested by as many people as +possible. + +This is a good branch to run for people who want to help out testing +development kernels but do not want to run some of the really experimental +stuff (such people should see the sections about -git and -mm kernels below). + +The -rc patches are not incremental, they apply to a base 2.6.x kernel, just +like the 2.6.x.y patches described above. The kernel version before the -rcN +suffix denotes the version of the kernel that this -rc kernel will eventually +turn into. +So, 2.6.13-rc5 means that this is the fifth release candidate for the 2.6.13 +kernel and the patch should be applied on top of the 2.6.12 kernel source. + +Here are 3 examples of how to apply these patches: + +# first an example of moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.13-rc3 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change into the 2.6.12 source dir +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.13-rc3 # rename the source dir + +# now let's move from 2.6.13-rc3 to 2.6.13-rc5 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.13-rc3 # change into the 2.6.13-rc3 dir +$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # revert the 2.6.13-rc3 patch +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5 # apply the new 2.6.13-rc5 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.13-rc3 linux-2.6.13-rc5 # rename the source dir + +# finally let's try and move from 2.6.12.3 to 2.6.13-rc5 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12.3 # change to the kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12.3 # revert the 2.6.12.3 patch +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc5 # apply new 2.6.13-rc5 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12.3 linux-2.6.13-rc5 # rename the kernel source dir + + +The -git kernels +--- + These are daily snapshots of Linus' kernel tree (managed in a git +repository, hence the name). + +These patches are usually released daily and represent the current state of +Linus' tree. They are more experimental than -rc kernels since they are +generated automatically without even a cursory glance to see if they are +sane. + +-git patches are not incremental and apply either to a base 2.6.x kernel or +a base 2.6.x-rc kernel - you can see which from their name. +A patch named 2.6.12-git1 applies to the 2.6.12 kernel source and a patch +named 2.6.13-rc3-git2 applies to the source of the 2.6.13-rc3 kernel. + +Here are some examples of how to apply these patches: + +# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-git1 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change to the kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.12-git1 # apply the 2.6.12-git1 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-git1 # rename the kernel source dir + +# moving from 2.6.12-git1 to 2.6.13-rc2-git3 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-git1 # change to the kernel source dir +$ patch -p1 -R < ../patch-2.6.12-git1 # revert the 2.6.12-git1 patch + # we now have a 2.6.12 kernel +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2 # apply the 2.6.13-rc2 patch + # the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2 +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc2-git3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc2-git3 patch + # the kernel is now 2.6.13-rc2-git3 +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12-git1 linux-2.6.13-rc2-git3 # rename source dir + + +The -mm kernels +--- + These are experimental kernels released by Andrew Morton. + +The -mm tree serves as a sort of proving ground for new features and other +experimental patches. +Once a patch has proved its worth in -mm for a while Andrew pushes it on to +Linus for inclusion in mainline. + +Although it's encouraged that patches flow to Linus via the -mm tree, this +is not always enforced. +Subsystem maintainers (or individuals) sometimes push their patches directly +to Linus, even though (or after) they have been merged and tested in -mm (or +sometimes even without prior testing in -mm). + +You should generally strive to get your patches into mainline via -mm to +ensure maximum testing. + +This branch is in constant flux and contains many experimental features, a +lot of debugging patches not appropriate for mainline etc and is the most +experimental of the branches described in this document. + +These kernels are not appropriate for use on systems that are supposed to be +stable and they are more risky to run than any of the other branches (make +sure you have up-to-date backups - that goes for any experimental kernel but +even more so for -mm kernels). + +These kernels in addition to all the other experimental patches they contain +usually also contain any changes in the mainline -git kernels available at +the time of release. + +Testing of -mm kernels is greatly appreciated since the whole point of the +tree is to weed out regressions, crashes, data corruption bugs, build +breakage (and any other bug in general) before changes are merged into the +more stable mainline Linus tree. +But testers of -mm should be aware that breakage in this tree is more common +than in any other tree. + +The -mm kernels are not released on a fixed schedule, but usually a few -mm +kernels are released in between each -rc kernel (1 to 3 is common). +The -mm kernels apply to either a base 2.6.x kernel (when no -rc kernels +have been released yet) or to a Linus -rc kernel. + +Here are some examples of applying the -mm patches: + +# moving from 2.6.12 to 2.6.12-mm1 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12 # change to the 2.6.12 source dir +$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.12-mm1 # apply the 2.6.12-mm1 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12 linux-2.6.12-mm1 # rename the source appropriately + +# moving from 2.6.12-mm1 to 2.6.13-rc3-mm3 +$ cd ~/linux-2.6.12-mm1 +$ patch -p1 -R < ../2.6.12-mm1 # revert the 2.6.12-mm1 patch + # we now have a 2.6.12 source +$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.13-rc3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3 patch + # we now have a 2.6.13-rc3 source +$ patch -p1 < ../2.6.13-rc3-mm3 # apply the 2.6.13-rc3-mm3 patch +$ cd .. +$ mv linux-2.6.12-mm1 linux-2.6.13-rc3-mm3 # rename the source dir + + +This concludes this list of explanations of the various kernel trees and I +hope you are now crystal clear on how to apply the various patches and help +testing the kernel. + diff --git a/Documentation/cciss.txt b/Documentation/cciss.txt index c8f9a73111da..68a711fb82cf 100644 --- a/Documentation/cciss.txt +++ b/Documentation/cciss.txt @@ -17,7 +17,9 @@ This driver is known to work with the following cards: * SA P600 * SA P800 * SA E400 - * SA E300 + * SA P400i + * SA E200 + * SA E200i If nodes are not already created in the /dev/cciss directory, run as root: diff --git a/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535 b/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535 index 59581a4b302a..b81e109970aa 100644 --- a/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535 +++ b/Documentation/cdrom/sonycd535 @@ -68,7 +68,8 @@ it a better device citizen. Further thanks to Joel Katz Porfiri Claudio for patches to make the driver work with the older CDU-510/515 series, and Heiko Eissfeldt for pointing out that -the verify_area() checks were ignoring the results of said checks. +the verify_area() checks were ignoring the results of said checks +(note: verify_area() has since been replaced by access_ok()). (Acknowledgments from Ron Jeppesen in the 0.3 release:) Thanks to Corey Minyard who wrote the original CDU-31A driver on which diff --git a/Documentation/connector/cn_test.c b/Documentation/connector/cn_test.c new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..b7de82e9c0e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/connector/cn_test.c @@ -0,0 +1,194 @@ +/* + * cn_test.c + * + * 2004-2005 Copyright (c) Evgeniy Polyakov + * All rights reserved. + * + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by + * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or + * (at your option) any later version. + * + * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, + * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of + * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the + * GNU General Public License for more details. + * + * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License + * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software + * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA + */ + +#include +#include +#include +#include +#include + +#include "connector.h" + +static struct cb_id cn_test_id = { 0x123, 0x456 }; +static char cn_test_name[] = "cn_test"; +static struct sock *nls; +static struct timer_list cn_test_timer; + +void cn_test_callback(void *data) +{ + struct cn_msg *msg = (struct cn_msg *)data; + + printk("%s: %lu: idx=%x, val=%x, seq=%u, ack=%u, len=%d: %s.\n", + __func__, jiffies, msg->id.idx, msg->id.val, + msg->seq, msg->ack, msg->len, (char *)msg->data); +} + +static int cn_test_want_notify(void) +{ + struct cn_ctl_msg *ctl; + struct cn_notify_req *req; + struct cn_msg *msg = NULL; + int size, size0; + struct sk_buff *skb; + struct nlmsghdr *nlh; + u32 group = 1; + + size0 = sizeof(*msg) + sizeof(*ctl) + 3 * sizeof(*req); + + size = NLMSG_SPACE(size0); + + skb = alloc_skb(size, GFP_ATOMIC); + if (!skb) { + printk(KERN_ERR "Failed to allocate new skb with size=%u.\n", + size); + + return -ENOMEM; + } + + nlh = NLMSG_PUT(skb, 0, 0x123, NLMSG_DONE, size - sizeof(*nlh)); + + msg = (struct cn_msg *)NLMSG_DATA(nlh); + + memset(msg, 0, size0); + + msg->id.idx = -1; + msg->id.val = -1; + msg->seq = 0x123; + msg->ack = 0x345; + msg->len = size0 - sizeof(*msg); + + ctl = (struct cn_ctl_msg *)(msg + 1); + + ctl->idx_notify_num = 1; + ctl->val_notify_num = 2; + ctl->group = group; + ctl->len = msg->len - sizeof(*ctl); + + req = (struct cn_notify_req *)(ctl + 1); + + /* + * Idx. + */ + req->first = cn_test_id.idx; + req->range = 10; + + /* + * Val 0. + */ + req++; + req->first = cn_test_id.val; + req->range = 10; + + /* + * Val 1. + */ + req++; + req->first = cn_test_id.val + 20; + req->range = 10; + + NETLINK_CB(skb).dst_groups = ctl->group; + //netlink_broadcast(nls, skb, 0, ctl->group, GFP_ATOMIC); + netlink_unicast(nls, skb, 0, 0); + + printk(KERN_INFO "Request was sent. Group=0x%x.\n", ctl->group); + + return 0; + +nlmsg_failure: + printk(KERN_ERR "Failed to send %u.%u\n", msg->seq, msg->ack); + kfree_skb(skb); + return -EINVAL; +} + +static u32 cn_test_timer_counter; +static void cn_test_timer_func(unsigned long __data) +{ + struct cn_msg *m; + char data[32]; + + m = kmalloc(sizeof(*m) + sizeof(data), GFP_ATOMIC); + if (m) { + memset(m, 0, sizeof(*m) + sizeof(data)); + + memcpy(&m->id, &cn_test_id, sizeof(m->id)); + m->seq = cn_test_timer_counter; + m->len = sizeof(data); + + m->len = + scnprintf(data, sizeof(data), "counter = %u", + cn_test_timer_counter) + 1; + + memcpy(m + 1, data, m->len); + + cn_netlink_send(m, 0, gfp_any()); + kfree(m); + } + + cn_test_timer_counter++; + + mod_timer(&cn_test_timer, jiffies + HZ); +} + +static int cn_test_init(void) +{ + int err; + + err = cn_add_callback(&cn_test_id, cn_test_name, cn_test_callback); + if (err) + goto err_out; + cn_test_id.val++; + err = cn_add_callback(&cn_test_id, cn_test_name, cn_test_callback); + if (err) { + cn_del_callback(&cn_test_id); + goto err_out; + } + + init_timer(&cn_test_timer); + cn_test_timer.function = cn_test_timer_func; + cn_test_timer.expires = jiffies + HZ; + cn_test_timer.data = 0; + add_timer(&cn_test_timer); + + return 0; + + err_out: + if (nls && nls->sk_socket) + sock_release(nls->sk_socket); + + return err; +} + +static void cn_test_fini(void) +{ + del_timer_sync(&cn_test_timer); + cn_del_callback(&cn_test_id); + cn_test_id.val--; + cn_del_callback(&cn_test_id); + if (nls && nls->sk_socket) + sock_release(nls->sk_socket); +} + +module_init(cn_test_init); +module_exit(cn_test_fini); + +MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); +MODULE_AUTHOR("Evgeniy Polyakov "); +MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Connector's test module"); diff --git a/Documentation/connector/connector.txt b/Documentation/connector/connector.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..54a0a14bfbe3 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/connector/connector.txt @@ -0,0 +1,133 @@ +/*****************************************/ +Kernel Connector. +/*****************************************/ + +Kernel connector - new netlink based userspace <-> kernel space easy +to use communication module. + +Connector driver adds possibility to connect various agents using +netlink based network. One must register callback and +identifier. When driver receives special netlink message with +appropriate identifier, appropriate callback will be called. + +From the userspace point of view it's quite straightforward: + + socket(); + bind(); + send(); + recv(); + +But if kernelspace want to use full power of such connections, driver +writer must create special sockets, must know about struct sk_buff +handling... Connector allows any kernelspace agents to use netlink +based networking for inter-process communication in a significantly +easier way: + +int cn_add_callback(struct cb_id *id, char *name, void (*callback) (void *)); +void cn_netlink_send(struct cn_msg *msg, u32 __group, int gfp_mask); + +struct cb_id +{ + __u32 idx; + __u32 val; +}; + +idx and val are unique identifiers which must be registered in +connector.h for in-kernel usage. void (*callback) (void *) - is a +callback function which will be called when message with above idx.val +will be received by connector core. Argument for that function must +be dereferenced to struct cn_msg *. + +struct cn_msg +{ + struct cb_id id; + + __u32 seq; + __u32 ack; + + __u32 len; /* Length of the following data */ + __u8 data[0]; +}; + +/*****************************************/ +Connector interfaces. +/*****************************************/ + +int cn_add_callback(struct cb_id *id, char *name, void (*callback) (void *)); + +Registers new callback with connector core. + +struct cb_id *id - unique connector's user identifier. + It must be registered in connector.h for legal in-kernel users. +char *name - connector's callback symbolic name. +void (*callback) (void *) - connector's callback. + Argument must be dereferenced to struct cn_msg *. + +void cn_del_callback(struct cb_id *id); + +Unregisters new callback with connector core. + +struct cb_id *id - unique connector's user identifier. + +void cn_netlink_send(struct cn_msg *msg, u32 __groups, int gfp_mask); + +Sends message to the specified groups. It can be safely called from +any context, but may silently fail under strong memory pressure. + +struct cn_msg * - message header(with attached data). +u32 __group - destination group. + If __group is zero, then appropriate group will + be searched through all registered connector users, + and message will be delivered to the group which was + created for user with the same ID as in msg. + If __group is not zero, then message will be delivered + to the specified group. +int gfp_mask - GFP mask. + +Note: When registering new callback user, connector core assigns +netlink group to the user which is equal to it's id.idx. + +/*****************************************/ +Protocol description. +/*****************************************/ + +Current offers transport layer with fixed header. Recommended +protocol which uses such header is following: + +msg->seq and msg->ack are used to determine message genealogy. When +someone sends message it puts there locally unique sequence and random +acknowledge numbers. Sequence number may be copied into +nlmsghdr->nlmsg_seq too. + +Sequence number is incremented with each message to be sent. + +If we expect reply to our message, then sequence number in received +message MUST be the same as in original message, and acknowledge +number MUST be the same + 1. + +If we receive message and it's sequence number is not equal to one we +are expecting, then it is new message. If we receive message and it's +sequence number is the same as one we are expecting, but it's +acknowledge is not equal acknowledge number in original message + 1, +then it is new message. + +Obviously, protocol header contains above id. + +connector allows event notification in the following form: kernel +driver or userspace process can ask connector to notify it when +selected id's will be turned on or off(registered or unregistered it's +callback). It is done by sending special command to connector +driver(it also registers itself with id={-1, -1}). + +As example of usage Documentation/connector now contains cn_test.c - +testing module which uses connector to request notification and to +send messages. + +/*****************************************/ +Reliability. +/*****************************************/ + +Netlink itself is not reliable protocol, that means that messages can +be lost due to memory pressure or process' receiving queue overflowed, +so caller is warned must be prepared. That is why struct cn_msg [main +connector's message header] contains u32 seq and u32 ack fields. diff --git a/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt index e2d1e760b4ba..6a82948ff4bd 100644 --- a/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt +++ b/Documentation/cpu-freq/cpufreq-stats.txt @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ cpufreq stats provides following statistics (explained in detail below). All the statistics will be from the time the stats driver has been inserted to the time when a read of a particular statistic is done. Obviously, stats -driver will not have any information about the the frequcny transitions before +driver will not have any information about the frequency transitions before the stats driver insertion. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/cpusets.txt b/Documentation/cpusets.txt index ad944c060312..d17b7d2dd771 100644 --- a/Documentation/cpusets.txt +++ b/Documentation/cpusets.txt @@ -60,6 +60,18 @@ all of the cpus in the system. This removes any overhead due to load balancing code trying to pull tasks outside of the cpu exclusive cpuset only to be prevented by the tasks' cpus_allowed mask. +A cpuset that is mem_exclusive restricts kernel allocations for +page, buffer and other data commonly shared by the kernel across +multiple users. All cpusets, whether mem_exclusive or not, restrict +allocations of memory for user space. This enables configuring a +system so that several independent jobs can share common kernel +data, such as file system pages, while isolating each jobs user +allocation in its own cpuset. To do this, construct a large +mem_exclusive cpuset to hold all the jobs, and construct child, +non-mem_exclusive cpusets for each individual job. Only a small +amount of typical kernel memory, such as requests from interrupt +handlers, is allowed to be taken outside even a mem_exclusive cpuset. + User level code may create and destroy cpusets by name in the cpuset virtual file system, manage the attributes and permissions of these cpusets and which CPUs and Memory Nodes are assigned to each cpuset, @@ -265,7 +277,7 @@ rewritten to the 'tasks' file of its cpuset. This is done to avoid impacting the scheduler code in the kernel with a check for changes in a tasks processor placement. -There is an exception to the above. If hotplug funtionality is used +There is an exception to the above. If hotplug functionality is used to remove all the CPUs that are currently assigned to a cpuset, then the kernel will automatically update the cpus_allowed of all tasks attached to CPUs in that cpuset to allow all CPUs. When memory diff --git a/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt b/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt index a2d5b4900772..74dffc68ff9f 100644 --- a/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt +++ b/Documentation/crypto/api-intro.txt @@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ CAST5 algorithm contributors: TEA/XTEA algorithm contributors: Aaron Grothe + Michael Ringe Khazad algorithm contributors: Aaron Grothe diff --git a/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt b/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt index 166474c2ee0b..16e9e6350755 100644 --- a/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt +++ b/Documentation/crypto/descore-readme.txt @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Below is the orginal README file from the descore.shar package. +Below is the original README file from the descore.shar package. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ des - fast & portable DES encryption & decryption. diff --git a/Documentation/dcdbas.txt b/Documentation/dcdbas.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..e1c52e2dc361 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/dcdbas.txt @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +Overview + +The Dell Systems Management Base Driver provides a sysfs interface for +systems management software such as Dell OpenManage to perform system +management interrupts and host control actions (system power cycle or +power off after OS shutdown) on certain Dell systems. + +Dell OpenManage requires this driver on the following Dell PowerEdge systems: +300, 1300, 1400, 400SC, 500SC, 1500SC, 1550, 600SC, 1600SC, 650, 1655MC, +700, and 750. Other Dell software such as the open source libsmbios project +is expected to make use of this driver, and it may include the use of this +driver on other Dell systems. + +The Dell libsmbios project aims towards providing access to as much BIOS +information as possible. See http://linux.dell.com/libsmbios/main/ for +more information about the libsmbios project. + + +System Management Interrupt + +On some Dell systems, systems management software must access certain +management information via a system management interrupt (SMI). The SMI data +buffer must reside in 32-bit address space, and the physical address of the +buffer is required for the SMI. The driver maintains the memory required for +the SMI and provides a way for the application to generate the SMI. +The driver creates the following sysfs entries for systems management +software to perform these system management interrupts: + +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/smi_data +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/smi_data_buf_phys_addr +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/smi_data_buf_size +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/smi_request + +Systems management software must perform the following steps to execute +a SMI using this driver: + +1) Lock smi_data. +2) Write system management command to smi_data. +3) Write "1" to smi_request to generate a calling interface SMI or + "2" to generate a raw SMI. +4) Read system management command response from smi_data. +5) Unlock smi_data. + + +Host Control Action + +Dell OpenManage supports a host control feature that allows the administrator +to perform a power cycle or power off of the system after the OS has finished +shutting down. On some Dell systems, this host control feature requires that +a driver perform a SMI after the OS has finished shutting down. + +The driver creates the following sysfs entries for systems management software +to schedule the driver to perform a power cycle or power off host control +action after the system has finished shutting down: + +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/host_control_action +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/host_control_smi_type +/sys/devices/platform/dcdbas/host_control_on_shutdown + +Dell OpenManage performs the following steps to execute a power cycle or +power off host control action using this driver: + +1) Write host control action to be performed to host_control_action. +2) Write type of SMI that driver needs to perform to host_control_smi_type. +3) Write "1" to host_control_on_shutdown to enable host control action. +4) Initiate OS shutdown. + (Driver will perform host control SMI when it is notified that the OS + has finished shutting down.) + + +Host Control SMI Type + +The following table shows the value to write to host_control_smi_type to +perform a power cycle or power off host control action: + +PowerEdge System Host Control SMI Type +---------------- --------------------- + 300 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE1 + 1300 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE1 + 1400 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 500SC HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 1500SC HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 1550 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 600SC HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 1600SC HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 650 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 1655MC HC_SMITYPE_TYPE2 + 700 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE3 + 750 HC_SMITYPE_TYPE3 + + diff --git a/Documentation/dell_rbu.txt b/Documentation/dell_rbu.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..bcfa5c35036b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/dell_rbu.txt @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +Purpose: +Demonstrate the usage of the new open sourced rbu (Remote BIOS Update) driver +for updating BIOS images on Dell servers and desktops. + +Scope: +This document discusses the functionality of the rbu driver only. +It does not cover the support needed from aplications to enable the BIOS to +update itself with the image downloaded in to the memory. + +Overview: +This driver works with Dell OpenManage or Dell Update Packages for updating +the BIOS on Dell servers (starting from servers sold since 1999), desktops +and notebooks (starting from those sold in 2005). +Please go to http://support.dell.com register and you can find info on +OpenManage and Dell Update packages (DUP). + +Dell_RBU driver supports BIOS update using the monilothic image and packetized +image methods. In case of moniolithic the driver allocates a contiguous chunk +of physical pages having the BIOS image. In case of packetized the app +using the driver breaks the image in to packets of fixed sizes and the driver +would place each packet in contiguous physical memory. The driver also +maintains a link list of packets for reading them back. +If the dell_rbu driver is unloaded all the allocated memory is freed. + +The rbu driver needs to have an application which will inform the BIOS to +enable the update in the next system reboot. + +The user should not unload the rbu driver after downloading the BIOS image +or updating. + +The driver load creates the following directories under the /sys file system. +/sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading +/sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/data +/sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/image_type +/sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data + +The driver supports two types of update mechanism; monolithic and packetized. +These update mechanism depends upon the BIOS currently running on the system. +Most of the Dell systems support a monolithic update where the BIOS image is +copied to a single contiguous block of physical memory. +In case of packet mechanism the single memory can be broken in smaller chuks +of contiguous memory and the BIOS image is scattered in these packets. + +By default the driver uses monolithic memory for the update type. This can be +changed to contiguous during the driver load time by specifying the load +parameter image_type=packet. This can also be changed later as below +echo packet > /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/image_type + +Do the steps below to download the BIOS image. +1) echo 1 > /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading +2) cp bios_image.hdr /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/data +3) echo 0 > /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading + +The /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/ entries will remain till the following is +done. +echo -1 > /sys/class/firmware/dell_rbu/loading + +Until this step is completed the drivr cannot be unloaded. + +Also the driver provides /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data readonly file to +read back the image downloaded. This is useful in case of packet update +mechanism where the above steps 1,2,3 will repeated for every packet. +By reading the /sys/devices/platform/dell_rbu/data file all packet data +downloaded can be verified in a single file. +The packets are arranged in this file one after the other in a FIFO order. + +NOTE: +This driver requires a patch for firmware_class.c which has the addition +of request_firmware_nowait_nohotplug function to wortk +Also after updating the BIOS image an user mdoe application neeeds to execute +code which message the BIOS update request to the BIOS. So on the next reboot +the BIOS knows about the new image downloaded and it updates it self. +Also don't unload the rbu drive if the image has to be updated. + diff --git a/Documentation/dontdiff b/Documentation/dontdiff index 96bea278bbf6..24adfe9af3ca 100644 --- a/Documentation/dontdiff +++ b/Documentation/dontdiff @@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ aic7*seq.h* aicasm aicdb.h* asm +asm-offsets.