KERNEL I/O BARRIER EFFECTS
==========================
-When accessing I/O memory, drivers should use the appropriate accessor
-functions:
+Interfacing with peripherals via I/O accesses is deeply architecture and device
+specific. Therefore, drivers which are inherently non-portable may rely on
+specific behaviours of their target systems in order to achieve synchronization
+in the most lightweight manner possible. For drivers intending to be portable
+between multiple architectures and bus implementations, the kernel offers a
+series of accessor functions that provide various degrees of ordering
+guarantees:
- (*) inX(), outX():
+ (*) readX(), writeX():
- These are intended to talk to I/O space rather than memory space, but
- that's primarily a CPU-specific concept. The i386 and x86_64 processors
- do indeed have special I/O space access cycles and instructions, but many
- CPUs don't have such a concept.
+ The readX() and writeX() MMIO accessors take a pointer to the peripheral
+ being accessed as an __iomem * parameter. For pointers mapped with the
+ default I/O attributes (e.g. those returned by ioremap()), then the
+ ordering guarantees are as follows:
- The PCI bus, amongst others, defines an I/O space concept which - on such
- CPUs as i386 and x86_64 - readily maps to the CPU's concept of I/O
- space. However, it may also be mapped as a virtual I/O space in the CPU's
- memory map, particularly on those CPUs that don't support alternate I/O
- spaces.
+ 1. All readX() and writeX() accesses to the same peripheral are ordered
+ with respect to each other. For example, this ensures that MMIO register
+ writes by the CPU to a particular device will arrive in program order.
- Accesses to this space may be fully synchronous (as on i386), but
- intermediary bridges (such as the PCI host bridge) may not fully honour
- that.
+ 2. A writeX() by the CPU to the peripheral will first wait for the
+ completion of all prior CPU writes to memory. For example, this ensures
+ that writes by the CPU to an outbound DMA buffer allocated by
+ dma_alloc_coherent() will be visible to a DMA engine when the CPU writes
+ to its MMIO control register to trigger the transfer.
- They are guaranteed to be fully ordered with respect to each other.
+ 3. A readX() by the CPU from the peripheral will complete before any
+ subsequent CPU reads from memory can begin. For example, this ensures
+ that reads by the CPU from an incoming DMA buffer allocated by
+ dma_alloc_coherent() will not see stale data after reading from the DMA
+ engine's MMIO status register to establish that the DMA transfer has
+ completed.
- They are not guaranteed to be fully ordered with respect to other types of
- memory and I/O operation.
+ 4. A readX() by the CPU from the peripheral will complete before any
+ subsequent delay() loop can begin execution. For example, this ensures
+ that two MMIO register writes by the CPU to a peripheral will arrive at
+ least 1us apart if the first write is immediately read back with readX()
+ and udelay(1) is called prior to the second writeX().
- (*) readX(), writeX():
+ __iomem pointers obtained with non-default attributes (e.g. those returned
+ by ioremap_wc()) are unlikely to provide many of these guarantees.
- Whether these are guaranteed to be fully ordered and uncombined with
- respect to each other on the issuing CPU depends on the characteristics
- defined for the memory window through which they're accessing. On later
- i386 architecture machines, for example, this is controlled by way of the
- MTRR registers.
+ (*) readX_relaxed(), writeX_relaxed():
- Ordinarily, these will be guaranteed to be fully ordered and uncombined,
- provided they're not accessing a prefetchable device.
+ These are similar to readX() and writeX(), but provide weaker memory
+ ordering guarantees. Specifically, they do not guarantee ordering with
+ respect to normal memory accesses or delay() loops (i.e bullets 2-4 above)
+ but they are still guaranteed to be ordered with respect to other accesses
+ to the same peripheral when operating on __iomem pointers mapped with the
+ default I/O attributes.
- However, intermediary hardware (such as a PCI bridge) may indulge in
- deferral if it so wishes; to flush a store, a load from the same location
- is preferred[*], but a load from the same device or from configuration
- space should suffice for PCI.
+ (*) readsX(), writesX():
- [*] NOTE! attempting to load from the same location as was written to may
- cause a malfunction - consider the 16550 Rx/Tx serial registers for
- example.
+ The readsX() and writesX() MMIO accessors are designed for accessing
+ register-based, memory-mapped FIFOs residing on peripherals that are not
+ capable of performing DMA. Consequently, they provide only the ordering
+ guarantees of readX_relaxed() and writeX_relaxed(), as documented above.
- Used with prefetchable I/O memory, an mmiowb() barrier may be required to
- force stores to be ordered.
+ (*) inX(), outX():
- Please refer to the PCI specification for more information on interactions
- between PCI transactions.
+ The inX() and outX() accessors are intended to access legacy port-mapped
+ I/O peripherals, which may require special instructions on some
+ architectures (notably x86). The port number of the peripheral being
+ accessed is passed as an argument.
- (*) readX_relaxed(), writeX_relaxed()
+ Since many CPU architectures ultimately access these peripherals via an
+ internal virtual memory mapping, the portable ordering guarantees provided
+ by inX() and outX() are the same as those provided by readX() and writeX()
+ respectively when accessing a mapping with the default I/O attributes.
- These are similar to readX() and writeX(), but provide weaker memory
- ordering guarantees. Specifically, they do not guarantee ordering with
- respect to normal memory accesses (e.g. DMA buffers) nor do they guarantee
- ordering with respect to LOCK or UNLOCK operations. If the latter is
- required, an mmiowb() barrier can be used. Note that relaxed accesses to
- the same peripheral are guaranteed to be ordered with respect to each
- other.
+ Device drivers may expect outX() to emit a non-posted write transaction
+ that waits for a completion response from the I/O peripheral before
+ returning. This is not guaranteed by all architectures and is therefore
+ not part of the portable ordering semantics.
+
+ (*) insX(), outsX():
+
+ As above, the insX() and outsX() accessors provide the same ordering
+ guarantees as readsX() and writesX() respectively when accessing a mapping
+ with the default I/O attributes.
(*) ioreadX(), iowriteX()
These will perform appropriately for the type of access they're actually
doing, be it inX()/outX() or readX()/writeX().
+All of these accessors assume that the underlying peripheral is little-endian,
+and will therefore perform byte-swapping operations on big-endian architectures.
+
+Composing I/O ordering barriers with SMP ordering barriers and LOCK/UNLOCK
+operations is a dangerous sport which may require the use of mmiowb(). See the
+subsection "Acquires vs I/O accesses" for more information.
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ASSUMED MINIMUM EXECUTION ORDERING MODEL
git.samba.org / sfrench / cifs-2.6.git / blobdiff