* asm_offsets.* autoconf.h* bbootsect diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt b/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt index e6b8d05bc08d..cb63b7a93c82 100644 --- a/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt +++ b/Documentation/dvb/bt8xx.txt @@ -1,55 +1,74 @@ -How to get the Nebula Electronics DigiTV, Pinnacle PCTV Sat, Twinhan DST + clones working -========================================================================================= +How to get the Nebula, PCTV and Twinhan DST cards working +========================================================= -1) General information -====================== +This class of cards has a bt878a as the PCI interface, and +require the bttv driver. -This class of cards has a bt878a chip as the PCI interface. -The different card drivers require the bttv driver to provide the means -to access the i2c bus and the gpio pins of the bt8xx chipset. +Please pay close attention to the warning about the bttv module +options below for the DST card. -2) Compilation rules for Kernel >= 2.6.12 -========================================= +1) General informations +======================= -Enable the following options: +These drivers require the bttv driver to provide the means to access +the i2c bus and the gpio pins of the bt8xx chipset. +Because of this, you need to enable "Device drivers" => "Multimedia devices" - => "Video For Linux" => "BT848 Video For Linux" + => "Video For Linux" => "BT848 Video For Linux" + +Furthermore you need to enable "Device drivers" => "Multimedia devices" => "Digital Video Broadcasting Devices" - => "DVB for Linux" "DVB Core Support" "Nebula/Pinnacle PCTV/TwinHan PCI Cards" + => "DVB for Linux" "DVB Core Support" "BT8xx based PCI cards" -3) Loading Modules, described by two approaches -=============================================== +2) Loading Modules +================== In general you need to load the bttv driver, which will handle the gpio and -i2c communication for us, plus the common dvb-bt8xx device driver, -which is called the backend. -The frontends for Nebula DigiTV (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV Sat (cx24110), -TwinHan DST + clones (dst and dst-ca) are loaded automatically by the backend. -For further details about TwinHan DST + clones see /Documentation/dvb/ci.txt. +i2c communication for us, plus the common dvb-bt8xx device driver. +The frontends for Nebula (nxt6000), Pinnacle PCTV (cx24110) and +TwinHan (dst) are loaded automatically by the dvb-bt8xx device driver. -3a) The manual approach ------------------------ +3a) Nebula / Pinnacle PCTV +-------------------------- -Loading modules: -modprobe bttv -modprobe dvb-bt8xx + $ modprobe bttv (normally bttv is being loaded automatically by kmod) + $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx (or just place dvb-bt8xx in /etc/modules for automatic loading) -Unloading modules: -modprobe -r dvb-bt8xx -modprobe -r bttv -3b) The automatic approach +3b) TwinHan and Clones -------------------------- -If not already done by installation, place a line either in -/etc/modules.conf or in /etc/modprobe.conf containing this text: -alias char-major-81 bttv + $ modprobe bttv i2c_hw=1 card=0x71 + $ modprobe dvb-bt8xx + $ modprobe dst + +The value 0x71 will override the PCI type detection for dvb-bt8xx, +which is necessary for TwinHan cards. + +If you're having an older card (blue color circuit) and card=0x71 locks +your machine, try using 0x68, too. If that does not work, ask on the +mailing list. + +The DST module takes a couple of useful parameters. + +verbose takes values 0 to 4. These values control the verbosity level, +and can be used to debug also. + +verbose=0 means complete disabling of messages + 1 only error messages are displayed + 2 notifications are also displayed + 3 informational messages are also displayed + 4 debug setting + +dst_addons takes values 0 and 0x20. A value of 0 means it is a FTA card. +0x20 means it has a Conditional Access slot. + +The autodected values are determined bythe cards 'response +string' which you can see in your logs e.g. -Then place a line in /etc/modules containing this text: -dvb-bt8xx +dst_get_device_id: Recognise [DSTMCI] -Reboot your system and have fun! -- -Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold, Manu Abraham, Uwe Bugla +Authors: Richard Walker, Jamie Honan, Michael Hunold, Manu Abraham diff --git a/Documentation/dvb/ci.txt b/Documentation/dvb/ci.txt index 62e0701b542a..95f0e73b2135 100644 --- a/Documentation/dvb/ci.txt +++ b/Documentation/dvb/ci.txt @@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ This application requires the following to function properly as of now. eg: $ szap -c channels.conf -r "TMC" -x (b) a channels.conf containing a valid PMT PID - eg: TMC:11996:h:0:27500:278:512:650:321 here 278 is a valid PMT PID. the rest of the values are the @@ -31,13 +30,7 @@ This application requires the following to function properly as of now. (c) after running a szap, you have to run ca_zap, for the descrambler to function, - - eg: $ ca_zap patched_channels.conf "TMC" - - The patched means a patch to apply to scan, such that scan can - generate a channels.conf_with pmt, which has this PMT PID info - (NOTE: szap cannot use this channels.conf with the PMT_PID) - + eg: $ ca_zap channels.conf "TMC" (d) Hopeflly Enjoy your favourite subscribed channel as you do with a FTA card. diff --git a/Documentation/exception.txt b/Documentation/exception.txt index f1d436993eb1..3cb39ade290e 100644 --- a/Documentation/exception.txt +++ b/Documentation/exception.txt @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ To protect itself the kernel has to verify this address. In older versions of Linux this was done with the int verify_area(int type, const void * addr, unsigned long size) -function. +function (which has since been replaced by access_ok()). This function verified that the memory area starting at address addr and of size size was accessible for the operation specified diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/bugs b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/bugs new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..f90cc66ea919 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/bugs @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +Bugs +==== + +I currently don't know of any bug. Please do send reports to: + - linux-fbdev-devel@lists.sourceforge.net + - Knut_Petersen@t-online.de. + + +Untested features +================= + +All LCD stuff is untested. If it worked in tridentfb, it should work in +cyblafb. Please test and report the results to Knut_Petersen@t-online.de. + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/credits b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/credits new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..0eb3b443dc2b --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/credits @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +Thanks to +========= + * Alan Hourihane, for writing the X trident driver + * Jani Monoses, for writing the tridentfb driver + * Antonino A. Daplas, for review of the first published + version of cyblafb and some code + * Jochen Hein, for testing and a helpfull bug report diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/documentation b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/documentation new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..bb1aac048425 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/documentation @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +Available Documentation +======================= + +Apollo PLE 133 Chipset VT8601A North Bridge Datasheet, Rev. 1.82, October 22, +2001, available from VIA: + + http://www.viavpsd.com/product/6/15/DS8601A182.pdf + +The datasheet is incomplete, some registers that need to be programmed are not +explained at all and important bits are listed as "reserved". But you really +need the datasheet to understand the code. "p. xxx" comments refer to page +numbers of this document. + +XFree/XOrg drivers are available and of good quality, looking at the code +there is a good idea if the datasheet does not provide enough information +or if the datasheet seems to be wrong. + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/fb.modes b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/fb.modes new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..cf4351fc32ff --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/fb.modes @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ +# +# Sample fb.modes file +# +# Provides an incomplete list of working modes for +# the cyberblade/i1 graphics core. +# +# The value 4294967256 is used instead of -40. Of course, -40 is not +# a really reasonable value, but chip design does not always follow +# logic. Believe me, it's ok, and it's the way the BIOS does it. +# +# fbset requires 4294967256 in fb.modes and -40 as an argument to +# the -t parameter. That's also not too reasonable, and it might change +# in the future or might even be differt for your current version. +# + +mode "640x480-50" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 47619 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-60" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 39682 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-70" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 34013 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-72" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 33068 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-75" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 31746 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-80" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 29761 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "640x480-85" + geometry 640 480 640 3756 8 + timings 28011 4294967256 24 17 0 216 3 +endmode + +mode "800x600-50" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 30303 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-60" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 25252 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-70" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 21645 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-72" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 21043 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-75" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 20202 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-80" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 18939 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "800x600-85" + geometry 800 600 800 3221 8 + timings 17825 96 24 14 0 136 11 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-50" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 19054 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-60" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 15880 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-70" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 13610 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-72" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 13232 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-75" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 12703 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-80" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 11910 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1024x768-85" + geometry 1024 768 1024 2815 8 + timings 11209 144 24 29 0 120 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-50" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 11114 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-60" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 9262 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-70" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 7939 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-72" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 7719 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-75" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 7410 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-80" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 6946 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + +mode "1280x1024-85" + geometry 1280 1024 1280 2662 8 + timings 6538 232 16 39 0 160 3 +endmode + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/performance b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/performance new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..eb4e47a9cea6 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/performance @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +Speed +===== + +CyBlaFB is much faster than tridentfb and vesafb. Compare the performance data +for mode 1280x1024-[8,16,32]@61 Hz. + +Test 1: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 0 characters. +Test 2: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 80 characters. +Test 3: Cat a file with 2000 lines of 160 characters. + +All values show system time use in seconds, kernel 2.6.12 was used for +the measurements. 2.6.13 is a bit slower, 2.6.14 hopefully will include a +patch that speeds up kernel bitblitting a lot ( > 20%). + ++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +| | not accelerated | +| TRIDENTFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| of 2.6.12 | 8 bpp | 16 bpp | 32 bpp | +| | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Test 1 | 4.31 | 4.33 | 6.05 | 12.81 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 2 | 67.94 | 5.44 | 123.16 | 14.79 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 3 | 131.36 | 6.55 | 240.12 | 16.76 | ---- | ---- | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Comments | | | completely bro- | +| | | | ken, monitor | +| | | | switches off | ++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ + + ++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +| | accelerated | +| TRIDENTFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| of 2.6.12 | 8 bpp | 16 bpp | 32 bpp | +| | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Test 1 | ---- | ---- | 20.62 | 1.22 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 2 | ---- | ---- | 22.61 | 3.19 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 3 | ---- | ---- | 24.59 | 5.16 | ---- | ---- | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Comments | broken, writing | broken, ok only | completely bro- | +| | to wrong places | if bgcolor is | ken, monitor | +| | on screen + bug | black, bug in | switches off | +| | in fillrect() | fillrect() | | ++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ + + ++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +| | not accelerated | +| VESAFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| of 2.6.12 | 8 bpp | 16 bpp | 32 bpp | +| | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Test 1 | 4.26 | 3.76 | 5.99 | 7.23 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 2 | 65.65 | 4.89 | 120.88 | 9.08 | ---- | ---- | +| Test 3 | 126.91 | 5.94 | 235.77 | 11.03 | ---- | ---- | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Comments | vga=0x307 | vga=0x31a | vga=0x31b not | +| | fh=80kHz | fh=80kHz | supported by | +| | fv=75kHz | fv=75kHz | video BIOS and | +| | | | hardware | ++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ + + ++-----------+-----------------------------------------------------+ +| | accelerated | +| CYBLAFB +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| | 8 bpp | 16 bpp | 32 bpp | +| | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | noypan | ypan | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Test 1 | 8.02 | 0.23 | 19.04 | 0.61 | 57.12 | 2.74 | +| Test 2 | 8.38 | 0.55 | 19.39 | 0.92 | 57.54 | 3.13 | +| Test 3 | 8.73 | 0.86 | 19.74 | 1.24 | 57.95 | 3.51 | ++-----------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+--------+ +| Comments | | | | +| | | | | +| | | | | +| | | | | ++-----------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/todo b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/todo new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..80fb2f89b6c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/todo @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +TODO / Missing features +======================= + +Verify LCD stuff "stretch" and "center" options are + completely untested ... this code needs to be + verified. As I don't have access to such + hardware, please contact me if you are + willing run some tests. + +Interlaced video modes The reason that interleaved + modes are disabled is that I do not know + the meaning of the vertical interlace + parameter. Also the datasheet mentions a + bit d8 of a horizontal interlace parameter, + but nowhere the lower 8 bits. Please help + if you can. + +low-res double scan modes Who needs it? + +accelerated color blitting Who needs it? The console driver does use color + blitting for nothing but drawing the penguine, + everything else is done using color expanding + blitting of 1bpp character bitmaps. + +xpanning Who needs it? + +ioctls Who needs it? + +TV-out Will be done later + +??? Feel free to contact me if you have any + feature requests diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/usage b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/usage new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..e627c8f54211 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/usage @@ -0,0 +1,206 @@ +CyBlaFB is a framebuffer driver for the Cyberblade/i1 graphics core integrated +into the VIA Apollo PLE133 (aka vt8601) south bridge. It is developed and +tested using a VIA EPIA 5000 board. + +Cyblafb - compiled into the kernel or as a module? +================================================== + +You might compile cyblafb either as a module or compile it permanently into the +kernel. + +Unless you have a real reason to do so you should not compile both vesafb and +cyblafb permanently into the kernel. It's possible and it helps during the +developement cycle, but it's useless and will at least block some otherwise +usefull memory for ordinary users. + +Selecting Modes +=============== + + Startup Mode + ============ + + First of all, you might use the "vga=???" boot parameter as it is + documented in vesafb.txt and svga.txt. Cyblafb will detect the video + mode selected and will use the geometry and timings found by + inspecting the hardware registers. + + video=cyblafb vga=0x317 + + Alternatively you might use a combination of the mode, ref and bpp + parameters. If you compiled the driver into the kernel, add something + like this to the kernel command line: + + video=cyblafb:1280x1024,bpp=16,ref=50 ... + + If you compiled the driver as a module, the same mode would be + selected by the following command: + + modprobe cyblafb mode=1280x1024 bpp=16 ref=50 ... + + None of the modes possible to select as startup modes are affected by + the problems described at the end of the next subsection. + + Mode changes using fbset + ======================== + + You might use fbset to change the video mode, see "man fbset". Cyblafb + generally does assume that you know what you are doing. But it does + some checks, especially those that are needed to prevent you from + damaging your hardware. + + - only 8, 16, 24 and 32 bpp video modes are accepted + - interlaced video modes are not accepted + - double scan video modes are not accepted + - if a flat panel is found, cyblafb does not allow you + to program a resolution higher than the physical + resolution of the flat panel monitor + - cyblafb does not allow xres to differ from xres_virtual + - cyblafb does not allow vclk to exceed 230 MHz. As 32 bpp + and (currently) 24 bit modes use a doubled vclk internally, + the dotclock limit as seen by fbset is 115 MHz for those + modes and 230 MHz for 8 and 16 bpp modes. + + Any request that violates the rules given above will be ignored and + fbset will return an error. + + If you program a virtual y resolution higher than the hardware limit, + cyblafb will silently decrease that value to the highest possible + value. + + Attempts to disable acceleration are ignored. + + Some video modes that should work do not work as expected. If you use + the standard fb.modes, fbset 640x480-60 will program that mode, but + you will see a vertical area, about two characters wide, with only + much darker characters than the other characters on the screen. + Cyblafb does allow that mode to be set, as it does not violate the + official specifications. It would need a lot of code to reliably sort + out all invalid modes, playing around with the margin values will + give a valid mode quickly. And if cyblafb would detect such an invalid + mode, should it silently alter the requested values or should it + report an error? Both options have some pros and cons. As stated + above, none of the startup modes are affected, and if you set + verbosity to 1 or higher, cyblafb will print the fbset command that + would be needed to program that mode using fbset. + + +Other Parameters +================ + + +crt don't autodetect, assume monitor connected to + standard VGA connector + +fp don't autodetect, assume flat panel display + connected to flat panel monitor interface + +nativex inform driver about native x resolution of + flat panel monitor connected to special + interface (should be autodetected) + +stretch stretch image to adapt low resolution modes to + higer resolutions of flat panel monitors + connected to special interface + +center center image to adapt low resolution modes to + higer resolutions of flat panel monitors + connected to special interface + +memsize use if autodetected memsize is wrong ... + should never be necessary + +nopcirr disable PCI read retry +nopciwr disable PCI write retry +nopcirb disable PCI read bursts +nopciwb disable PCI write bursts + +bpp bpp for specified modes + valid values: 8 || 16 || 24 || 32 + +ref refresh rate for specified mode + valid values: 50 <= ref <= 85 + +mode 640x480 or 800x600 or 1024x768 or 1280x1024 + if not specified, the startup mode will be detected + and used, so you might also use the vga=??? parameter + described in vesafb.txt. If you do not specify a mode, + bpp and ref parameters are ignored. + +verbosity 0 is the default, increase to at least 2 for every + bug report! + +vesafb allows cyblafb to be loaded after vesafb has been + loaded. See sections "Module unloading ...". + + +Development hints +================= + +It's much faster do compile a module and to load the new version after +unloading the old module than to compile a new kernel and to reboot. So if you +try to work on cyblafb, it might be a good idea to use cyblafb as a module. +In real life, fast often means dangerous, and that's also the case here. If +you introduce a serious bug when cyblafb is compiled into the kernel, the +kernel will lock or oops with a high probability before the file system is +mounted, and the danger for your data is low. If you load a broken own version +of cyblafb on a running system, the danger for the integrity of the file +system is much higher as you might need a hard reset afterwards. Decide +yourself. + +Module unloading, the vfb method +================================ + +If you want to unload/reload cyblafb using the virtual framebuffer, you need +to enable vfb support in the kernel first. After that, load the modules as +shown below: + + modprobe vfb vfb_enable=1 + modprobe fbcon + modprobe cyblafb + fbset -fb /dev/fb1 1280x1024-60 -vyres 2662 + con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1 + ... + +If you now made some changes to cyblafb and want to reload it, you might do it +as show below: + + con2fb /dev/fb0 /dev/tty1 + ... + rmmod cyblafb + modprobe cyblafb + con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1 + ... + +Of course, you might choose another mode, and most certainly you also want to +map some other /dev/tty* to the real framebuffer device. You might also choose +to compile fbcon as a kernel module or place it permanently in the kernel. + +I do not know of any way to unload fbcon, and fbcon will prevent the +framebuffer device loaded first from unloading. [If there is a way, then +please add a description here!] + +Module unloading, the vesafb method +=================================== + +Configure the kernel: + + <*> Support for frame buffer devices + [*] VESA VGA graphics support + Cyberblade/i1 support + +Add e.g. "video=vesafb:ypan vga=0x307" to the kernel parameters. The ypan +parameter is important, choose any vga parameter you like as long as it is +a graphics mode. + +After booting, load cyblafb without any mode and bpp parameter and assign +cyblafb to individual ttys using con2fb, e.g.: + + modprobe cyblafb vesafb=1 + con2fb /dev/fb1 /dev/tty1 + +Unloading cyblafb works without problems after you assign vesafb to all +ttys again, e.g.: + + con2fb /dev/fb0 /dev/tty1 + rmmod cyblafb + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/whycyblafb b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/whycyblafb new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..a123bc11e698 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/fb/cyblafb/whycyblafb @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +I tried the following framebuffer drivers: + + - TRIDENTFB is full of bugs. Acceleration is broken for Blade3D + graphics cores like the cyberblade/i1. It claims to support a great + number of devices, but documentation for most of these devices is + unfortunately not available. There is _no_ reason to use tridentfb + for cyberblade/i1 + CRT users. VESAFB is faster, and the one + advantage, mode switching, is broken in tridentfb. + + - VESAFB is used by many distributions as a standard. Vesafb does + not support mode switching. VESAFB is a bit faster than the working + configurations of TRIDENTFB, but it is still too slow, even if you + use ypan. + + - EPIAFB (you'll find it on sourceforge) supports the Cyberblade/i1 + graphics core, but it still has serious bugs and developement seems + to have stopped. This is the one driver with TV-out support. If you + do need this feature, try epiafb. + +None of these drivers was a real option for me. + +I believe that is unreasonable to change code that announces to support 20 +devices if I only have more or less sufficient documentation for exactly one +of these. The risk of breaking device foo while fixing device bar is too high. + +So I decided to start CyBlaFB as a stripped down tridentfb. + +All code specific to other Trident chips has been removed. After that there +were a lot of cosmetic changes to increase the readability of the code. All +register names were changed to those mnemonics used in the datasheet. Function +and macro names were changed if they hindered easy understanding of the code. + +After that I debugged the code and implemented some new features. I'll try to +give a little summary of the main changes: + + - calculation of vertical and horizontal timings was fixed + + - video signal quality has been improved dramatically + + - acceleration: + + - fillrect and copyarea were fixed and reenabled + + - color expanding imageblit was newly implemented, color + imageblit (only used to draw the penguine) still uses the + generic code. + + - init of the acceleration engine was improved and moved to a + place where it really works ... + + - sync function has a timeout now and tries to reset and + reinit the accel engine if necessary + + - fewer slow copyarea calls when doing ypan scrolling by using + undocumented bit d21 of screen start address stored in + CR2B[5]. BIOS does use it also, so this should be safe. + + - cyblafb rejects any attempt to set modes that would cause vclk + values above reasonable 230 MHz. 32bit modes use a clock + multiplicator of 2, so fbset does show the correct values for + pixclock but not for vclk in this case. The fbset limit is 115 MHz + for 32 bpp modes. + + - cyblafb rejects modes known to be broken or unimplemented (all + interlaced modes, all doublescan modes for now) + + - cyblafb now works independant of the video mode in effect at startup + time (tridentfb does not init all needed registers to reasonable + values) + + - switching between video modes does work reliably now + + - the first video mode now is the one selected on startup using the + vga=???? mechanism or any of + - 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768, 1280x1024 + - 8, 16, 24 or 32 bpp + - refresh between 50 Hz and 85 Hz, 1 Hz steps (1280x1024-32 + is limited to 63Hz) + + - pci retry and pci burst mode are settable (try to disable if you + experience latency problems) + + - built as a module cyblafb might be unloaded and reloaded using + the vfb module and con2vt or might be used together with vesafb + diff --git a/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt b/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt index fd68b162e4a1..4f0d6bc789ef 100644 --- a/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt +++ b/Documentation/fb/intel810.txt @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ Intel 810/815 Framebuffer driver March 17, 2002 First Released: July 2001 + Last Update: September 12, 2005 ================================================================ A. Introduction @@ -44,6 +45,8 @@ B. Features - Hardware Cursor Support + - Supports EDID probing either by DDC/I2C or through the BIOS + C. List of available options a. "video=i810fb" @@ -52,14 +55,17 @@ C. List of available options Recommendation: required b. "xres:" - select horizontal resolution in pixels + select horizontal resolution in pixels. (This parameter will be + ignored if 'mode_option' is specified. See 'o' below). Recommendation: user preference (default = 640) c. "yres:" select vertical resolution in scanlines. If Discrete Video Timings - is enabled, this will be ignored and computed as 3*xres/4. + is enabled, this will be ignored and computed as 3*xres/4. (This + parameter will be ignored if 'mode_option' is specified. See 'o' + below) Recommendation: user preference (default = 480) @@ -86,7 +92,8 @@ C. List of available options g. "hsync1/hsync2:" select the minimum and maximum Horizontal Sync Frequency of the monitor in KHz. If a using a fixed frequency monitor, hsync1 must - be equal to hsync2. + be equal to hsync2. If EDID probing is successful, these will be + ignored and values will be taken from the EDID block. Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values default (29/30) @@ -94,7 +101,8 @@ C. List of available options h. "vsync1/vsync2:" select the minimum and maximum Vertical Sync Frequency of the monitor in Hz. You can also use this option to lock your monitor's refresh - rate. + rate. If EDID probing is successful, these will be ignored and values + will be taken from the EDID block. Recommendation: check monitor manual for correct values (default = 60/60) @@ -154,7 +162,11 @@ C. List of available options Recommendation: do not set (default = not set) - + o. x[-][@] + The driver will now accept specification of boot mode option. If this + is specified, the options 'xres' and 'yres' will be ignored. See + Documentation/fb/modedb.txt for usage. + D. Kernel booting Separate each option/option-pair by commas (,) and the option from its value @@ -176,7 +188,10 @@ will be computed based on the hsync1/hsync2 and vsync1/vsync2 values. IMPORTANT: You must include hsync1, hsync2, vsync1 and vsync2 to enable video modes -better than 640x480 at 60Hz. +better than 640x480 at 60Hz. HOWEVER, if your chipset/display combination +supports I2C and has an EDID block, you can safely exclude hsync1, hsync2, +vsync1 and vsync2 parameters. These parameters will be taken from the EDID +block. E. Module options @@ -217,32 +232,21 @@ F. Setup This is required. The option is under "Character Devices" d. Under "Graphics Support", select "Intel 810/815" either statically - or as a module. Choose "use VESA GTF for video timings" if you - need to maximize the capability of your display. To be on the + or as a module. Choose "use VESA Generalized Timing Formula" if + you need to maximize the capability of your display. To be on the safe side, you can leave this unselected. - e. If you want a framebuffer console, enable it under "Console + e. If you want support for DDC/I2C probing (Plug and Play Displays), + set 'Enable DDC Support' to 'y'. To make this option appear, set + 'use VESA Generalized Timing Formula' to 'y'. + + f. If you want a framebuffer console, enable it under "Console Drivers" - f. Compile your kernel. + g. Compile your kernel. - g. Load the driver as described in section D and E. + h. Load the driver as described in section D and E. - Optional: - h. If you are going to run XFree86 with its native drivers, the - standard XFree86 4.1.0 and 4.2.0 drivers should work as is. - However, there's a bug in the XFree86 i810 drivers. It attempts - to use XAA even when switched to the console. This will crash - your server. I have a fix at this site: - - http://i810fb.sourceforge.net. - - You can either use the patch, or just replace - - /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/drivers/i810_drv.o - - with the one provided at the website. - i. Try the DirectFB (http://www.directfb.org) + the i810 gfxdriver patch to see the chipset in action (or inaction :-). diff --git a/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt b/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt index e04458b319d5..4fcdb4cf4cca 100644 --- a/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt +++ b/Documentation/fb/modedb.txt @@ -20,12 +20,83 @@ in a video= option, fbmem considers that to be a global video mode option. Valid mode specifiers (mode_option argument): - x[-][@] + x[M][R][-][@][i][m] [-][@] with , , and decimal numbers and a string. Things between square brackets are optional. +If 'M' is specified in the mode_option argument (after and before + and , if specified) the timings will be calculated using +VESA(TM) Coordinated Video Timings instead of looking up the mode from a table. +If 'R' is specified, do a 'reduced blanking' calculation for digital displays. +If 'i' is specified, calculate for an interlaced mode. And if 'm' is +specified, add margins to the calculation (1.8% of xres rounded down to 8 +pixels and 1.8% of yres). + + Sample usage: 1024x768M@60m - CVT timing with margins + +***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** + +What is the VESA(TM) Coordinated Video Timings (CVT)? + +From the VESA(TM) Website: + + "The purpose of CVT is to provide a method for generating a consistent + and coordinated set of standard formats, display refresh rates, and + timing specifications for computer display products, both those + employing CRTs, and those using other display technologies. The + intention of CVT is to give both source and display manufacturers a + common set of tools to enable new timings to be developed in a + consistent manner that ensures greater compatibility." + +This is the third standard approved by VESA(TM) concerning video timings. The +first was the Discrete Video Timings (DVT) which is a collection of +pre-defined modes approved by VESA(TM). The second is the Generalized Timing +Formula (GTF) which is an algorithm to calculate the timings, given the +pixelclock, the horizontal sync frequency, or the vertical refresh rate. + +The GTF is limited by the fact that it is designed mainly for CRT displays. +It artificially increases the pixelclock because of its high blanking +requirement. This is inappropriate for digital display interface with its high +data rate which requires that it conserves the pixelclock as much as possible. +Also, GTF does not take into account the aspect ratio of the display. + +The CVT addresses these limitations. If used with CRT's, the formula used +is a derivation of GTF with a few modifications. If used with digital +displays, the "reduced blanking" calculation can be used. + +From the framebuffer subsystem perspective, new formats need not be added +to the global mode database whenever a new mode is released by display +manufacturers. Specifying for CVT will work for most, if not all, relatively +new CRT displays and probably with most flatpanels, if 'reduced blanking' +calculation is specified. (The CVT compatibility of the display can be +determined from its EDID. The version 1.3 of the EDID has extra 128-byte +blocks where additional timing information is placed. As of this time, there +is no support yet in the layer to parse this additional blocks.) + +CVT also introduced a new naming convention (should be seen from dmesg output): + + M[-R] + + where: pix = total amount of pixels in MB (xres x yres) + M = always present + a = aspect ratio (3 - 4:3; 4 - 5:4; 9 - 15:9, 16:9; A - 16:10) + -R = reduced blanking + + example: .48M3-R - 800x600 with reduced blanking + +Note: VESA(TM) has restrictions on what is a standard CVT timing: + + - aspect ratio can only be one of the above values + - acceptable refresh rates are 50, 60, 70 or 85 Hz only + - if reduced blanking, the refresh rate must be at 60Hz + +If one of the above are not satisfied, the kernel will print a warning but the +timings will still be calculated. + +***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** oOo ***** + To find a suitable video mode, you just call int __init fb_find_mode(struct fb_var_screeninfo *var, diff --git a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt index 8b1430b46655..b67189a8d8d4 100644 --- a/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt +++ b/Documentation/feature-removal-schedule.txt @@ -17,32 +17,6 @@ Who: Greg Kroah-Hartman --------------------------- -What: ACPI S4bios support -When: May 2005 -Why: Noone uses it, and it probably does not work, anyway. swsusp is - faster, more reliable, and people are actually using it. -Who: Pavel Machek - ---------------------------- - -What: PCI Name Database (CONFIG_PCI_NAMES) -When: July 2005 -Why: It bloats the kernel unnecessarily, and is handled by userspace better - (pciutils supports it.) Will eliminate the need to try to keep the - pci.ids file in sync with the sf.net database all of the time. -Who: Greg Kroah-Hartman - ---------------------------- - -What: io_remap_page_range() (macro or function) -When: September 2005 -Why: Replaced by io_remap_pfn_range() which allows more memory space - addressabilty (by using a pfn) and supports sparc & sparc64 - iospace as part of the pfn. -Who: Randy Dunlap - ---------------------------- - What: RAW driver (CONFIG_RAW_DRIVER) When: December 2005 Why: declared obsolete since kernel 2.6.3 @@ -51,14 +25,6 @@ Who: Adrian Bunk --------------------------- -What: register_ioctl32_conversion() / unregister_ioctl32_conversion() -When: April 2005 -Why: Replaced by ->compat_ioctl in file_operations and other method - vecors. -Who: Andi Kleen , Christoph Hellwig - ---------------------------- - What: RCU API moves to EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL When: April 2006 Files: include/linux/rcupdate.h, kernel/rcupdate.c @@ -74,14 +40,6 @@ Who: Paul E. McKenney --------------------------- -What: remove verify_area() -When: July 2006 -Files: Various uaccess.h headers. -Why: Deprecated and redundant. access_ok() should be used instead. -Who: Jesper Juhl - ---------------------------- - What: IEEE1394 Audio and Music Data Transmission Protocol driver, Connection Management Procedures driver When: November 2005 @@ -102,16 +60,6 @@ Who: Jody McIntyre --------------------------- -What: register_serial/unregister_serial -When: September 2005 -Why: This interface does not allow serial ports to be registered against - a struct device, and as such does not allow correct power management - of such ports. 8250-based ports should use serial8250_register_port - and serial8250_unregister_port, or platform devices instead. -Who: Russell King - ---------------------------- - What: i2c sysfs name change: in1_ref, vid deprecated in favour of cpu0_vid When: November 2005 Files: drivers/i2c/chips/adm1025.c, drivers/i2c/chips/adm1026.c @@ -135,3 +83,15 @@ Why: With the 16-bit PCMCIA subsystem now behaving (almost) like a pcmciautils package available at http://kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/ Who: Dominik Brodowski + +--------------------------- + +What: ip_queue and ip6_queue (old ipv4-only and ipv6-only netfilter queue) +When: December 2005 +Why: This interface has been obsoleted by the new layer3-independent + "nfnetlink_queue". The Kernel interface is compatible, so the old + ip[6]tables "QUEUE" targets still work and will transparently handle + all packets into nfnetlink queue number 0. Userspace users will have + to link against API-compatible library on top of libnfnetlink_queue + instead of the current 'libipq'. +Who: Harald Welte diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/files.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/files.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8c206f4e0250 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/files.txt @@ -0,0 +1,123 @@ +File management in the Linux kernel +----------------------------------- + +This document describes how locking for files (struct file) +and file descriptor table (struct files) works. + +Up until 2.6.12, the file descriptor table has been protected +with a lock (files->file_lock) and reference count (files->count). +->file_lock protected accesses to all the file related fields +of the table. ->count was used for sharing the file descriptor +table between tasks cloned with CLONE_FILES flag. Typically +this would be the case for posix threads. As with the common +refcounting model in the kernel, the last task doing +a put_files_struct() frees the file descriptor (fd) table. +The files (struct file) themselves are protected using +reference count (->f_count). + +In the new lock-free model of file descriptor management, +the reference counting is similar, but the locking is +based on RCU. The file descriptor table contains multiple +elements - the fd sets (open_fds and close_on_exec, the +array of file pointers, the sizes of the sets and the array +etc.). In order for the updates to appear atomic to +a lock-free reader, all the elements of the file descriptor +table are in a separate structure - struct fdtable. +files_struct contains a pointer to struct fdtable through +which the actual fd table is accessed. Initially the +fdtable is embedded in files_struct itself. On a subsequent +expansion of fdtable, a new fdtable structure is allocated +and files->fdtab points to the new structure. The fdtable +structure is freed with RCU and lock-free readers either +see the old fdtable or the new fdtable making the update +appear atomic. Here are the locking rules for +the fdtable structure - + +1. All references to the fdtable must be done through + the files_fdtable() macro : + + struct fdtable *fdt; + + rcu_read_lock(); + + fdt = files_fdtable(files); + .... + if (n <= fdt->max_fds) + .... + ... + rcu_read_unlock(); + + files_fdtable() uses rcu_dereference() macro which takes care of + the memory barrier requirements for lock-free dereference. + The fdtable pointer must be read within the read-side + critical section. + +2. Reading of the fdtable as described above must be protected + by rcu_read_lock()/rcu_read_unlock(). + +3. For any update to the the fd table, files->file_lock must + be held. + +4. To look up the file structure given an fd, a reader + must use either fcheck() or fcheck_files() APIs. These + take care of barrier requirements due to lock-free lookup. + An example : + + struct file *file; + + rcu_read_lock(); + file = fcheck(fd); + if (file) { + ... + } + .... + rcu_read_unlock(); + +5. Handling of the file structures is special. Since the look-up + of the fd (fget()/fget_light()) are lock-free, it is possible + that look-up may race with the last put() operation on the + file structure. This is avoided using the rcuref APIs + on ->f_count : + + rcu_read_lock(); + file = fcheck_files(files, fd); + if (file) { + if (rcuref_inc_lf(&file->f_count)) + *fput_needed = 1; + else + /* Didn't get the reference, someone's freed */ + file = NULL; + } + rcu_read_unlock(); + .... + return file; + + rcuref_inc_lf() detects if refcounts is already zero or + goes to zero during increment. If it does, we fail + fget()/fget_light(). + +6. Since both fdtable and file structures can be looked up + lock-free, they must be installed using rcu_assign_pointer() + API. If they are looked up lock-free, rcu_dereference() + must be used. However it is advisable to use files_fdtable() + and fcheck()/fcheck_files() which take care of these issues. + +7. While updating, the fdtable pointer must be looked up while + holding files->file_lock. If ->file_lock is dropped, then + another thread expand the files thereby creating a new + fdtable and making the earlier fdtable pointer stale. + For example : + + spin_lock(&files->file_lock); + fd = locate_fd(files, file, start); + if (fd >= 0) { + /* locate_fd() may have expanded fdtable, load the ptr */ + fdt = files_fdtable(files); + FD_SET(fd, fdt->open_fds); + FD_CLR(fd, fdt->close_on_exec); + spin_unlock(&files->file_lock); + ..... + + Since locate_fd() can drop ->file_lock (and reacquire ->file_lock), + the fdtable pointer (fdt) must be loaded after locate_fd(). + diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/fuse.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/fuse.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..6b5741e651a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/fuse.txt @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@ +Definitions +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Userspace filesystem: + + A filesystem in which data and metadata are provided by an ordinary + userspace process. The filesystem can be accessed normally through + the kernel interface. + +Filesystem daemon: + + The process(es) providing the data and metadata of the filesystem. + +Non-privileged mount (or user mount): + + A userspace filesystem mounted by a non-privileged (non-root) user. + The filesystem daemon is running with the privileges of the mounting + user. NOTE: this is not the same as mounts allowed with the "user" + option in /etc/fstab, which is not discussed here. + +Mount owner: + + The user who does the mounting. + +User: + + The user who is performing filesystem operations. + +What is FUSE? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +FUSE is a userspace filesystem framework. It consists of a kernel +module (fuse.ko), a userspace library (libfuse.*) and a mount utility +(fusermount). + +One of the most important features of FUSE is allowing secure, +non-privileged mounts. This opens up new possibilities for the use of +filesystems. A good example is sshfs: a secure network filesystem +using the sftp protocol. + +The userspace library and utilities are available from the FUSE +homepage: + + http://fuse.sourceforge.net/ + +Mount options +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +'fd=N' + + The file descriptor to use for communication between the userspace + filesystem and the kernel. The file descriptor must have been + obtained by opening the FUSE device ('/dev/fuse'). + +'rootmode=M' + + The file mode of the filesystem's root in octal representation. + +'user_id=N' + + The numeric user id of the mount owner. + +'group_id=N' + + The numeric group id of the mount owner. + +'default_permissions' + + By default FUSE doesn't check file access permissions, the + filesystem is free to implement it's access policy or leave it to + the underlying file access mechanism (e.g. in case of network + filesystems). This option enables permission checking, restricting + access based on file mode. This is option is usually useful + together with the 'allow_other' mount option. + +'allow_other' + + This option overrides the security measure restricting file access + to the user mounting the filesystem. This option is by default only + allowed to root, but this restriction can be removed with a + (userspace) configuration option. + +'max_read=N' + + With this option the maximum size of read operations can be set. + The default is infinite. Note that the size of read requests is + limited anyway to 32 pages (which is 128kbyte on i386). + +How do non-privileged mounts work? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Since the mount() system call is a privileged operation, a helper +program (fusermount) is needed, which is installed setuid root. + +The implication of providing non-privileged mounts is that the mount +owner must not be able to use this capability to compromise the +system. Obvious requirements arising from this are: + + A) mount owner should not be able to get elevated privileges with the + help of the mounted filesystem + + B) mount owner should not get illegitimate access to information from + other users' and the super user's processes + + C) mount owner should not be able to induce undesired behavior in + other users' or the super user's processes + +How are requirements fulfilled? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + + A) The mount owner could gain elevated privileges by either: + + 1) creating a filesystem containing a device file, then opening + this device + + 2) creating a filesystem containing a suid or sgid application, + then executing this application + + The solution is not to allow opening device files and ignore + setuid and setgid bits when executing programs. To ensure this + fusermount always adds "nosuid" and "nodev" to the mount options + for non-privileged mounts. + + B) If another user is accessing files or directories in the + filesystem, the filesystem daemon serving requests can record the + exact sequence and timing of operations performed. This + information is otherwise inaccessible to the mount owner, so this + counts as an information leak. + + The solution to this problem will be presented in point 2) of C). + + C) There are several ways in which the mount owner can induce + undesired behavior in other users' processes, such as: + + 1) mounting a filesystem over a file or directory which the mount + owner could otherwise not be able to modify (or could only + make limited modifications). + + This is solved in fusermount, by checking the access + permissions on the mountpoint and only allowing the mount if + the mount owner can do unlimited modification (has write + access to the mountpoint, and mountpoint is not a "sticky" + directory) + + 2) Even if 1) is solved the mount owner can change the behavior + of other users' processes. + + i) It can slow down or indefinitely delay the execution of a + filesystem operation creating a DoS against the user or the + whole system. For example a suid application locking a + system file, and then accessing a file on the mount owner's + filesystem could be stopped, and thus causing the system + file to be locked forever. + + ii) It can present files or directories of unlimited length, or + directory structures of unlimited depth, possibly causing a + system process to eat up diskspace, memory or other + resources, again causing DoS. + + The solution to this as well as B) is not to allow processes + to access the filesystem, which could otherwise not be + monitored or manipulated by the mount owner. Since if the + mount owner can ptrace a process, it can do all of the above + without using a FUSE mount, the same criteria as used in + ptrace can be used to check if a process is allowed to access + the filesystem or not. + + Note that the ptrace check is not strictly necessary to + prevent B/2/i, it is enough to check if mount owner has enough + privilege to send signal to the process accessing the + filesystem, since SIGSTOP can be used to get a similar effect. + +I think these limitations are unacceptable? +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +If a sysadmin trusts the users enough, or can ensure through other +measures, that system processes will never enter non-privileged +mounts, it can relax the last limitation with a "user_allow_other" +config option. If this config option is set, the mounting user can +add the "allow_other" mount option which disables the check for other +users' processes. + +Kernel - userspace interface +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +The following diagram shows how a filesystem operation (in this +example unlink) is performed in FUSE. + +NOTE: everything in this description is greatly simplified + + | "rm /mnt/fuse/file" | FUSE filesystem daemon + | | + | | >sys_read() + | | >fuse_dev_read() + | | >request_wait() + | | [sleep on fc->waitq] + | | + | >sys_unlink() | + | >fuse_unlink() | + | [get request from | + | fc->unused_list] | + | >request_send() | + | [queue req on fc->pending] | + | [wake up fc->waitq] | [woken up] + | >request_wait_answer() | + | [sleep on req->waitq] | + | | pending] + | | [copy req to read buffer] + | | [add req to fc->processing] + | | sys_write() + | | >fuse_dev_write() + | | [look up req in fc->processing] + | | [remove from fc->processing] + | | [copy write buffer to req] + | [woken up] | [wake up req->waitq] + | | unused_list] | + | sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file") | + | [acquire inode semaphore | + | for "file"] | + | >fuse_unlink() | + | [sleep on req->waitq] | + | | sys_unlink("/mnt/fuse/file") + | | [acquire inode semaphore + | | for "file"] + | | *DEADLOCK* + +The solution for this is to allow requests to be interrupted while +they are in userspace: + + | [interrupted by signal] | + | fuse_unlink() + | | [queue req on fc->pending] + | | [wake up fc->waitq] + | | [sleep on req->waitq] + +If the filesystem daemon was single threaded, this will stop here, +since there's no other thread to dequeue and execute the request. +In this case the solution is to kill the FUSE daemon as well. If +there are multiple serving threads, you just have to kill them as +long as any remain. + +Moral: a filesystem which deadlocks, can soon find itself dead. + +Scenario 2 - Tricky deadlock +---------------------------- + +This one needs a carefully crafted filesystem. It's a variation on +the above, only the call back to the filesystem is not explicit, +but is caused by a pagefault. + + | Kamikaze filesystem thread 1 | Kamikaze filesystem thread 2 + | | + | [fd = open("/mnt/fuse/file")] | [request served normally] + | [mmap fd to 'addr'] | + | [close fd] | [FLUSH triggers 'magic' flag] + | [read a byte from addr] | + | >do_page_fault() | + | [find or create page] | + | [lock page] | + | >fuse_readpage() | + | [queue READ request] | + | [sleep on req->waitq] | + | | [read request to buffer] + | | [create reply header before addr] + | | >sys_write(addr - headerlength) + | | >fuse_dev_write() + | | [look up req in fc->processing] + | | [remove from fc->processing] + | | [copy write buffer to req] + | | >do_page_fault() + | | [find or create page] + | | [lock page] + | | * DEADLOCK * + +Solution is again to let the the request be interrupted (not +elaborated further). + +An additional problem is that while the write buffer is being +copied to the request, the request must not be interrupted. This +is because the destination address of the copy may not be valid +after the request is interrupted. + +This is solved with doing the copy atomically, and allowing +interruption while the page(s) belonging to the write buffer are +faulted with get_user_pages(). The 'req->locked' flag indicates +when the copy is taking place, and interruption is delayed until +this flag is unset. + diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt index eef4aca0c753..a5fbc8e897fa 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/ntfs.txt @@ -439,6 +439,18 @@ ChangeLog Note, a technical ChangeLog aimed at kernel hackers is in fs/ntfs/ChangeLog. +2.1.24: + - Support journals ($LogFile) which have been modified by chkdsk. This + means users can boot into Windows after we marked the volume dirty. + The Windows boot will run chkdsk and then reboot. The user can then + immediately boot into Linux rather than having to do a full Windows + boot first before rebooting into Linux and we will recognize such a + journal and empty it as it is clean by definition. + - Support journals ($LogFile) with only one restart page as well as + journals with two different restart pages. We sanity check both and + either use the only sane one or the more recent one of the two in the + case that both are valid. + - Lots of bug fixes and enhancements across the board. 2.1.23: - Stamp the user space journal, aka transaction log, aka $UsnJrnl, if it is present and active thus telling Windows and applications using diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt index 6c98f2bd421e..d4773565ea2f 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt @@ -133,6 +133,7 @@ Table 1-1: Process specific entries in /proc statm Process memory status information status Process status in human readable form wchan If CONFIG_KALLSYMS is set, a pre-decoded wchan + smaps Extension based on maps, presenting the rss size for each mapped file .............................................................................. For example, to get the status information of a process, all you have to do is @@ -1240,16 +1241,38 @@ swap-intensive. overcommit_memory ----------------- -This file contains one value. The following algorithm is used to decide if -there's enough memory: if the value of overcommit_memory is positive, then -there's always enough memory. This is a useful feature, since programs often -malloc() huge amounts of memory 'just in case', while they only use a small -part of it. Leaving this value at 0 will lead to the failure of such a huge -malloc(), when in fact the system has enough memory for the program to run. +Controls overcommit of system memory, possibly allowing processes +to allocate (but not use) more memory than is actually available. -On the other hand, enabling this feature can cause you to run out of memory -and thrash the system to death, so large and/or important servers will want to -set this value to 0. + +0 - Heuristic overcommit handling. Obvious overcommits of + address space are refused. Used for a typical system. It + ensures a seriously wild allocation fails while allowing + overcommit to reduce swap usage. root is allowed to + allocate slighly more memory in this mode. This is the + default. + +1 - Always overcommit. Appropriate for some scientific + applications. + +2 - Don't overcommit. The total address space commit + for the system is not permitted to exceed swap plus a + configurable percentage (default is 50) of physical RAM. + Depending on the percentage you use, in most situations + this means a process will not be killed while attempting + to use already-allocated memory but will receive errors + on memory allocation as appropriate. + +overcommit_ratio +---------------- + +Percentage of physical memory size to include in overcommit calculations +(see above.) + +Memory allocation limit = swapspace + physmem * (overcommit_ratio / 100) + + swapspace = total size of all swap areas + physmem = size of physical memory in system nr_hugepages and hugetlb_shm_group ---------------------------------- diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/relayfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/relayfs.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..d24e1b0d4f39 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/relayfs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,362 @@ + +relayfs - a high-speed data relay filesystem +============================================ + +relayfs is a filesystem designed to provide an efficient mechanism for +tools and facilities to relay large and potentially sustained streams +of data from kernel space to user space. + +The main abstraction of relayfs is the 'channel'. A channel consists +of a set of per-cpu kernel buffers each represented by a file in the +relayfs filesystem. Kernel clients write into a channel using +efficient write functions which automatically log to the current cpu's +channel buffer. User space applications mmap() the per-cpu files and +retrieve the data as it becomes available. + +The format of the data logged into the channel buffers is completely +up to the relayfs client; relayfs does however provide hooks which +allow clients to impose some stucture on the buffer data. Nor does +relayfs implement any form of data filtering - this also is left to +the client. The purpose is to keep relayfs as simple as possible. + +This document provides an overview of the relayfs API. The details of +the function parameters are documented along with the functions in the +filesystem code - please see that for details. + +Semantics +========= + +Each relayfs channel has one buffer per CPU, each buffer has one or +more sub-buffers. Messages are written to the first sub-buffer until +it is too full to contain a new message, in which case it it is +written to the next (if available). Messages are never split across +sub-buffers. At this point, userspace can be notified so it empties +the first sub-buffer, while the kernel continues writing to the next. + +When notified that a sub-buffer is full, the kernel knows how many +bytes of it are padding i.e. unused. Userspace can use this knowledge +to copy only valid data. + +After copying it, userspace can notify the kernel that a sub-buffer +has been consumed. + +relayfs can operate in a mode where it will overwrite data not yet +collected by userspace, and not wait for it to consume it. + +relayfs itself does not provide for communication of such data between +userspace and kernel, allowing the kernel side to remain simple and not +impose a single interface on userspace. It does provide a separate +helper though, described below. + +klog, relay-app & librelay +========================== + +relayfs itself is ready to use, but to make things easier, two +additional systems are provided. klog is a simple wrapper to make +writing formatted text or raw data to a channel simpler, regardless of +whether a channel to write into exists or not, or whether relayfs is +compiled into the kernel or is configured as a module. relay-app is +the kernel counterpart of userspace librelay.c, combined these two +files provide glue to easily stream data to disk, without having to +bother with housekeeping. klog and relay-app can be used together, +with klog providing high-level logging functions to the kernel and +relay-app taking care of kernel-user control and disk-logging chores. + +It is possible to use relayfs without relay-app & librelay, but you'll +have to implement communication between userspace and kernel, allowing +both to convey the state of buffers (full, empty, amount of padding). + +klog, relay-app and librelay can be found in the relay-apps tarball on +http://relayfs.sourceforge.net + +The relayfs user space API +========================== + +relayfs implements basic file operations for user space access to +relayfs channel buffer data. Here are the file operations that are +available and some comments regarding their behavior: + +open() enables user to open an _existing_ buffer. + +mmap() results in channel buffer being mapped into the caller's + memory space. Note that you can't do a partial mmap - you must + map the entire file, which is NRBUF * SUBBUFSIZE. + +read() read the contents of a channel buffer. The bytes read are + 'consumed' by the reader i.e. they won't be available again + to subsequent reads. If the channel is being used in + no-overwrite mode (the default), it can be read at any time + even if there's an active kernel writer. If the channel is + being used in overwrite mode and there are active channel + writers, results may be unpredictable - users should make + sure that all logging to the channel has ended before using + read() with overwrite mode. + +poll() POLLIN/POLLRDNORM/POLLERR supported. User applications are + notified when sub-buffer boundaries are crossed. + +close() decrements the channel buffer's refcount. When the refcount + reaches 0 i.e. when no process or kernel client has the buffer + open, the channel buffer is freed. + + +In order for a user application to make use of relayfs files, the +relayfs filesystem must be mounted. For example, + + mount -t relayfs relayfs /mnt/relay + +NOTE: relayfs doesn't need to be mounted for kernel clients to create + or use channels - it only needs to be mounted when user space + applications need access to the buffer data. + + +The relayfs kernel API +====================== + +Here's a summary of the API relayfs provides to in-kernel clients: + + + channel management functions: + + relay_open(base_filename, parent, subbuf_size, n_subbufs, + callbacks) + relay_close(chan) + relay_flush(chan) + relay_reset(chan) + relayfs_create_dir(name, parent) + relayfs_remove_dir(dentry) + + channel management typically called on instigation of userspace: + + relay_subbufs_consumed(chan, cpu, subbufs_consumed) + + write functions: + + relay_write(chan, data, length) + __relay_write(chan, data, length) + relay_reserve(chan, length) + + callbacks: + + subbuf_start(buf, subbuf, prev_subbuf, prev_padding) + buf_mapped(buf, filp) + buf_unmapped(buf, filp) + + helper functions: + + relay_buf_full(buf) + subbuf_start_reserve(buf, length) + + +Creating a channel +------------------ + +relay_open() is used to create a channel, along with its per-cpu +channel buffers. Each channel buffer will have an associated file +created for it in the relayfs filesystem, which can be opened and +mmapped from user space if desired. The files are named +basename0...basenameN-1 where N is the number of online cpus, and by +default will be created in the root of the filesystem. If you want a +directory structure to contain your relayfs files, you can create it +with relayfs_create_dir() and pass the parent directory to +relay_open(). Clients are responsible for cleaning up any directory +structure they create when the channel is closed - use +relayfs_remove_dir() for that. + +The total size of each per-cpu buffer is calculated by multiplying the +number of sub-buffers by the sub-buffer size passed into relay_open(). +The idea behind sub-buffers is that they're basically an extension of +double-buffering to N buffers, and they also allow applications to +easily implement random-access-on-buffer-boundary schemes, which can +be important for some high-volume applications. The number and size +of sub-buffers is completely dependent on the application and even for +the same application, different conditions will warrant different +values for these parameters at different times. Typically, the right +values to use are best decided after some experimentation; in general, +though, it's safe to assume that having only 1 sub-buffer is a bad +idea - you're guaranteed to either overwrite data or lose events +depending on the channel mode being used. + +Channel 'modes' +--------------- + +relayfs channels can be used in either of two modes - 'overwrite' or +'no-overwrite'. The mode is entirely determined by the implementation +of the subbuf_start() callback, as described below. In 'overwrite' +mode, also known as 'flight recorder' mode, writes continuously cycle +around the buffer and will never fail, but will unconditionally +overwrite old data regardless of whether it's actually been consumed. +In no-overwrite mode, writes will fail i.e. data will be lost, if the +number of unconsumed sub-buffers equals the total number of +sub-buffers in the channel. It should be clear that if there is no +consumer or if the consumer can't consume sub-buffers fast enought, +data will be lost in either case; the only difference is whether data +is lost from the beginning or the end of a buffer. + +As explained above, a relayfs channel is made of up one or more +per-cpu channel buffers, each implemented as a circular buffer +subdivided into one or more sub-buffers. Messages are written into +the current sub-buffer of the channel's current per-cpu buffer via the +write functions described below. Whenever a message can't fit into +the current sub-buffer, because there's no room left for it, the +client is notified via the subbuf_start() callback that a switch to a +new sub-buffer is about to occur. The client uses this callback to 1) +initialize the next sub-buffer if appropriate 2) finalize the previous +sub-buffer if appropriate and 3) return a boolean value indicating +whether or not to actually go ahead with the sub-buffer switch. + +To implement 'no-overwrite' mode, the userspace client would provide +an implementation of the subbuf_start() callback something like the +following: + +static int subbuf_start(struct rchan_buf *buf, + void *subbuf, + void *prev_subbuf, + unsigned int prev_padding) +{ + if (prev_subbuf) + *((unsigned *)prev_subbuf) = prev_padding; + + if (relay_buf_full(buf)) + return 0; + + subbuf_start_reserve(buf, sizeof(unsigned int)); + + return 1; +} + +If the current buffer is full i.e. all sub-buffers remain unconsumed, +the callback returns 0 to indicate that the buffer switch should not +occur yet i.e. until the consumer has had a chance to read the current +set of ready sub-buffers. For the relay_buf_full() function to make +sense, the consumer is reponsible for notifying relayfs when +sub-buffers have been consumed via relay_subbufs_consumed(). Any +subsequent attempts to write into the buffer will again invoke the +subbuf_start() callback with the same parameters; only when the +consumer has consumed one or more of the ready sub-buffers will +relay_buf_full() return 0, in which case the buffer switch can +continue. + +The implementation of the subbuf_start() callback for 'overwrite' mode +would be very similar: + +static int subbuf_start(struct rchan_buf *buf, + void *subbuf, + void *prev_subbuf, + unsigned int prev_padding) +{ + if (prev_subbuf) + *((unsigned *)prev_subbuf) = prev_padding; + + subbuf_start_reserve(buf, sizeof(unsigned int)); + + return 1; +} + +In this case, the relay_buf_full() check is meaningless and the +callback always returns 1, causing the buffer switch to occur +unconditionally. It's also meaningless for the client to use the +relay_subbufs_consumed() function in this mode, as it's never +consulted. + +The default subbuf_start() implementation, used if the client doesn't +define any callbacks, or doesn't define the subbuf_start() callback, +implements the simplest possible 'no-overwrite' mode i.e. it does +nothing but return 0. + +Header information can be reserved at the beginning of each sub-buffer +by calling the subbuf_start_reserve() helper function from within the +subbuf_start() callback. This reserved area can be used to store +whatever information the client wants. In the example above, room is +reserved in each sub-buffer to store the padding count for that +sub-buffer. This is filled in for the previous sub-buffer in the +subbuf_start() implementation; the padding value for the previous +sub-buffer is passed into the subbuf_start() callback along with a +pointer to the previous sub-buffer, since the padding value isn't +known until a sub-buffer is filled. The subbuf_start() callback is +also called for the first sub-buffer when the channel is opened, to +give the client a chance to reserve space in it. In this case the +previous sub-buffer pointer passed into the callback will be NULL, so +the client should check the value of the prev_subbuf pointer before +writing into the previous sub-buffer. + +Writing to a channel +-------------------- + +kernel clients write data into the current cpu's channel buffer using +relay_write() or __relay_write(). relay_write() is the main logging +function - it uses local_irqsave() to protect the buffer and should be +used if you might be logging from interrupt context. If you know +you'll never be logging from interrupt context, you can use +__relay_write(), which only disables preemption. These functions +don't return a value, so you can't determine whether or not they +failed - the assumption is that you wouldn't want to check a return +value in the fast logging path anyway, and that they'll always succeed +unless the buffer is full and no-overwrite mode is being used, in +which case you can detect a failed write in the subbuf_start() +callback by calling the relay_buf_full() helper function. + +relay_reserve() is used to reserve a slot in a channel buffer which +can be written to later. This would typically be used in applications +that need to write directly into a channel buffer without having to +stage data in a temporary buffer beforehand. Because the actual write +may not happen immediately after the slot is reserved, applications +using relay_reserve() can keep a count of the number of bytes actually +written, either in space reserved in the sub-buffers themselves or as +a separate array. See the 'reserve' example in the relay-apps tarball +at http://relayfs.sourceforge.net for an example of how this can be +done. Because the write is under control of the client and is +separated from the reserve, relay_reserve() doesn't protect the buffer +at all - it's up to the client to provide the appropriate +synchronization when using relay_reserve(). + +Closing a channel +----------------- + +The client calls relay_close() when it's finished using the channel. +The channel and its associated buffers are destroyed when there are no +longer any references to any of the channel buffers. relay_flush() +forces a sub-buffer switch on all the channel buffers, and can be used +to finalize and process the last sub-buffers before the channel is +closed. + +Misc +---- + +Some applications may want to keep a channel around and re-use it +rather than open and close a new channel for each use. relay_reset() +can be used for this purpose - it resets a channel to its initial +state without reallocating channel buffer memory or destroying +existing mappings. It should however only be called when it's safe to +do so i.e. when the channel isn't currently being written to. + +Finally, there are a couple of utility callbacks that can be used for +different purposes. buf_mapped() is called whenever a channel buffer +is mmapped from user space and buf_unmapped() is called when it's +unmapped. The client can use this notification to trigger actions +within the kernel application, such as enabling/disabling logging to +the channel. + + +Resources +========= + +For news, example code, mailing list, etc. see the relayfs homepage: + + http://relayfs.sourceforge.net + + +Credits +======= + +The ideas and specs for relayfs came about as a result of discussions +on tracing involving the following: + +Michel Dagenais +Richard Moore +Bob Wisniewski +Karim Yaghmour +Tom Zanussi + +Also thanks to Hubertus Franke for a lot of useful suggestions and bug +reports. diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt index dc276598a65a..c8bce82ddcac 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/sysfs.txt @@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ void device_remove_file(struct device *, struct device_attribute *); It also defines this helper for defining device attributes: -#define DEVICE_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store) \ +#define DEVICE_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \ struct device_attribute dev_attr_##_name = { \ .attr = {.name = __stringify(_name) , .mode = _mode }, \ .show = _show, \ @@ -99,14 +99,14 @@ struct device_attribute dev_attr_##_name = { \ For example, declaring -static DEVICE_ATTR(foo,0644,show_foo,store_foo); +static DEVICE_ATTR(foo, S_IWUSR | S_IRUGO, show_foo, store_foo); is equivalent to doing: static struct device_attribute dev_attr_foo = { .attr = { .name = "foo", - .mode = 0644, + .mode = S_IWUSR | S_IRUGO, }, .show = show_foo, .store = store_foo, @@ -121,8 +121,8 @@ set of sysfs operations for forwarding read and write calls to the show and store methods of the attribute owners. struct sysfs_ops { - ssize_t (*show)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *,char *); - ssize_t (*store)(struct kobject *,struct attribute *,const char *); + ssize_t (*show)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *, char *); + ssize_t (*store)(struct kobject *, struct attribute *, const char *); }; [ Subsystems should have already defined a struct kobj_type as a @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ calls the associated methods. To illustrate: -#define to_dev_attr(_attr) container_of(_attr,struct device_attribute,attr) +#define to_dev_attr(_attr) container_of(_attr, struct device_attribute, attr) #define to_dev(d) container_of(d, struct device, kobj) static ssize_t @@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ dev_attr_show(struct kobject * kobj, struct attribute * attr, char * buf) ssize_t ret = 0; if (dev_attr->show) - ret = dev_attr->show(dev,buf); + ret = dev_attr->show(dev, buf); return ret; } @@ -216,16 +216,16 @@ A very simple (and naive) implementation of a device attribute is: static ssize_t show_name(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf) { - return sprintf(buf,"%s\n",dev->name); + return snprintf(buf, PAGE_SIZE, "%s\n", dev->name); } static ssize_t store_name(struct device * dev, const char * buf) { - sscanf(buf,"%20s",dev->name); - return strlen(buf); + sscanf(buf, "%20s", dev->name); + return strnlen(buf, PAGE_SIZE); } -static DEVICE_ATTR(name,S_IRUGO,show_name,store_name); +static DEVICE_ATTR(name, S_IRUGO, show_name, store_name); (Note that the real implementation doesn't allow userspace to set the @@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ struct device_attribute { Declaring: -DEVICE_ATTR(_name,_str,_mode,_show,_store); +DEVICE_ATTR(_name, _str, _mode, _show, _store); Creation/Removal: @@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ struct bus_attribute { Declaring: -BUS_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store) +BUS_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) Creation/Removal: @@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ struct driver_attribute { Declaring: -DRIVER_ATTR(_name,_mode,_show,_store) +DRIVER_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) Creation/Removal: diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/v9fs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/v9fs.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..4e92feb6b507 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/v9fs.txt @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ + V9FS: 9P2000 for Linux + ====================== + +ABOUT +===== + +v9fs is a Unix implementation of the Plan 9 9p remote filesystem protocol. + +This software was originally developed by Ron Minnich +and Maya Gokhale . Additional development by Greg Watson + and most recently Eric Van Hensbergen + and Latchesar Ionkov . + +USAGE +===== + +For remote file server: + + mount -t 9P 10.10.1.2 /mnt/9 + +For Plan 9 From User Space applications (http://swtch.com/plan9) + + mount -t 9P `namespace`/acme /mnt/9 -o proto=unix,name=$USER + +OPTIONS +======= + + proto=name select an alternative transport. Valid options are + currently: + unix - specifying a named pipe mount point + tcp - specifying a normal TCP/IP connection + fd - used passed file descriptors for connection + (see rfdno and wfdno) + + name=name user name to attempt mount as on the remote server. The + server may override or ignore this value. Certain user + names may require authentication. + + aname=name aname specifies the file tree to access when the server is + offering several exported file systems. + + debug=n specifies debug level. The debug level is a bitmask. + 0x01 = display verbose error messages + 0x02 = developer debug (DEBUG_CURRENT) + 0x04 = display 9P trace + 0x08 = display VFS trace + 0x10 = display Marshalling debug + 0x20 = display RPC debug + 0x40 = display transport debug + 0x80 = display allocation debug + + rfdno=n the file descriptor for reading with proto=fd + + wfdno=n the file descriptor for writing with proto=fd + + maxdata=n the number of bytes to use for 9P packet payload (msize) + + port=n port to connect to on the remote server + + timeout=n request timeouts (in ms) (default 60000ms) + + noextend force legacy mode (no 9P2000.u semantics) + + uid attempt to mount as a particular uid + + gid attempt to mount with a particular gid + + afid security channel - used by Plan 9 authentication protocols + + nodevmap do not map special files - represent them as normal files. + This can be used to share devices/named pipes/sockets between + hosts. This functionality will be expanded in later versions. + +RESOURCES +========= + +The Linux version of the 9P server, along with some client-side utilities +can be found at http://v9fs.sf.net (along with a CVS repository of the +development branch of this module). There are user and developer mailing +lists here, as well as a bug-tracker. + +For more information on the Plan 9 Operating System check out +http://plan9.bell-labs.com/plan9 + +For information on Plan 9 from User Space (Plan 9 applications and libraries +ported to Linux/BSD/OSX/etc) check out http://swtch.com/plan9 + + +STATUS +====== + +The 2.6 kernel support is working on PPC and x86. + +PLEASE USE THE SOURCEFORGE BUG-TRACKER TO REPORT PROBLEMS. + diff --git a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt index 3f318dd44c77..f042c12e0ed2 100644 --- a/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt +++ b/Documentation/filesystems/vfs.txt @@ -1,35 +1,27 @@ -/* -*- auto-fill -*- */ - Overview of the Virtual File System + Overview of the Linux Virtual File System - Richard Gooch + Original author: Richard Gooch - 5-JUL-1999 + Last updated on August 25, 2005 + Copyright (C) 1999 Richard Gooch + Copyright (C) 2005 Pekka Enberg -Conventions used in this document
-================================= + This file is released under the GPLv2. -Each section in this document will have the string "
" at the -right-hand side of the section title. Each subsection will have -"" at the right-hand side. These strings are meant to make -it easier to search through the document. -NOTE that the master copy of this document is available online at: -http://www.atnf.csiro.au/~rgooch/linux/docs/vfs.txt - - -What is it?
+What is it? =========== The Virtual File System (otherwise known as the Virtual Filesystem Switch) is the software layer in the kernel that provides the filesystem interface to userspace programs. It also provides an abstraction within the kernel which allows different filesystem -implementations to co-exist. +implementations to coexist. -A Quick Look At How It Works
+A Quick Look At How It Works ============================ In this section I'll briefly describe how things work, before @@ -38,7 +30,8 @@ when user programs open and manipulate files, and then look from the other view which is how a filesystem is supported and subsequently mounted. -Opening a File + +Opening a File -------------- The VFS implements the open(2), stat(2), chmod(2) and similar system @@ -77,7 +70,7 @@ back to userspace. Opening a file requires another operation: allocation of a file structure (this is the kernel-side implementation of file -descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialised with +descriptors). The freshly allocated file structure is initialized with a pointer to the dentry and a set of file operation member functions. These are taken from the inode data. The open() file method is then called so the specific filesystem implementation can do it's work. You @@ -102,7 +95,8 @@ filesystem or driver code at the same time, on different processors. You should ensure that access to shared resources is protected by appropriate locks. -Registering and Mounting a Filesystem + +Registering and Mounting a Filesystem ------------------------------------- If you want to support a new kind of filesystem in the kernel, all you @@ -123,17 +117,21 @@ updated to point to the root inode for the new filesystem. It's now time to look at things in more detail. -struct file_system_type
+struct file_system_type ======================= -This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following +This describes the filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined: struct file_system_type { const char *name; int fs_flags; - struct super_block *(*read_super) (struct super_block *, void *, int); - struct file_system_type * next; + struct super_block *(*get_sb) (struct file_system_type *, int, + const char *, void *); + void (*kill_sb) (struct super_block *); + struct module *owner; + struct file_system_type * next; + struct list_head fs_supers; }; name: the name of the filesystem type, such as "ext2", "iso9660", @@ -141,51 +139,97 @@ struct file_system_type { fs_flags: various flags (i.e. FS_REQUIRES_DEV, FS_NO_DCACHE, etc.) - read_super: the method to call when a new instance of this + get_sb: the method to call when a new instance of this filesystem should be mounted - next: for internal VFS use: you should initialise this to NULL + kill_sb: the method to call when an instance of this filesystem + should be unmounted + + owner: for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to THIS_MODULE in + most cases. -The read_super() method has the following arguments: + next: for internal VFS use: you should initialize this to NULL + +The get_sb() method has the following arguments: struct super_block *sb: the superblock structure. This is partially - initialised by the VFS and the rest must be initialised by the - read_super() method + initialized by the VFS and the rest must be initialized by the + get_sb() method + + int flags: mount flags + + const char *dev_name: the device name we are mounting. void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII string int silent: whether or not to be silent on error -The read_super() method must determine if the block device specified +The get_sb() method must determine if the block device specified in the superblock contains a filesystem of the type the method supports. On success the method returns the superblock pointer, on failure it returns NULL. The most interesting member of the superblock structure that the -read_super() method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to +get_sb() method fills in is the "s_op" field. This is a pointer to a "struct super_operations" which describes the next level of the filesystem implementation. +Usually, a filesystem uses generic one of the generic get_sb() +implementations and provides a fill_super() method instead. The +generic methods are: + + get_sb_bdev: mount a filesystem residing on a block device -struct super_operations
+ get_sb_nodev: mount a filesystem that is not backed by a device + + get_sb_single: mount a filesystem which shares the instance between + all mounts + +A fill_super() method implementation has the following arguments: + + struct super_block *sb: the superblock structure. The method fill_super() + must initialize this properly. + + void *data: arbitrary mount options, usually comes as an ASCII + string + + int silent: whether or not to be silent on error + + +struct super_operations ======================= This describes how the VFS can manipulate the superblock of your -filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined: +filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined: struct super_operations { - void (*read_inode) (struct inode *); - int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int); - void (*put_inode) (struct inode *); - void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *); - void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *); - int (*notify_change) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *); - void (*put_super) (struct super_block *); - void (*write_super) (struct super_block *); - int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct statfs *, int); - int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *); - void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *); + struct inode *(*alloc_inode)(struct super_block *sb); + void (*destroy_inode)(struct inode *); + + void (*read_inode) (struct inode *); + + void (*dirty_inode) (struct inode *); + int (*write_inode) (struct inode *, int); + void (*put_inode) (struct inode *); + void (*drop_inode) (struct inode *); + void (*delete_inode) (struct inode *); + void (*put_super) (struct super_block *); + void (*write_super) (struct super_block *); + int (*sync_fs)(struct super_block *sb, int wait); + void (*write_super_lockfs) (struct super_block *); + void (*unlockfs) (struct super_block *); + int (*statfs) (struct super_block *, struct kstatfs *); + int (*remount_fs) (struct super_block *, int *, char *); + void (*clear_inode) (struct inode *); + void (*umount_begin) (struct super_block *); + + void (*sync_inodes) (struct super_block *sb, + struct writeback_control *wbc); + int (*show_options)(struct seq_file *, struct vfsmount *); + + ssize_t (*quota_read)(struct super_block *, int, char *, size_t, loff_t); + ssize_t (*quota_write)(struct super_block *, int, const char *, size_t, loff_t); }; All methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise @@ -193,43 +237,62 @@ noted. This means that most methods can block safely. All methods are only called from a process context (i.e. not from an interrupt handler or bottom half). + alloc_inode: this method is called by inode_alloc() to allocate memory + for struct inode and initialize it. + + destroy_inode: this method is called by destroy_inode() to release + resources allocated for struct inode. + read_inode: this method is called to read a specific inode from the - mounted filesystem. The "i_ino" member in the "struct inode" - will be initialised by the VFS to indicate which inode to - read. Other members are filled in by this method + mounted filesystem. The i_ino member in the struct inode is + initialized by the VFS to indicate which inode to read. Other + members are filled in by this method. + + You can set this to NULL and use iget5_locked() instead of iget() + to read inodes. This is necessary for filesystems for which the + inode number is not sufficient to identify an inode. + + dirty_inode: this method is called by the VFS to mark an inode dirty. write_inode: this method is called when the VFS needs to write an inode to disc. The second parameter indicates whether the write should be synchronous or not, not all filesystems check this flag. put_inode: called when the VFS inode is removed from the inode - cache. This method is optional + cache. drop_inode: called when the last access to the inode is dropped, with the inode_lock spinlock held. - This method should be either NULL (normal unix filesystem + This method should be either NULL (normal UNIX filesystem semantics) or "generic_delete_inode" (for filesystems that do not want to cache inodes - causing "delete_inode" to always be called regardless of the value of i_nlink) - The "generic_delete_inode()" behaviour is equivalent to the + The "generic_delete_inode()" behavior is equivalent to the old practice of using "force_delete" in the put_inode() case, but does not have the races that the "force_delete()" approach had. delete_inode: called when the VFS wants to delete an inode - notify_change: called when VFS inode attributes are changed. If this - is NULL the VFS falls back to the write_inode() method. This - is called with the kernel lock held - put_super: called when the VFS wishes to free the superblock (i.e. unmount). This is called with the superblock lock held write_super: called when the VFS superblock needs to be written to disc. This method is optional + sync_fs: called when VFS is writing out all dirty data associated with + a superblock. The second parameter indicates whether the method + should wait until the write out has been completed. Optional. + + write_super_lockfs: called when VFS is locking a filesystem and forcing + it into a consistent state. This function is currently used by the + Logical Volume Manager (LVM). + + unlockfs: called when VFS is unlocking a filesystem and making it writable + again. + statfs: called when the VFS needs to get filesystem statistics. This is called with the kernel lock held @@ -238,21 +301,31 @@ or bottom half). clear_inode: called then the VFS clears the inode. Optional + umount_begin: called when the VFS is unmounting a filesystem. + + sync_inodes: called when the VFS is writing out dirty data associated with + a superblock. + + show_options: called by the VFS to show mount options for /proc//mounts. + + quota_read: called by the VFS to read from filesystem quota file. + + quota_write: called by the VFS to write to filesystem quota file. + The read_inode() method is responsible for filling in the "i_op" field. This is a pointer to a "struct inode_operations" which describes the methods that can be performed on individual inodes. -struct inode_operations
+struct inode_operations ======================= This describes how the VFS can manipulate an inode in your -filesystem. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are defined: +filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined: struct inode_operations { - struct file_operations * default_file_ops; - int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int); - int (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *); + int (*create) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int, struct nameidata *); + struct dentry * (*lookup) (struct inode *,struct dentry *, struct nameidata *); int (*link) (struct dentry *,struct inode *,struct dentry *); int (*unlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *); int (*symlink) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,const char *); @@ -261,25 +334,22 @@ struct inode_operations { int (*mknod) (struct inode *,struct dentry *,int,dev_t); int (*rename) (struct inode *, struct dentry *, struct inode *, struct dentry *); - int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char *,int); - struct dentry * (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct dentry *); - int (*readpage) (struct file *, struct page *); - int (*writepage) (struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc); - int (*bmap) (struct inode *,int); + int (*readlink) (struct dentry *, char __user *,int); + void * (*follow_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata *); + void (*put_link) (struct dentry *, struct nameidata *, void *); void (*truncate) (struct inode *); - int (*permission) (struct inode *, int); - int (*smap) (struct inode *,int); - int (*updatepage) (struct file *, struct page *, const char *, - unsigned long, unsigned int, int); - int (*revalidate) (struct dentry *); + int (*permission) (struct inode *, int, struct nameidata *); + int (*setattr) (struct dentry *, struct iattr *); + int (*getattr) (struct vfsmount *mnt, struct dentry *, struct kstat *); + int (*setxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *,const void *,size_t,int); + ssize_t (*getxattr) (struct dentry *, const char *, void *, size_t); + ssize_t (*listxattr) (struct dentry *, char *, size_t); + int (*removexattr) (struct dentry *, const char *); }; Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless otherwise noted. - default_file_ops: this is a pointer to a "struct file_operations" - which describes how to open and then manipulate open files - create: called by the open(2) and creat(2) system calls. Only required if you want to support regular files. The dentry you get should not have an inode (i.e. it should be a negative @@ -328,31 +398,143 @@ otherwise noted. you want to support reading symbolic links follow_link: called by the VFS to follow a symbolic link to the - inode it points to. Only required if you want to support - symbolic links + inode it points to. Only required if you want to support + symbolic links. This function returns a void pointer cookie + that is passed to put_link(). + + put_link: called by the VFS to release resources allocated by + follow_link(). The cookie returned by follow_link() is passed to + to this function as the last parameter. It is used by filesystems + such as NFS where page cache is not stable (i.e. page that was + installed when the symbolic link walk started might not be in the + page cache at the end of the walk). + + truncate: called by the VFS to change the size of a file. The i_size + field of the inode is set to the desired size by the VFS before + this function is called. This function is called by the truncate(2) + system call and related functionality. + + permission: called by the VFS to check for access rights on a POSIX-like + filesystem. + + setattr: called by the VFS to set attributes for a file. This function is + called by chmod(2) and related system calls. + + getattr: called by the VFS to get attributes of a file. This function is + called by stat(2) and related system calls. + + setxattr: called by the VFS to set an extended attribute for a file. + Extended attribute is a name:value pair associated with an inode. This + function is called by setxattr(2) system call. + + getxattr: called by the VFS to retrieve the value of an extended attribute + name. This function is called by getxattr(2) function call. + + listxattr: called by the VFS to list all extended attributes for a given + file. This function is called by listxattr(2) system call. + + removexattr: called by the VFS to remove an extended attribute from a file. + This function is called by removexattr(2) system call. + + +struct address_space_operations +=============================== + +This describes how the VFS can manipulate mapping of a file to page cache in +your filesystem. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined: + +struct address_space_operations { + int (*writepage)(struct page *page, struct writeback_control *wbc); + int (*readpage)(struct file *, struct page *); + int (*sync_page)(struct page *); + int (*writepages)(struct address_space *, struct writeback_control *); + int (*set_page_dirty)(struct page *page); + int (*readpages)(struct file *filp, struct address_space *mapping, + struct list_head *pages, unsigned nr_pages); + int (*prepare_write)(struct file *, struct page *, unsigned, unsigned); + int (*commit_write)(struct file *, struct page *, unsigned, unsigned); + sector_t (*bmap)(struct address_space *, sector_t); + int (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned long); + int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int); + ssize_t (*direct_IO)(int, struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *iov, + loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs); + struct page* (*get_xip_page)(struct address_space *, sector_t, + int); +}; + + writepage: called by the VM write a dirty page to backing store. + + readpage: called by the VM to read a page from backing store. + + sync_page: called by the VM to notify the backing store to perform all + queued I/O operations for a page. I/O operations for other pages + associated with this address_space object may also be performed. + + writepages: called by the VM to write out pages associated with the + address_space object. + + set_page_dirty: called by the VM to set a page dirty. + + readpages: called by the VM to read pages associated with the address_space + object. + prepare_write: called by the generic write path in VM to set up a write + request for a page. -struct file_operations
+ commit_write: called by the generic write path in VM to write page to + its backing store. + + bmap: called by the VFS to map a logical block offset within object to + physical block number. This method is use by for the legacy FIBMAP + ioctl. Other uses are discouraged. + + invalidatepage: called by the VM on truncate to disassociate a page from its + address_space mapping. + + releasepage: called by the VFS to release filesystem specific metadata from + a page. + + direct_IO: called by the VM for direct I/O writes and reads. + + get_xip_page: called by the VM to translate a block number to a page. + The page is valid until the corresponding filesystem is unmounted. + Filesystems that want to use execute-in-place (XIP) need to implement + it. An example implementation can be found in fs/ext2/xip.c. + + +struct file_operations ====================== This describes how the VFS can manipulate an open file. As of kernel -2.1.99, the following members are defined: +2.6.13, the following members are defined: struct file_operations { loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); - ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *); - ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *); + ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); + ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t); + ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); + ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t); int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t); unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); int (*ioctl) (struct inode *, struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); + long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); + long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); + int (*flush) (struct file *); int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); - int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *); - int (*fasync) (struct file *, int); - int (*check_media_change) (kdev_t dev); - int (*revalidate) (kdev_t dev); + int (*fsync) (struct file *, struct dentry *, int datasync); + int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync); + int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); + ssize_t (*readv) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t *); + ssize_t (*writev) (struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t *); + ssize_t (*sendfile) (struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, read_actor_t, void *); + ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); + unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); + int (*check_flags)(int); + int (*dir_notify)(struct file *filp, unsigned long arg); + int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); }; Again, all methods are called without any locks being held, unless @@ -362,8 +544,12 @@ otherwise noted. read: called by read(2) and related system calls + aio_read: called by io_submit(2) and other asynchronous I/O operations + write: called by write(2) and related system calls + aio_write: called by io_submit(2) and other asynchronous I/O operations + readdir: called when the VFS needs to read the directory contents poll: called by the VFS when a process wants to check if there is @@ -372,18 +558,25 @@ otherwise noted. ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call + unlocked_ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call. Filesystems that do not + require the BKL should use this method instead of the ioctl() above. + + compat_ioctl: called by the ioctl(2) system call when 32 bit system calls + are used on 64 bit kernels. + mmap: called by the mmap(2) system call open: called by the VFS when an inode should be opened. When the VFS - opens a file, it creates a new "struct file" and initialises - the "f_op" file operations member with the "default_file_ops" - field in the inode structure. It then calls the open method - for the newly allocated file structure. You might think that - the open method really belongs in "struct inode_operations", - and you may be right. I think it's done the way it is because - it makes filesystems simpler to implement. The open() method - is a good place to initialise the "private_data" member in the - file structure if you want to point to a device structure + opens a file, it creates a new "struct file". It then calls the + open method for the newly allocated file structure. You might + think that the open method really belongs in + "struct inode_operations", and you may be right. I think it's + done the way it is because it makes filesystems simpler to + implement. The open() method is a good place to initialize the + "private_data" member in the file structure if you want to point + to a device structure + + flush: called by the close(2) system call to flush a file release: called when the last reference to an open file is closed @@ -392,6 +585,23 @@ otherwise noted. fasync: called by the fcntl(2) system call when asynchronous (non-blocking) mode is enabled for a file + lock: called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_GETLK, F_SETLK, and F_SETLKW + commands + + readv: called by the readv(2) system call + + writev: called by the writev(2) system call + + sendfile: called by the sendfile(2) system call + + get_unmapped_area: called by the mmap(2) system call + + check_flags: called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_SETFL command + + dir_notify: called by the fcntl(2) system call for F_NOTIFY command + + flock: called by the flock(2) system call + Note that the file operations are implemented by the specific filesystem in which the inode resides. When opening a device node (character or block special) most filesystems will call special @@ -400,29 +610,28 @@ driver information. These support routines replace the filesystem file operations with those for the device driver, and then proceed to call the new open() method for the file. This is how opening a device file in the filesystem eventually ends up calling the device driver open() -method. Note the devfs (the Device FileSystem) has a more direct path -from device node to device driver (this is an unofficial kernel -patch). +method. -Directory Entry Cache (dcache)
------------------------------- +Directory Entry Cache (dcache) +============================== + struct dentry_operations -======================== +------------------------ This describes how a filesystem can overload the standard dentry operations. Dentries and the dcache are the domain of the VFS and the individual filesystem implementations. Device drivers have no business here. These methods may be set to NULL, as they are either optional or -the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.1.99, the following members are +the VFS uses a default. As of kernel 2.6.13, the following members are defined: struct dentry_operations { - int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *); + int (*d_revalidate)(struct dentry *, struct nameidata *); int (*d_hash) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *); int (*d_compare) (struct dentry *, struct qstr *, struct qstr *); - void (*d_delete)(struct dentry *); + int (*d_delete)(struct dentry *); void (*d_release)(struct dentry *); void (*d_iput)(struct dentry *, struct inode *); }; @@ -451,6 +660,7 @@ Each dentry has a pointer to its parent dentry, as well as a hash list of child dentries. Child dentries are basically like files in a directory. + Directory Entry Cache APIs -------------------------- @@ -471,7 +681,7 @@ manipulate dentries: "d_delete" method is called d_drop: this unhashes a dentry from its parents hash list. A - subsequent call to dput() will dellocate the dentry if its + subsequent call to dput() will deallocate the dentry if its usage count drops to 0 d_delete: delete a dentry. If there are no other open references to @@ -507,16 +717,16 @@ up by walking the tree starting with the first component of the pathname and using that dentry along with the next component to look up the next level and so on. Since it is a frequent operation for workloads like multiuser -environments and webservers, it is important to optimize +environments and web servers, it is important to optimize this path. Prior to 2.5.10, dcache_lock was acquired in d_lookup and thus in every component during path look-up. Since 2.5.10 onwards, -fastwalk algorithm changed this by holding the dcache_lock +fast-walk algorithm changed this by holding the dcache_lock at the beginning and walking as many cached path component -dentries as possible. This signficantly decreases the number +dentries as possible. This significantly decreases the number of acquisition of dcache_lock. However it also increases the -lock hold time signficantly and affects performance in large +lock hold time significantly and affects performance in large SMP machines. Since 2.5.62 kernel, dcache has been using a new locking model that uses RCU to make dcache look-up lock-free. @@ -527,7 +737,7 @@ protected the hash chain, d_child, d_alias, d_lru lists as well as d_inode and several other things like mount look-up. RCU-based changes affect only the way the hash chain is protected. For everything else the dcache_lock must be taken for both traversing as well as -updating. The hash chain updations too take the dcache_lock. +updating. The hash chain updates too take the dcache_lock. The significant change is the way d_lookup traverses the hash chain, it doesn't acquire the dcache_lock for this and rely on RCU to ensure that the dentry has not been *freed*. @@ -535,14 +745,15 @@ ensure that the dentry has not been *freed*. Dcache locking details ---------------------- + For many multi-user workloads, open() and stat() on files are very frequently occurring operations. Both involve walking of path names to find the dentry corresponding to the concerned file. In 2.4 kernel, dcache_lock was held during look-up of each path component. Contention and -cacheline bouncing of this global lock caused significant +cache-line bouncing of this global lock caused significant scalability problems. With the introduction of RCU -in linux kernel, this was worked around by making +in Linux kernel, this was worked around by making the look-up of path components during path walking lock-free. @@ -562,7 +773,7 @@ Some of the important changes are : 2. Insertion of a dentry into the hash table is done using hlist_add_head_rcu() which take care of ordering the writes - the writes to the dentry must be visible before the dentry - is inserted. This works in conjuction with hlist_for_each_rcu() + is inserted. This works in conjunction with hlist_for_each_rcu() while walking the hash chain. The only requirement is that all initialization to the dentry must be done before hlist_add_head_rcu() since we don't have dcache_lock protection while traversing @@ -584,7 +795,7 @@ Some of the important changes are : the same. In some sense, dcache_rcu path walking looks like the pre-2.5.10 version. -5. All dentry hash chain updations must take the dcache_lock as well as +5. All dentry hash chain updates must take the dcache_lock as well as the per-dentry lock in that order. dput() does this to ensure that a dentry that has just been looked up in another CPU doesn't get deleted before dget() can be done on it. @@ -640,10 +851,10 @@ handled as described below : Since we redo the d_parent check and compare name while holding d_lock, lock-free look-up will not race against d_move(). -4. There can be a theoritical race when a dentry keeps coming back +4. There can be a theoretical race when a dentry keeps coming back to original bucket due to double moves. Due to this look-up may consider that it has never moved and can end up in a infinite loop. - But this is not any worse that theoritical livelocks we already + But this is not any worse that theoretical livelocks we already have in the kernel. diff --git a/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c index e1c56a7e6583..4bef8c25172c 100644 --- a/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c +++ b/Documentation/firmware_class/firmware_sample_driver.c @@ -32,14 +32,14 @@ static void sample_firmware_load(char *firmware, int size) u8 buf[size+1]; memcpy(buf, firmware, size); buf[size] = '\0'; - printk("firmware_sample_driver: firmware: %s\n", buf); + printk(KERN_INFO "firmware_sample_driver: firmware: %s\n", buf); } static void sample_probe_default(void) { /* uses the default method to get the firmware */ const struct firmware *fw_entry; - printk("firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n"); + printk(KERN_INFO "firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n"); if(request_firmware(&fw_entry, "sample_driver_fw", &ghost_device)!=0) { @@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ static void sample_probe_specific(void) /* NOTE: This currently doesn't work */ - printk("firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n"); + printk(KERN_INFO "firmware_sample_driver: a ghost device got inserted :)\n"); if(request_firmware(NULL, "sample_driver_fw", &ghost_device)!=0) { @@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ static void sample_probe_async_cont(const struct firmware *fw, void *context) return; } - printk("firmware_sample_driver: device pointer \"%s\"\n", + printk(KERN_INFO "firmware_sample_driver: device pointer \"%s\"\n", (char *)context); sample_firmware_load(fw->data, fw->size); } diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/lm78 b/Documentation/hwmon/lm78 index 357086ed7f64..fd5dc7a19f0e 100644 --- a/Documentation/hwmon/lm78 +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/lm78 @@ -2,16 +2,11 @@ Kernel driver lm78 ================== Supported chips: - * National Semiconductor LM78 + * National Semiconductor LM78 / LM78-J Prefix: 'lm78' Addresses scanned: I2C 0x20 - 0x2f, ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports) Datasheet: Publicly available at the National Semiconductor website http://www.national.com/ - * National Semiconductor LM78-J - Prefix: 'lm78-j' - Addresses scanned: I2C 0x20 - 0x2f, ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports) - Datasheet: Publicly available at the National Semiconductor website - http://www.national.com/ * National Semiconductor LM79 Prefix: 'lm79' Addresses scanned: I2C 0x20 - 0x2f, ISA 0x290 (8 I/O ports) diff --git a/Documentation/hwmon/w83792d b/Documentation/hwmon/w83792d new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..8171c285bb55 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/hwmon/w83792d @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +Kernel driver w83792d +===================== + +Supported chips: + * Winbond W83792D + Prefix: 'w83792d' + Addresses scanned: I2C 0x2c - 0x2f + Datasheet: http://www.winbond.com.tw/E-WINBONDHTM/partner/PDFresult.asp?Pname=1035 + +Author: Chunhao Huang +Contact: DZShen + + +Module Parameters +----------------- + +* init int + (default 1) + Use 'init=0' to bypass initializing the chip. + Try this if your computer crashes when you load the module. + +* force_subclients=bus,caddr,saddr,saddr + This is used to force the i2c addresses for subclients of + a certain chip. Example usage is `force_subclients=0,0x2f,0x4a,0x4b' + to force the subclients of chip 0x2f on bus 0 to i2c addresses + 0x4a and 0x4b. + + +Description +----------- + +This driver implements support for the Winbond W83792AD/D. + +Detection of the chip can sometimes be foiled because it can be in an +internal state that allows no clean access (Bank with ID register is not +currently selected). If you know the address of the chip, use a 'force' +parameter; this will put it into a more well-behaved state first. + +The driver implements three temperature sensors, seven fan rotation speed +sensors, nine voltage sensors, and two automatic fan regulation +strategies called: Smart Fan I (Thermal Cruise mode) and Smart Fan II. +Automatic fan control mode is possible only for fan1-fan3. Fan4-fan7 can run +synchronized with selected fan (fan1-fan3). This functionality and manual PWM +control for fan4-fan7 is not yet implemented. + +Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius and measurement resolution is 1 +degC for temp1 and 0.5 degC for temp2 and temp3. An alarm is triggered when +the temperature gets higher than the Overtemperature Shutdown value; it stays +on until the temperature falls below the Hysteresis value. + +Fan rotation speeds are reported in RPM (rotations per minute). An alarm is +triggered if the rotation speed has dropped below a programmable limit. Fan +readings can be divided by a programmable divider (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 or +128) to give the readings more range or accuracy. + +Voltage sensors (also known as IN sensors) report their values in millivolts. +An alarm is triggered if the voltage has crossed a programmable minimum +or maximum limit. + +Alarms are provided as output from "realtime status register". Following bits +are defined: + +bit - alarm on: +0 - in0 +1 - in1 +2 - temp1 +3 - temp2 +4 - temp3 +5 - fan1 +6 - fan2 +7 - fan3 +8 - in2 +9 - in3 +10 - in4 +11 - in5 +12 - in6 +13 - VID change +14 - chassis +15 - fan7 +16 - tart1 +17 - tart2 +18 - tart3 +19 - in7 +20 - in8 +21 - fan4 +22 - fan5 +23 - fan6 + +Tart will be asserted while target temperature cannot be achieved after 3 minutes +of full speed rotation of corresponding fan. + +In addition to the alarms described above, there is a CHAS alarm on the chips +which triggers if your computer case is open (This one is latched, contrary +to realtime alarms). + +The chips only update values each 3 seconds; reading them more often will +do no harm, but will return 'old' values. + + +W83792D PROBLEMS +---------------- +Known problems: + - This driver is only for Winbond W83792D C version device, there + are also some motherboards with B version W83792D device. The + calculation method to in6-in7(measured value, limits) is a little + different between C and B version. C or B version can be identified + by CR[0x49h]. + - The function of vid and vrm has not been finished, because I'm NOT + very familiar with them. Adding support is welcome. +  - The function of chassis open detection needs more tests. + - If you have ASUS server board and chip was not found: Then you will + need to upgrade to latest (or beta) BIOS. If it does not help please + contact us. + +Fan control +----------- + +Manual mode +----------- + +Works as expected. You just need to specify desired PWM/DC value (fan speed) +in appropriate pwm# file. + +Thermal cruise +-------------- + +In this mode, W83792D provides the Smart Fan system to automatically control +fan speed to keep the temperatures of CPU and the system within specific +range. At first a wanted temperature and interval must be set. This is done +via thermal_cruise# file. The tolerance# file serves to create T +- tolerance +interval. The fan speed will be lowered as long as the current temperature +remains below the thermal_cruise# +- tolerance# value. Once the temperature +exceeds the high limit (T+tolerance), the fan will be turned on with a +specific speed set by pwm# and automatically controlled its PWM duty cycle +with the temperature varying. Three conditions may occur: + +(1) If the temperature still exceeds the high limit, PWM duty +cycle will increase slowly. + +(2) If the temperature goes below the high limit, but still above the low +limit (T-tolerance), the fan speed will be fixed at the current speed because +the temperature is in the target range. + +(3) If the temperature goes below the low limit, PWM duty cycle will decrease +slowly to 0 or a preset stop value until the temperature exceeds the low +limit. (The preset stop value handling is not yet implemented in driver) + +Smart Fan II +------------ + +W83792D also provides a special mode for fan. Four temperature points are +available. When related temperature sensors detects the temperature in preset +temperature region (sf2_point@_fan# +- tolerance#) it will cause fans to run +on programmed value from sf2_level@_fan#. You need to set four temperatures +for each fan. + + +/sys files +---------- + +pwm[1-3] - this file stores PWM duty cycle or DC value (fan speed) in range: + 0 (stop) to 255 (full) +pwm[1-3]_enable - this file controls mode of fan/temperature control: + * 0 Disabled + * 1 Manual mode + * 2 Smart Fan II + * 3 Thermal Cruise +pwm[1-3]_mode - Select PWM of DC mode + * 0 DC + * 1 PWM +thermal_cruise[1-3] - Selects the desired temperature for cruise (degC) +tolerance[1-3] - Value in degrees of Celsius (degC) for +- T +sf2_point[1-4]_fan[1-3] - four temperature points for each fan for Smart Fan II +sf2_level[1-3]_fan[1-3] - three PWM/DC levels for each fan for Smart Fan II diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/chips/max6875 b/Documentation/i2c/chips/max6875 index b02002898a09..96fec562a8e9 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/chips/max6875 +++ b/Documentation/i2c/chips/max6875 @@ -4,22 +4,13 @@ Kernel driver max6875 Supported chips: * Maxim MAX6874, MAX6875 Prefix: 'max6875' - Addresses scanned: 0x50, 0x52 + Addresses scanned: None (see below) Datasheet: http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX6874-MAX6875.pdf Author: Ben Gardner -Module Parameters ------------------ - -* allow_write int - Set to non-zero to enable write permission: - *0: Read only - 1: Read and write - - Description ----------- @@ -33,34 +24,85 @@ registers. The Maxim MAX6874 is a similar, mostly compatible device, with more intputs and outputs: - vin gpi vout MAX6874 6 4 8 MAX6875 4 3 5 -MAX6874 chips can have four different addresses (as opposed to only two for -the MAX6875). The additional addresses (0x54 and 0x56) are not probed by -this driver by default, but the probe module parameter can be used if -needed. - -See the datasheet for details on how to program the EEPROM. +See the datasheet for more information. Sysfs entries ------------- -eeprom_user - 512 bytes of user-defined EEPROM space. Only writable if - allow_write was set and register 0x43 is 0. - -eeprom_config - 70 bytes of config EEPROM. Note that changes will not get - loaded into register space until a power cycle or device reset. - -reg_config - 70 bytes of register space. Any changes take affect immediately. +eeprom - 512 bytes of user-defined EEPROM space. General Remarks --------------- -A typical application will require that the EEPROMs be programmed once and -never altered afterwards. +Valid addresses for the MAX6875 are 0x50 and 0x52. +Valid addresses for the MAX6874 are 0x50, 0x52, 0x54 and 0x56. +The driver does not probe any address, so you must force the address. + +Example: +$ modprobe max6875 force=0,0x50 + +The MAX6874/MAX6875 ignores address bit 0, so this driver attaches to multiple +addresses. For example, for address 0x50, it also reserves 0x51. +The even-address instance is called 'max6875', the odd one is 'max6875 subclient'. + + +Programming the chip using i2c-dev +---------------------------------- + +Use the i2c-dev interface to access and program the chips. +Reads and writes are performed differently depending on the address range. + +The configuration registers are at addresses 0x00 - 0x45. +Use i2c_smbus_write_byte_data() to write a register and +i2c_smbus_read_byte_data() to read a register. +The command is the register number. + +Examples: +To write a 1 to register 0x45: + i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(fd, 0x45, 1); + +To read register 0x45: + value = i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(fd, 0x45); + + +The configuration EEPROM is at addresses 0x8000 - 0x8045. +The user EEPROM is at addresses 0x8100 - 0x82ff. + +Use i2c_smbus_write_word_data() to write a byte to EEPROM. + +The command is the upper byte of the address: 0x80, 0x81, or 0x82. +The data word is the lower part of the address or'd with data << 8. + cmd = address >> 8; + val = (address & 0xff) | (data << 8); + +Example: +To write 0x5a to address 0x8003: + i2c_smbus_write_word_data(fd, 0x80, 0x5a03); + + +Reading data from the EEPROM is a little more complicated. +Use i2c_smbus_write_byte_data() to set the read address and then +i2c_smbus_read_byte() or i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data() to read the data. + +Example: +To read data starting at offset 0x8100, first set the address: + i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(fd, 0x81, 0x00); + +And then read the data + value = i2c_smbus_read_byte(fd); + + or + + count = i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(fd, 0x84, buffer); + +The block read should read 16 bytes. +0x84 is the block read command. + +See the datasheet for more details. diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/functionality b/Documentation/i2c/functionality index 8a78a95ae04e..41ffefbdc60c 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/functionality +++ b/Documentation/i2c/functionality @@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ CHECKING THROUGH /DEV If you try to access an adapter from a userspace program, you will have to use the /dev interface. You will still have to check whether the functionality you need is supported, of course. This is done using -the I2C_FUNCS ioctl. An example, adapted from the lm_sensors i2c_detect +the I2C_FUNCS ioctl. An example, adapted from the lm_sensors i2cdetect program, is below: int file; diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients b/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients index a7adbdd9ea8a..4849dfd6961c 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients +++ b/Documentation/i2c/porting-clients @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Revision 4, 2004-03-30 +Revision 5, 2005-07-29 Jean Delvare Greg KH @@ -17,20 +17,22 @@ yours for best results. Technical changes: -* [Includes] Get rid of "version.h". Replace with - . Includes typically look like that: +* [Includes] Get rid of "version.h" and . + Includes typically look like that: #include #include #include #include - #include - #include /* if you need VRM support */ + #include /* for hardware monitoring drivers */ + #include + #include /* if you need VRM support */ #include /* if you have I/O operations */ Please respect this inclusion order. Some extra headers may be required for a given driver (e.g. "lm75.h"). -* [Addresses] SENSORS_I2C_END becomes I2C_CLIENT_END, SENSORS_ISA_END - becomes I2C_CLIENT_ISA_END. +* [Addresses] SENSORS_I2C_END becomes I2C_CLIENT_END, ISA addresses + are no more handled by the i2c core. + SENSORS_INSMOD_ becomes I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD_. * [Client data] Get rid of sysctl_id. Try using standard names for register values (for example, temp_os becomes temp_max). You're @@ -66,13 +68,15 @@ Technical changes: if (!(adapter->class & I2C_CLASS_HWMON)) return 0; ISA-only drivers of course don't need this. + Call i2c_probe() instead of i2c_detect(). * [Detect] As mentioned earlier, the flags parameter is gone. The type_name and client_name strings are replaced by a single name string, which will be filled with a lowercase, short string (typically the driver name, e.g. "lm75"). In i2c-only drivers, drop the i2c_is_isa_adapter check, it's - useless. + useless. Same for isa-only drivers, as the test would always be + true. Only hybrid drivers (which are quite rare) still need it. The errorN labels are reduced to the number needed. If that number is 2 (i2c-only drivers), it is advised that the labels are named exit and exit_free. For i2c+isa drivers, labels should be named @@ -86,6 +90,8 @@ Technical changes: device_create_file. Move the driver initialization before any sysfs file creation. Drop client->id. + Drop any 24RF08 corruption prevention you find, as this is now done + at the i2c-core level, and doing it twice voids it. * [Init] Limits must not be set by the driver (can be done later in user-space). Chip should not be reset default (although a module @@ -93,7 +99,8 @@ Technical changes: limited to the strictly necessary steps. * [Detach] Get rid of data, remove the call to - i2c_deregister_entry. + i2c_deregister_entry. Do not log an error message if + i2c_detach_client fails, as i2c-core will now do it for you. * [Update] Don't access client->data directly, use i2c_get_clientdata(client) instead. diff --git a/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients b/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients index 91664be91ffc..077275722a7c 100644 --- a/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients +++ b/Documentation/i2c/writing-clients @@ -148,15 +148,15 @@ are defined in i2c.h to help you support them, as well as a generic detection algorithm. You do not have to use this parameter interface; but don't try to use -function i2c_probe() (or i2c_detect()) if you don't. +function i2c_probe() if you don't. NOTE: If you want to write a `sensors' driver, the interface is slightly different! See below. -Probing classes (i2c) ---------------------- +Probing classes +--------------- All parameters are given as lists of unsigned 16-bit integers. Lists are terminated by I2C_CLIENT_END. @@ -171,12 +171,18 @@ The following lists are used internally: ignore: insmod parameter. A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus), the second is the I2C address. These addresses are never probed. - This parameter overrules 'normal' and 'probe', but not the 'force' lists. + This parameter overrules the 'normal_i2c' list only. force: insmod parameter. A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (-1 for any I2C bus), the second is the I2C address. A device is blindly assumed to be on the given address, no probing is done. +Additionally, kind-specific force lists may optionally be defined if +the driver supports several chip kinds. They are grouped in a +NULL-terminated list of pointers named forces, those first element if the +generic force list mentioned above. Each additional list correspond to an +insmod parameter of the form force_. + Fortunately, as a module writer, you just have to define the `normal_i2c' parameter. The complete declaration could look like this: @@ -186,66 +192,17 @@ parameter. The complete declaration could look like this: /* Magic definition of all other variables and things */ I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD; + /* Or, if your driver supports, say, 2 kind of devices: */ + I2C_CLIENT_INSMOD_2(foo, bar); + +If you use the multi-kind form, an enum will be defined for you: + enum chips { any_chip, foo, bar, ... } +You can then (and certainly should) use it in the driver code. Note that you *have* to call the defined variable `normal_i2c', without any prefix! -Probing classes (sensors) -------------------------- - -If you write a `sensors' driver, you use a slightly different interface. -As well as I2C addresses, we have to cope with ISA addresses. Also, we -use a enum of chip types. Don't forget to include `sensors.h'. - -The following lists are used internally. They are all lists of integers. - - normal_i2c: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by SENSORS_I2C_END. - A list of I2C addresses which should normally be examined. - normal_isa: filled in by the module writer. Terminated by SENSORS_ISA_END. - A list of ISA addresses which should normally be examined. - probe: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END values. - A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for - the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the address. These - addresses are also probed, as if they were in the 'normal' list. - ignore: insmod parameter. Initialize this list with SENSORS_I2C_END values. - A list of pairs. The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for - the ISA bus, -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the I2C address. These - addresses are never probed. This parameter overrules 'normal' and - 'probe', but not the 'force' lists. - -Also used is a list of pointers to sensors_force_data structures: - force_data: insmod parameters. A list, ending with an element of which - the force field is NULL. - Each element contains the type of chip and a list of pairs. - The first value is a bus number (SENSORS_ISA_BUS for the ISA bus, - -1 for any I2C bus), the second is the address. - These are automatically translated to insmod variables of the form - force_foo. - -So we have a generic insmod variabled `force', and chip-specific variables -`force_CHIPNAME'. - -Fortunately, as a module writer, you just have to define the `normal_i2c' -and `normal_isa' parameters, and define what chip names are used. -The complete declaration could look like this: - /* Scan i2c addresses 0x37, and 0x48 to 0x4f */ - static unsigned short normal_i2c[] = { 0x37, 0x48, 0x49, 0x4a, 0x4b, 0x4c, - 0x4d, 0x4e, 0x4f, I2C_CLIENT_END }; - /* Scan ISA address 0x290 */ - static unsigned int normal_isa[] = {0x0290,SENSORS_ISA_END}; - - /* Define chips foo and bar, as well as all module parameters and things */ - SENSORS_INSMOD_2(foo,bar); - -If you have one chip, you use macro SENSORS_INSMOD_1(chip), if you have 2 -you use macro SENSORS_INSMOD_2(chip1,chip2), etc. If you do not want to -bother with chip types, you can use SENSORS_INSMOD_0. - -A enum is automatically defined as follows: - enum chips { any_chip, chip1, chip2, ... } - - Attaching to an adapter ----------------------- @@ -264,17 +221,10 @@ detected at a specific address, another callback is called. return i2c_probe(adapter,&addr_data,&foo_detect_client); } -For `sensors' drivers, use the i2c_detect function instead: - - int foo_attach_adapter(struct i2c_adapter *adapter) - { - return i2c_detect(adapter,&addr_data,&foo_detect_client); - } - Remember, structure `addr_data' is defined by the macros explained above, so you do not have to define it yourself. -The i2c_probe or i2c_detect function will call the foo_detect_client +The i2c_probe function will call the foo_detect_client function only for those i2c addresses that actually have a device on them (unless a `force' parameter was used). In addition, addresses that are already in use (by some other registered client) are skipped. @@ -283,19 +233,18 @@ are already in use (by some other registered client) are skipped. The detect client function -------------------------- -The detect client function is called by i2c_probe or i2c_detect. -The `kind' parameter contains 0 if this call is due to a `force' -parameter, and -1 otherwise (for i2c_detect, it contains 0 if -this call is due to the generic `force' parameter, and the chip type -number if it is due to a specific `force' parameter). +The detect client function is called by i2c_probe. The `kind' parameter +contains -1 for a probed detection, 0 for a forced detection, or a positive +number for a forced detection with a chip type forced. Below, some things are only needed if this is a `sensors' driver. Those parts are between /* SENSORS ONLY START */ and /* SENSORS ONLY END */ markers. -This function should only return an error (any value != 0) if there is -some reason why no more detection should be done anymore. If the -detection just fails for this address, return 0. +Returning an error different from -ENODEV in a detect function will cause +the detection to stop: other addresses and adapters won't be scanned. +This should only be done on fatal or internal errors, such as a memory +shortage or i2c_attach_client failing. For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use. @@ -320,11 +269,10 @@ For now, you can ignore the `flags' parameter. It is there for future use. const char *type_name = ""; int is_isa = i2c_is_isa_adapter(adapter); - if (is_isa) { + /* Do this only if the chip can additionally be found on the ISA bus + (hybrid chip). */ - /* If this client can't be on the ISA bus at all, we can stop now - (call `goto ERROR0'). But for kicks, we will assume it is all - right. */ + if (is_isa) { /* Discard immediately if this ISA range is already used */ if (check_region(address,FOO_EXTENT)) @@ -495,15 +443,13 @@ much simpler than the attachment code, fortunately! /* SENSORS ONLY END */ /* Try to detach the client from i2c space */ - if ((err = i2c_detach_client(client))) { - printk("foo.o: Client deregistration failed, client not detached.\n"); + if ((err = i2c_detach_client(client))) return err; - } - /* SENSORS ONLY START */ + /* HYBRID SENSORS CHIP ONLY START */ if i2c_is_isa_client(client) release_region(client->addr,LM78_EXTENT); - /* SENSORS ONLY END */ + /* HYBRID SENSORS CHIP ONLY END */ kfree(client); /* Frees client data too, if allocated at the same time */ return 0; diff --git a/Documentation/i386/boot.txt b/Documentation/i386/boot.txt index 1c48f0eba6fb..10312bebe55d 100644 --- a/Documentation/i386/boot.txt +++ b/Documentation/i386/boot.txt @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ---------------------------- H. Peter Anvin - Last update 2002-01-01 + Last update 2005-09-02 On the i386 platform, the Linux kernel uses a rather complicated boot convention. This has evolved partially due to historical aspects, as @@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ Protocol 2.02: (Kernel 2.4.0-test3-pre3) New command line protocol. Protocol 2.03: (Kernel 2.4.18-pre1) Explicitly makes the highest possible initrd address available to the bootloader. +Protocol 2.04: (Kernel 2.6.14) Extend the syssize field to four bytes. + **** MEMORY LAYOUT @@ -103,10 +105,9 @@ The header looks like: Offset Proto Name Meaning /Size -01F1/1 ALL setup_sects The size of the setup in sectors +01F1/1 ALL(1 setup_sects The size of the setup in sectors 01F2/2 ALL root_flags If set, the root is mounted readonly -01F4/2 ALL syssize DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only -01F6/2 ALL swap_dev DO NOT USE - obsolete +01F4/4 2.04+(2 syssize The size of the 32-bit code in 16-byte paras 01F8/2 ALL ram_size DO NOT USE - for bootsect.S use only 01FA/2 ALL vid_mode Video mode control 01FC/2 ALL root_dev Default root device number @@ -129,8 +130,12 @@ Offset Proto Name Meaning 0228/4 2.02+ cmd_line_ptr 32-bit pointer to the kernel command line 022C/4 2.03+ initrd_addr_max Highest legal initrd address -For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the -real value is 4. +(1) For backwards compatibility, if the setup_sects field contains 0, the + real value is 4. + +(2) For boot protocol prior to 2.04, the upper two bytes of the syssize + field are unusable, which means the size of a bzImage kernel + cannot be determined. If the "HdrS" (0x53726448) magic number is not found at offset 0x202, the boot protocol version is "old". Loading an old kernel, the @@ -230,12 +235,16 @@ loader to communicate with the kernel. Some of its options are also relevant to the boot loader itself, see "special command line options" below. -The kernel command line is a null-terminated string up to 255 -characters long, plus the final null. +The kernel command line is a null-terminated string currently up to +255 characters long, plus the final null. A string that is too long +will be automatically truncated by the kernel, a boot loader may allow +a longer command line to be passed to permit future kernels to extend +this limit. If the boot protocol version is 2.02 or later, the address of the kernel command line is given by the header field cmd_line_ptr (see -above.) +above.) This address can be anywhere between the end of the setup +heap and 0xA0000. If the protocol version is *not* 2.02 or higher, the kernel command line is entered using the following protocol: @@ -255,7 +264,7 @@ command line is entered using the following protocol: **** SAMPLE BOOT CONFIGURATION As a sample configuration, assume the following layout of the real -mode segment: +mode segment (this is a typical, and recommended layout): 0x0000-0x7FFF Real mode kernel 0x8000-0x8FFF Stack and heap @@ -312,9 +321,9 @@ Such a boot loader should enter the following fields in the header: **** LOADING THE REST OF THE KERNEL -The non-real-mode kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512 in the -kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.) It -should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and +The 32-bit (non-real-mode) kernel starts at offset (setup_sects+1)*512 +in the kernel file (again, if setup_sects == 0 the real value is 4.) +It should be loaded at address 0x10000 for Image/zImage kernels and 0x100000 for bzImage kernels. The kernel is a bzImage kernel if the protocol >= 2.00 and the 0x01 diff --git a/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt b/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt index c437b1aeff55..8b3fd82b2ce7 100644 --- a/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt +++ b/Documentation/ibm-acpi.txt @@ -1,16 +1,16 @@ IBM ThinkPad ACPI Extras Driver - Version 0.8 - 8 November 2004 + Version 0.12 + 17 August 2005 Borislav Deianov http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/ -This is a Linux ACPI driver for the IBM ThinkPad laptops. It aims to -support various features of these laptops which are accessible through -the ACPI framework but not otherwise supported by the generic Linux -ACPI drivers. +This is a Linux ACPI driver for the IBM ThinkPad laptops. It supports +various features of these laptops which are accessible through the +ACPI framework but not otherwise supported by the generic Linux ACPI +drivers. Status @@ -25,9 +25,14 @@ detailed description): - ThinkLight on and off - limited docking and undocking - UltraBay eject - - Experimental: CMOS control - - Experimental: LED control - - Experimental: ACPI sounds + - CMOS control + - LED control + - ACPI sounds + - temperature sensors + - Experimental: embedded controller register dump + - Experimental: LCD brightness control + - Experimental: volume control + - Experimental: fan speed, fan enable/disable A compatibility table by model and feature is maintained on the web site, http://ibm-acpi.sf.net/. I appreciate any success or failure @@ -91,12 +96,12 @@ driver is still in the alpha stage, the exact proc file format and commands supported by the various features is guaranteed to change frequently. -Driver Version -- /proc/acpi/ibm/driver --------------------------------------- +Driver version -- /proc/acpi/ibm/driver +--------------------------------------- The driver name and version. No commands can be written to this file. -Hot Keys -- /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey +Hot keys -- /proc/acpi/ibm/hotkey --------------------------------- Without this driver, only the Fn-F4 key (sleep button) generates an @@ -188,7 +193,7 @@ and, on the X40, video corruption. By disabling automatic switching, the flickering or video corruption can be avoided. The video_switch command cycles through the available video outputs -(it sumulates the behavior of Fn-F7). +(it simulates the behavior of Fn-F7). Video expansion can be toggled through this feature. This controls whether the display is expanded to fill the entire LCD screen when a @@ -201,6 +206,12 @@ Fn-F7 from working. This also disables the video output switching features of this driver, as it uses the same ACPI methods as Fn-F7. Video switching on the console should still work. +UPDATE: There's now a patch for the X.org Radeon driver which +addresses this issue. Some people are reporting success with the patch +while others are still having problems. For more information: + +https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=2000 + ThinkLight control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/light ------------------------------------------ @@ -211,7 +222,7 @@ models which do not make the status available will show it as echo on > /proc/acpi/ibm/light echo off > /proc/acpi/ibm/light -Docking / Undocking -- /proc/acpi/ibm/dock +Docking / undocking -- /proc/acpi/ibm/dock ------------------------------------------ Docking and undocking (e.g. with the X4 UltraBase) requires some @@ -228,11 +239,15 @@ NOTE: These events will only be generated if the laptop was docked when originally booted. This is due to the current lack of support for hot plugging of devices in the Linux ACPI framework. If the laptop was booted while not in the dock, the following message is shown in the -logs: "ibm_acpi: dock device not present". No dock-related events are -generated but the dock and undock commands described below still -work. They can be executed manually or triggered by Fn key -combinations (see the example acpid configuration files included in -the driver tarball package available on the web site). +logs: + + Mar 17 01:42:34 aero kernel: ibm_acpi: dock device not present + +In this case, no dock-related events are generated but the dock and +undock commands described below still work. They can be executed +manually or triggered by Fn key combinations (see the example acpid +configuration files included in the driver tarball package available +on the web site). When the eject request button on the dock is pressed, the first event above is generated. The handler for this event should issue the @@ -267,7 +282,7 @@ the only docking stations currently supported are the X-series UltraBase docks and "dumb" port replicators like the Mini Dock (the latter don't need any ACPI support, actually). -UltraBay Eject -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bay +UltraBay eject -- /proc/acpi/ibm/bay ------------------------------------ Inserting or ejecting an UltraBay device requires some actions to be @@ -284,8 +299,11 @@ when the laptop was originally booted (on the X series, the UltraBay is in the dock, so it may not be present if the laptop was undocked). This is due to the current lack of support for hot plugging of devices in the Linux ACPI framework. If the laptop was booted without the -UltraBay, the following message is shown in the logs: "ibm_acpi: bay -device not present". No bay-related events are generated but the eject +UltraBay, the following message is shown in the logs: + + Mar 17 01:42:34 aero kernel: ibm_acpi: bay device not present + +In this case, no bay-related events are generated but the eject command described below still works. It can be executed manually or triggered by a hot key combination. @@ -306,22 +324,33 @@ necessary to enable the UltraBay device (e.g. call idectl). The contents of the /proc/acpi/ibm/bay file shows the current status of the UltraBay, as provided by the ACPI framework. -Experimental Features ---------------------- +EXPERIMENTAL warm eject support on the 600e/x, A22p and A3x (To use +this feature, you need to supply the experimental=1 parameter when +loading the module): + +These models do not have a button near the UltraBay device to request +a hot eject but rather require the laptop to be put to sleep +(suspend-to-ram) before the bay device is ejected or inserted). +The sequence of steps to eject the device is as follows: + + echo eject > /proc/acpi/ibm/bay + put the ThinkPad to sleep + remove the drive + resume from sleep + cat /proc/acpi/ibm/bay should show that the drive was removed + +On the A3x, both the UltraBay 2000 and UltraBay Plus devices are +supported. Use "eject2" instead of "eject" for the second bay. -The following features are marked experimental because using them -involves guessing the correct values of some parameters. Guessing -incorrectly may have undesirable effects like crashing your -ThinkPad. USE THESE WITH CAUTION! To activate them, you'll need to -supply the experimental=1 parameter when loading the module. +Note: the UltraBay eject support on the 600e/x, A22p and A3x is +EXPERIMENTAL and may not work as expected. USE WITH CAUTION! -Experimental: CMOS control - /proc/acpi/ibm/cmos ------------------------------------------------- +CMOS control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/cmos +----------------------------------- This feature is used internally by the ACPI firmware to control the -ThinkLight on most newer ThinkPad models. It appears that it can also -control LCD brightness, sounds volume and more, but only on some -models. +ThinkLight on most newer ThinkPad models. It may also control LCD +brightness, sounds volume and more, but only on some models. The commands are non-negative integer numbers: @@ -330,10 +359,9 @@ The commands are non-negative integer numbers: echo 2 >/proc/acpi/ibm/cmos ... -The range of numbers which are used internally by various models is 0 -to 21, but it's possible that numbers outside this range have -interesting behavior. Here is the behavior on the X40 (tpb is the -ThinkPad Buttons utility): +The range of valid numbers is 0 to 21, but not all have an effect and +the behavior varies from model to model. Here is the behavior on the +X40 (tpb is the ThinkPad Buttons utility): 0 - no effect but tpb reports "Volume down" 1 - no effect but tpb reports "Volume up" @@ -346,26 +374,18 @@ ThinkPad Buttons utility): 13 - ThinkLight off 14 - no effect but tpb reports ThinkLight status change -If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the -above. On models which allow control of LCD brightness or sound -volume, I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly -way, but first I need a way to identify the models which this is -possible. - -Experimental: LED control - /proc/acpi/ibm/LED ----------------------------------------------- +LED control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/led +--------------------------------- Some of the LED indicators can be controlled through this feature. The available commands are: - echo on >/proc/acpi/ibm/led - echo off >/proc/acpi/ibm/led - echo blink >/proc/acpi/ibm/led + echo ' on' >/proc/acpi/ibm/led + echo ' off' >/proc/acpi/ibm/led + echo ' blink' >/proc/acpi/ibm/led -The parameter is a non-negative integer. The range of LED -numbers used internally by various models is 0 to 7 but it's possible -that numbers outside this range are also valid. Here is the mapping on -the X40: +The range is 0 to 7. The set of LEDs that can be +controlled varies from model to model. Here is the mapping on the X40: 0 - power 1 - battery (orange) @@ -376,49 +396,224 @@ the X40: All of the above can be turned on and off and can be made to blink. -If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the -above. I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly way, -but first I need to identify the which numbers correspond to which -LEDs on various models. - -Experimental: ACPI sounds - /proc/acpi/ibm/beep ------------------------------------------------ +ACPI sounds -- /proc/acpi/ibm/beep +---------------------------------- The BEEP method is used internally by the ACPI firmware to provide -audible alerts in various situtation. This feature allows the same +audible alerts in various situations. This feature allows the same sounds to be triggered manually. The commands are non-negative integer numbers: - echo 0 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep - echo 1 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep - echo 2 >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep - ... + echo >/proc/acpi/ibm/beep -The range of numbers which are used internally by various models is 0 -to 17, but it's possible that numbers outside this range are also -valid. Here is the behavior on the X40: +The valid range is 0 to 17. Not all numbers trigger sounds +and the sounds vary from model to model. Here is the behavior on the +X40: - 2 - two beeps, pause, third beep + 0 - stop a sound in progress (but use 17 to stop 16) + 2 - two beeps, pause, third beep ("low battery") 3 - single beep - 4 - "unable" + 4 - high, followed by low-pitched beep ("unable") 5 - single beep - 6 - "AC/DC" + 6 - very high, followed by high-pitched beep ("AC/DC") 7 - high-pitched beep 9 - three short beeps 10 - very long beep 12 - low-pitched beep + 15 - three high-pitched beeps repeating constantly, stop with 0 + 16 - one medium-pitched beep repeating constantly, stop with 17 + 17 - stop 16 + +Temperature sensors -- /proc/acpi/ibm/thermal +--------------------------------------------- + +Most ThinkPads include six or more separate temperature sensors but +only expose the CPU temperature through the standard ACPI methods. +This feature shows readings from up to eight different sensors. Some +readings may not be valid, e.g. may show large negative values. For +example, on the X40, a typical output may be: + +temperatures: 42 42 45 41 36 -128 33 -128 + +Thomas Gruber took his R51 apart and traced all six active sensors in +his laptop (the location of sensors may vary on other models): + +1: CPU +2: Mini PCI Module +3: HDD +4: GPU +5: Battery +6: N/A +7: Battery +8: N/A + +No commands can be written to this file. + +EXPERIMENTAL: Embedded controller reigster dump -- /proc/acpi/ibm/ecdump +------------------------------------------------------------------------ + +This feature is marked EXPERIMENTAL because the implementation +directly accesses hardware registers and may not work as expected. USE +WITH CAUTION! To use this feature, you need to supply the +experimental=1 parameter when loading the module. + +This feature dumps the values of 256 embedded controller +registers. Values which have changed since the last time the registers +were dumped are marked with a star: + +[root@x40 ibm-acpi]# cat /proc/acpi/ibm/ecdump +EC +00 +01 +02 +03 +04 +05 +06 +07 +08 +09 +0a +0b +0c +0d +0e +0f +EC 0x00: a7 47 87 01 fe 96 00 08 01 00 cb 00 00 00 40 00 +EC 0x10: 00 00 ff ff f4 3c 87 09 01 ff 42 01 ff ff 0d 00 +EC 0x20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 43 00 00 80 +EC 0x30: 01 07 1a 00 30 04 00 00 *85 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 +EC 0x40: 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 01 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x50: 00 c0 02 0d 00 01 01 02 02 03 03 03 03 *bc *02 *bc +EC 0x60: *02 *bc *02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x70: 00 00 00 00 00 12 30 40 *24 *26 *2c *27 *20 80 *1f 80 +EC 0x80: 00 00 00 06 *37 *0e 03 00 00 00 0e 07 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xa0: *ff 09 ff 09 ff ff *64 00 *00 *00 *a2 41 *ff *ff *e0 00 +EC 0xb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xc0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xd0: 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xe0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 20 49 04 24 06 55 03 +EC 0xf0: 31 55 48 54 35 38 57 57 08 2f 45 73 07 65 6c 1a + +This feature can be used to determine the register holding the fan +speed on some models. To do that, do the following: + + - make sure the battery is fully charged + - make sure the fan is running + - run 'cat /proc/acpi/ibm/ecdump' several times, once per second or so + +The first step makes sure various charging-related values don't +vary. The second ensures that the fan-related values do vary, since +the fan speed fluctuates a bit. The third will (hopefully) mark the +fan register with a star: + +[root@x40 ibm-acpi]# cat /proc/acpi/ibm/ecdump +EC +00 +01 +02 +03 +04 +05 +06 +07 +08 +09 +0a +0b +0c +0d +0e +0f +EC 0x00: a7 47 87 01 fe 96 00 08 01 00 cb 00 00 00 40 00 +EC 0x10: 00 00 ff ff f4 3c 87 09 01 ff 42 01 ff ff 0d 00 +EC 0x20: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 43 00 00 80 +EC 0x30: 01 07 1a 00 30 04 00 00 85 00 00 10 00 50 00 00 +EC 0x40: 00 00 00 00 00 00 14 01 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x50: 00 c0 02 0d 00 01 01 02 02 03 03 03 03 bc 02 bc +EC 0x60: 02 bc 02 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x70: 00 00 00 00 00 12 30 40 24 27 2c 27 21 80 1f 80 +EC 0x80: 00 00 00 06 *be 0d 03 00 00 00 0e 07 00 00 00 00 +EC 0x90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xa0: ff 09 ff 09 ff ff 64 00 00 00 a2 41 ff ff e0 00 +EC 0xb0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xc0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xd0: 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 +EC 0xe0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 20 49 04 24 06 55 03 +EC 0xf0: 31 55 48 54 35 38 57 57 08 2f 45 73 07 65 6c 1a + +Another set of values that varies often is the temperature +readings. Since temperatures don't change vary fast, you can take +several quick dumps to eliminate them. + +You can use a similar method to figure out the meaning of other +embedded controller registers - e.g. make sure nothing else changes +except the charging or discharging battery to determine which +registers contain the current battery capacity, etc. If you experiment +with this, do send me your results (including some complete dumps with +a description of the conditions when they were taken.) + +EXPERIMENTAL: LCD brightness control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/brightness +----------------------------------------------------------------- + +This feature is marked EXPERIMENTAL because the implementation +directly accesses hardware registers and may not work as expected. USE +WITH CAUTION! To use this feature, you need to supply the +experimental=1 parameter when loading the module. + +This feature allows software control of the LCD brightness on ThinkPad +models which don't have a hardware brightness slider. The available +commands are: + + echo up >/proc/acpi/ibm/brightness + echo down >/proc/acpi/ibm/brightness + echo 'level ' >/proc/acpi/ibm/brightness + +The number range is 0 to 7, although not all of them may be +distinct. The current brightness level is shown in the file. + +EXPERIMENTAL: Volume control -- /proc/acpi/ibm/volume +----------------------------------------------------- + +This feature is marked EXPERIMENTAL because the implementation +directly accesses hardware registers and may not work as expected. USE +WITH CAUTION! To use this feature, you need to supply the +experimental=1 parameter when loading the module. + +This feature allows volume control on ThinkPad models which don't have +a hardware volume knob. The available commands are: + + echo up >/proc/acpi/ibm/volume + echo down >/proc/acpi/ibm/volume + echo mute >/proc/acpi/ibm/volume + echo 'level ' >/proc/acpi/ibm/volume + +The number range is 0 to 15 although not all of them may be +distinct. The unmute the volume after the mute command, use either the +up or down command (the level command will not unmute the volume). +The current volume level and mute state is shown in the file. + +EXPERIMENTAL: fan speed, fan enable/disable -- /proc/acpi/ibm/fan +----------------------------------------------------------------- + +This feature is marked EXPERIMENTAL because the implementation +directly accesses hardware registers and may not work as expected. USE +WITH CAUTION! To use this feature, you need to supply the +experimental=1 parameter when loading the module. + +This feature attempts to show the current fan speed. The speed is read +directly from the hardware registers of the embedded controller. This +is known to work on later R, T and X series ThinkPads but may show a +bogus value on other models. + +The fan may be enabled or disabled with the following commands: + + echo enable >/proc/acpi/ibm/fan + echo disable >/proc/acpi/ibm/fan + +WARNING WARNING WARNING: do not leave the fan disabled unless you are +monitoring the temperature sensor readings and you are ready to enable +it if necessary to avoid overheating. + +The fan only runs if it's enabled *and* the various temperature +sensors which control it read high enough. On the X40, this seems to +depend on the CPU and HDD temperatures. Specifically, the fan is +turned on when either the CPU temperature climbs to 56 degrees or the +HDD temperature climbs to 46 degrees. The fan is turned off when the +CPU temperature drops to 49 degrees and the HDD temperature drops to +41 degrees. These thresholds cannot currently be controlled. + +On the X31 and X40 (and ONLY on those models), the fan speed can be +controlled to a certain degree. Once the fan is running, it can be +forced to run faster or slower with the following command: + + echo 'speed ' > /proc/acpi/ibm/thermal + +The sustainable range of fan speeds on the X40 appears to be from +about 3700 to about 7350. Values outside this range either do not have +any effect or the fan speed eventually settles somewhere in that +range. The fan cannot be stopped or started with this command. + +On the 570, temperature readings are not available through this +feature and the fan control works a little differently. The fan speed +is reported in levels from 0 (off) to 7 (max) and can be controlled +with the following command: -(I've only been able to identify a couple of them). - -If you try this feature, please send me a report similar to the -above. I'd like to provide this functionality in an user-friendly way, -but first I need to identify the which numbers correspond to which -sounds on various models. + echo 'level ' > /proc/acpi/ibm/thermal -Multiple Command, Module Parameters ------------------------------------ +Multiple Commands, Module Parameters +------------------------------------ Multiple commands can be written to the proc files in one shot by separating them with commas, for example: @@ -451,24 +646,19 @@ scripts (included with ibm-acpi for completeness): /usr/local/sbin/laptop_mode -- from the Linux kernel source distribution, see Documentation/laptop-mode.txt /sbin/service -- comes with Redhat/Fedora distributions + /usr/sbin/hibernate -- from the Software Suspend 2 distribution, + see http://softwaresuspend.berlios.de/ -Toan T Nguyen has written a SuSE powersave -script for the X20, included in config/usr/sbin/ibm_hotkeys_X20 +Toan T Nguyen notes that Suse uses the +powersave program to suspend ('powersave --suspend-to-ram') or +hibernate ('powersave --suspend-to-disk'). This means that the +hibernate script is not needed on that distribution. Henrik Brix Andersen has written a Gentoo ACPI event handler script for the X31. You can get the latest version from http://dev.gentoo.org/~brix/files/x31.sh David Schweikert has written an alternative blank.sh -script which works on Debian systems, included in -configs/etc/acpi/actions/blank-debian.sh - - -TODO ----- - -I'd like to implement the following features but haven't yet found the -time and/or I don't yet know how to implement them: - -- UltraBay floppy drive support - +script which works on Debian systems. This scripts has now been +extended to also work on Fedora systems and included as the default +blank.sh in the distribution. diff --git a/Documentation/input/appletouch.txt b/Documentation/input/appletouch.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..b48d11d0326d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/input/appletouch.txt @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +Apple Touchpad Driver (appletouch) +---------------------------------- + Copyright (C) 2005 Stelian Pop + +appletouch is a Linux kernel driver for the USB touchpad found on post +February 2005 Apple Alu Powerbooks. + +This driver is derived from Johannes Berg's appletrackpad driver[1], but it has +been improved in some areas: + * appletouch is a full kernel driver, no userspace program is necessary + * appletouch can be interfaced with the synaptics X11 driver, in order + to have touchpad acceleration, scrolling, etc. + +Credits go to Johannes Berg for reverse-engineering the touchpad protocol, +Frank Arnold for further improvements, and Alex Harper for some additional +information about the inner workings of the touchpad sensors. + +Usage: +------ + +In order to use the touchpad in the basic mode, compile the driver and load +the module. A new input device will be detected and you will be able to read +the mouse data from /dev/input/mice (using gpm, or X11). + +In X11, you can configure the touchpad to use the synaptics X11 driver, which +will give additional functionalities, like acceleration, scrolling, 2 finger +tap for middle button mouse emulation, 3 finger tap for right button mouse +emulation, etc. In order to do this, make sure you're using a recent version of +the synaptics driver (tested with 0.14.2, available from [2]), and configure a +new input device in your X11 configuration file (take a look below for an +example). For additional configuration, see the synaptics driver documentation. + + Section "InputDevice" + Identifier "Synaptics Touchpad" + Driver "synaptics" + Option "SendCoreEvents" "true" + Option "Device" "/dev/input/mice" + Option "Protocol" "auto-dev" + Option "LeftEdge" "0" + Option "RightEdge" "850" + Option "TopEdge" "0" + Option "BottomEdge" "645" + Option "MinSpeed" "0.4" + Option "MaxSpeed" "1" + Option "AccelFactor" "0.02" + Option "FingerLow" "0" + Option "FingerHigh" "30" + Option "MaxTapMove" "20" + Option "MaxTapTime" "100" + Option "HorizScrollDelta" "0" + Option "VertScrollDelta" "30" + Option "SHMConfig" "on" + EndSection + + Section "ServerLayout" + ... + InputDevice "Mouse" + InputDevice "Synaptics Touchpad" + ... + EndSection + +Fuzz problems: +-------------- + +The touchpad sensors are very sensitive to heat, and will generate a lot of +noise when the temperature changes. This is especially true when you power-on +the laptop for the first time. + +The appletouch driver tries to handle this noise and auto adapt itself, but it +is not perfect. If finger movements are not recognized anymore, try reloading +the driver. + +You can activate debugging using the 'debug' module parameter. A value of 0 +deactivates any debugging, 1 activates tracing of invalid samples, 2 activates +full tracing (each sample is being traced): + modprobe appletouch debug=1 + or + echo "1" > /sys/module/appletouch/parameters/debug + +Links: +------ + +[1]: http://johannes.sipsolutions.net/PowerBook/touchpad/ +[2]: http://web.telia.com/~u89404340/touchpad/index.html diff --git a/Documentation/input/yealink.txt b/Documentation/input/yealink.txt new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..85f095a7ad04 --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/input/yealink.txt @@ -0,0 +1,203 @@ +Driver documentation for yealink usb-p1k phones + +0. Status +~~~~~~~~~ + +The p1k is a relatively cheap usb 1.1 phone with: + - keyboard full support, yealink.ko / input event API + - LCD full support, yealink.ko / sysfs API + - LED full support, yealink.ko / sysfs API + - dialtone full support, yealink.ko / sysfs API + - ringtone full support, yealink.ko / sysfs API + - audio playback full support, snd_usb_audio.ko / alsa API + - audio record full support, snd_usb_audio.ko / alsa API + +For vendor documentation see http://www.yealink.com + + +1. Compilation (stand alone version) +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Currently only kernel 2.6.x.y versions are supported. +In order to build the yealink.ko module do: + + make + +If you encounter problems please check if in the MAKE_OPTS variable in +the Makefile is pointing to the location where your kernel sources +are located, default /usr/src/linux. + + + +2. keyboard features +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The current mapping in the kernel is provided by the map_p1k_to_key +function: + + Physical USB-P1K button layout input events + + + up up + IN OUT left, right + down down + + pickup C hangup enter, backspace, escape + 1 2 3 1, 2, 3 + 4 5 6 4, 5, 6, + 7 8 9 7, 8, 9, + * 0 # *, 0, #, + + The "up" and "down" keys, are symbolised by arrows on the button. + The "pickup" and "hangup" keys are symbolised by a green and red phone + on the button. + + +3. LCD features +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +The LCD is divided and organised as a 3 line display: + + |[] [][] [][] [][] in |[][] + |[] M [][] D [][] : [][] out |[][] + store + + NEW REP SU MO TU WE TH FR SA + + [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] + [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] [] + + +Line 1 Format (see below) : 18.e8.M8.88...188 + Icon names : M D : IN OUT STORE +Line 2 Format : ......... + Icon name : NEW REP SU MO TU WE TH FR SA +Line 3 Format : 888888888888 + + +Format description: + From a user space perspective the world is seperated in "digits" and "icons". + A digit can have a character set, an icon can only be ON or OFF. + + Format specifier + '8' : Generic 7 segment digit with individual addressable segments + + Reduced capabillity 7 segm digit, when segments are hard wired together. + '1' : 2 segments digit only able to produce a 1. + 'e' : Most significant day of the month digit, + able to produce at least 1 2 3. + 'M' : Most significant minute digit, + able to produce at least 0 1 2 3 4 5. + + Icons or pictograms: + '.' : For example like AM, PM, SU, a 'dot' .. or other single segment + elements. + + +4. Driver usage +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +For userland the following interfaces are available using the sysfs interface: + /sys/.../ + line1 Read/Write, lcd line1 + line2 Read/Write, lcd line2 + line3 Read/Write, lcd line3 + + get_icons Read, returns a set of available icons. + hide_icon Write, hide the element by writing the icon name. + show_icon Write, display the element by writing the icon name. + + map_seg7 Read/Write, the 7 segments char set, common for all + yealink phones. (see map_to_7segment.h) + + ringtone Write, upload binary representation of a ringtone, + see yealink.c. status EXPERIMENTAL due to potential + races between async. and sync usb calls. + + +4.1 lineX +~~~~~~~~~ +Reading /sys/../lineX will return the format string with its current value: + + Example: + cat ./line3 + 888888888888 + Linux Rocks! + +Writing to /sys/../lineX will set the coresponding LCD line. + - Excess characters are ignored. + - If less characters are written than allowed, the remaining digits are + unchanged. + - The tab '\t'and '\n' char does not overwrite the original content. + - Writing a space to an icon will always hide its content. + + Example: + date +"%m.%e.%k:%M" | sed 's/^0/ /' > ./line1 + + Will update the LCD with the current date & time. + + +4.2 get_icons +~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Reading will return all available icon names and its current settings: + + cat ./get_icons + on M + on D + on : + IN + OUT + STORE + NEW + REP + SU + MO + TU + WE + TH + FR + SA + LED + DIALTONE + RINGTONE + + +4.3 show/hide icons +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Writing to these files will update the state of the icon. +Only one icon at a time can be updated. + +If an icon is also on a ./lineX the corresponding value is +updated with the first letter of the icon. + + Example - light up the store icon: + echo -n "STORE" > ./show_icon + + cat ./line1 + 18.e8.M8.88...188 + S + + Example - sound the ringtone for 10 seconds: + echo -n RINGTONE > /sys/..../show_icon + sleep 10 + echo -n RINGTONE > /sys/..../hide_icon + + +5. Sound features +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ +Sound is supported by the ALSA driver: snd_usb_audio + +One 16-bit channel with sample and playback rates of 8000 Hz is the practical +limit of the device. + + Example - recording test: + arecord -v -d 10 -r 8000 -f S16_LE -t wav foobar.wav + + Example - playback test: + aplay foobar.wav + + +6. Credits & Acknowledgments +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + - Olivier Vandorpe, for starting the usbb2k-api project doing much of + the reverse engineering. + - Martin Diehl, for pointing out how to handle USB memory allocation. + - Dmitry Torokhov, for the numerous code reviews and suggestions. + diff --git a/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt b/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt index 4ccdcc6fe364..8ec32cc49eb1 100644 --- a/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt +++ b/Documentation/ioctl/cdrom.txt @@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ DVD_READ_STRUCT Read structure error returns: EINVAL physical.layer_num exceeds number of layers - EIO Recieved invalid response from drive + EIO Received invalid response from drive diff --git a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt index 2616a58a5a4b..d802ce88bedc 100644 --- a/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt +++ b/Documentation/kbuild/makefiles.txt @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ This document describes the Linux kernel Makefiles. === 6 Architecture Makefiles --- 6.1 Set variables to tweak the build to the architecture - --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare: + --- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archprepare: --- 6.3 List directories to visit when descending --- 6.4 Architecture specific boot images --- 6.5 Building non-kbuild targets @@ -734,18 +734,18 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): for loadable kernel modules. ---- 6.2 Add prerequisites to prepare: +--- 6.2 Add prerequisites to archprepare: - The prepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be + The archprepare: rule is used to list prerequisites that needs to be built before starting to descend down in the subdirectories. This is usual header files containing assembler constants. Example: - #arch/s390/Makefile - prepare: include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h + #arch/arm/Makefile + archprepare: maketools - In this example the file include/asm-$(ARCH)/offsets.h will - be built before descending down in the subdirectories. + In this example the file target maketools will be processed + before descending down in the subdirectories. See also chapter XXX-TODO that describe how kbuild supports generating offset header files. @@ -872,7 +872,13 @@ When kbuild executes the following steps are followed (roughly): Assignments to $(targets) are without $(obj)/ prefix. if_changed may be used in conjunction with custom commands as defined in 6.7 "Custom kbuild commands". + Note: It is a typical mistake to forget the FORCE prerequisite. + Another common pitfall is that whitespace is sometimes + significant; for instance, the below will fail (note the extra space + after the comma): + target: source(s) FORCE + #WRONG!# $(call if_changed, ld/objcopy/gzip) ld Link target. Often LDFLAGS_$@ is used to set specific options to ld. diff --git a/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt b/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt index 7ff213f4becd..5f08f9ce6046 100644 --- a/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt +++ b/Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt @@ -39,8 +39,7 @@ SETUP and apply http://lse.sourceforge.net/kdump/patches/kexec-tools-1.101-kdump.patch and after that build the source. -2) Download and build the appropriate (latest) kexec/kdump (-mm) kernel - patchset and apply it to the vanilla kernel tree. +2) Download and build the appropriate (2.6.13-rc1 onwards) vanilla kernel. Two kernels need to be built in order to get this feature working. @@ -67,11 +66,11 @@ SETUP c) Enable "/proc/vmcore support" (Optional, in Pseudo filesystems). CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE=y d) Disable SMP support and build a UP kernel (Until it is fixed). - CONFIG_SMP=n + CONFIG_SMP=n e) Enable "Local APIC support on uniprocessors". - CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC=y + CONFIG_X86_UP_APIC=y f) Enable "IO-APIC support on uniprocessors" - CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC=y + CONFIG_X86_UP_IOAPIC=y Note: i) Options a) and b) depend upon "Configure standard kernel features (for small systems)" (under General setup). @@ -84,17 +83,23 @@ SETUP 4) Load the second kernel to be booted using: - kexec -p --crash-dump --args-linux --append="root= - init 1 irqpoll" + kexec -p --args-linux --elf32-core-headers + --append="root= init 1 irqpoll" Note: i) has to be a vmlinux image. bzImage will not work, as of now. - ii) By default ELF headers are stored in ELF32 format (for i386). This - is sufficient to represent the physical memory up to 4GB. To store - headers in ELF64 format, specifiy "--elf64-core-headers" on the - kexec command line additionally. + ii) By default ELF headers are stored in ELF64 format. Option + --elf32-core-headers forces generation of ELF32 headers. gdb can + not open ELF64 headers on 32 bit systems. So creating ELF32 + headers can come handy for users who have got non-PAE systems and + hence have memory less than 4GB. iii) Specify "irqpoll" as command line parameter. This reduces driver initialization failures in second kernel due to shared interrupts. + iv) needs to be specified in a format corresponding to + the root device name in the output of mount command. + v) If you have built the drivers required to mount root file + system as modules in , then, specify + --initrd=. 5) System reboots into the second kernel when a panic occurs. A module can be written to force the panic or "ALT-SysRq-c" can be used initiate a crash diff --git a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt index 3d5cd7a09b2f..7086f0a90d14 100644 --- a/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt +++ b/Documentation/kernel-parameters.txt @@ -164,6 +164,15 @@ running once the system is up. over-ride platform specific driver. See also Documentation/acpi-hotkey.txt. + enable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64] + Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer + Can be useful to work around chipset bugs (in particular on some ATI chipsets) + The kernel tries to set a reasonable default. + + disable_timer_pin_1 [i386,x86-64] + Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer + Can be useful to work around chipset bugs. + ad1816= [HW,OSS] Format: ,,, See also Documentation/sound/oss/AD1816. @@ -549,6 +558,7 @@ running once the system is up. keyboard and can not control its state (Don't attempt to blink the leds) i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port + i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing controller i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX @@ -1174,6 +1184,11 @@ running once the system is up. New name for the ramdisk parameter. See Documentation/ramdisk.txt. + rdinit= [KNL] + Format: + Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk, + used for early userspace startup. See initrd. + reboot= [BUGS=IA-32,BUGS=ARM,BUGS=IA-64] Rebooting mode Format: [,[,...]] See arch/*/kernel/reboot.c. diff --git a/Documentation/mono.txt b/Documentation/mono.txt index 6739ab9615ef..807a0c7b4737 100644 --- a/Documentation/mono.txt +++ b/Documentation/mono.txt @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ other program after you have done the following: Read the file 'binfmt_misc.txt' in this directory to know more about the configuration process. -3) Add the following enries to /etc/rc.local or similar script +3) Add the following entries to /etc/rc.local or similar script to be run at system startup: # Insert BINFMT_MISC module into the kernel diff --git a/Documentation/networking/README.ipw2100 b/Documentation/networking/README.ipw2100 new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..2046948b020d --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/networking/README.ipw2100 @@ -0,0 +1,246 @@ + +=========================== +Intel(R) PRO/Wireless 2100 Network Connection Driver for Linux +README.ipw2100 + +March 14, 2005 + +=========================== +Index +--------------------------- +0. Introduction +1. Release 1.1.0 Current Features +2. Command Line Parameters +3. Sysfs Helper Files +4. Radio Kill Switch +5. Dynamic Firmware +6. Power Management +7. Support +8. License + + +=========================== +0. Introduction +------------ ----- ----- ---- --- -- - + +This document provides a brief overview of the features supported by the +IPW2100 driver project. The main project website, where the latest +development version of the driver can be found, is: + + http://ipw2100.sourceforge.net + +There you can find the not only the latest releases, but also information about +potential fixes and patches, as well as links to the development mailing list +for the driver project. + + +=========================== +1. Release 1.1.0 Current Supported Features +--------------------------- +- Managed (BSS) and Ad-Hoc (IBSS) +- WEP (shared key and open) +- Wireless Tools support +- 802.1x (tested with XSupplicant 1.0.1) + +Enabled (but not supported) features: +- Monitor/RFMon mode +- WPA/WPA2 + +The distinction between officially supported and enabled is a reflection +on the amount of validation and interoperability testing that has been +performed on a given feature. + + +=========================== +2. Command Line Parameters +--------------------------- + +If the driver is built as a module, the following optional parameters are used +by entering them on the command line with the modprobe command using this +syntax: + + modprobe ipw2100 [