1 acpi= [HW,ACPI,X86,ARM64]
2 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
3 Format: { force | on | off | strict | noirq | rsdt |
5 force -- enable ACPI if default was off
6 on -- enable ACPI but allow fallback to DT [arm64]
7 off -- disable ACPI if default was on
8 noirq -- do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
9 strict -- Be less tolerant of platforms that are not
10 strictly ACPI specification compliant.
11 rsdt -- prefer RSDT over (default) XSDT
12 copy_dsdt -- copy DSDT to memory
13 For ARM64, ONLY "acpi=off", "acpi=on" or "acpi=force"
16 See also Documentation/power/runtime_pm.txt, pci=noacpi
18 acpi_apic_instance= [ACPI, IOAPIC]
20 2: use 2nd APIC table, if available
21 1,0: use 1st APIC table
24 acpi_backlight= [HW,ACPI]
27 If set to vendor, prefer vendor specific driver
28 (e.g. thinkpad_acpi, sony_acpi, etc.) instead
29 of the ACPI video.ko driver.
31 acpi_force_32bit_fadt_addr
32 force FADT to use 32 bit addresses rather than the
33 64 bit X_* addresses. Some firmware have broken 64
34 bit addresses for force ACPI ignore these and use
35 the older legacy 32 bit addresses.
37 acpica_no_return_repair [HW, ACPI]
38 Disable AML predefined validation mechanism
39 This mechanism can repair the evaluation result to make
40 the return objects more ACPI specification compliant.
41 This option is useful for developers to identify the
42 root cause of an AML interpreter issue when the issue
43 has something to do with the repair mechanism.
45 acpi.debug_layer= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
46 acpi.debug_level= [HW,ACPI,ACPI_DEBUG]
48 CONFIG_ACPI_DEBUG must be enabled to produce any ACPI
49 debug output. Bits in debug_layer correspond to a
50 _COMPONENT in an ACPI source file, e.g.,
51 #define _COMPONENT ACPI_PCI_COMPONENT
52 Bits in debug_level correspond to a level in
53 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT statements, e.g.,
54 ACPI_DEBUG_PRINT((ACPI_DB_INFO, ...
55 The debug_level mask defaults to "info". See
56 Documentation/acpi/debug.txt for more information about
57 debug layers and levels.
59 Enable processor driver info messages:
60 acpi.debug_layer=0x20000000
61 Enable PCI/PCI interrupt routing info messages:
62 acpi.debug_layer=0x400000
63 Enable AML "Debug" output, i.e., stores to the Debug
64 object while interpreting AML:
65 acpi.debug_layer=0xffffffff acpi.debug_level=0x2
66 Enable all messages related to ACPI hardware:
67 acpi.debug_layer=0x2 acpi.debug_level=0xffffffff
69 Some values produce so much output that the system is
70 unusable. The "log_buf_len" parameter may be useful
71 if you need to capture more output.
73 acpi_enforce_resources= [ACPI]
75 Check for resource conflicts between native drivers
76 and ACPI OperationRegions (SystemIO and SystemMemory
77 only). IO ports and memory declared in ACPI might be
78 used by the ACPI subsystem in arbitrary AML code and
79 can interfere with legacy drivers.
80 strict (default): access to resources claimed by ACPI
81 is denied; legacy drivers trying to access reserved
82 resources will fail to bind to device using them.
83 lax: access to resources claimed by ACPI is allowed;
84 legacy drivers trying to access reserved resources
85 will bind successfully but a warning message is logged.
86 no: ACPI OperationRegions are not marked as reserved,
87 no further checks are performed.
89 acpi_force_table_verification [HW,ACPI]
90 Enable table checksum verification during early stage.
91 By default, this is disabled due to x86 early mapping
94 acpi_irq_balance [HW,ACPI]
95 ACPI will balance active IRQs
98 acpi_irq_nobalance [HW,ACPI]
99 ACPI will not move active IRQs (default)
102 acpi_irq_isa= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, mark listed IRQs used by ISA
103 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
105 acpi_irq_pci= [HW,ACPI] If irq_balance, clear listed IRQs for
107 Format: <irq>,<irq>...
109 acpi_mask_gpe= [HW,ACPI]
110 Due to the existence of _Lxx/_Exx, some GPEs triggered
111 by unsupported hardware/firmware features can result in
112 GPE floodings that cannot be automatically disabled by
114 This facility can be used to prevent such uncontrolled
118 acpi_no_auto_serialize [HW,ACPI]
119 Disable auto-serialization of AML methods
120 AML control methods that contain the opcodes to create
121 named objects will be marked as "Serialized" by the
122 auto-serialization feature.
123 This feature is enabled by default.
124 This option allows to turn off the feature.
126 acpi_no_memhotplug [ACPI] Disable memory hotplug. Useful for kdump
129 acpi_no_static_ssdt [HW,ACPI]
130 Disable installation of static SSDTs at early boot time
131 By default, SSDTs contained in the RSDT/XSDT will be
132 installed automatically and they will appear under
133 /sys/firmware/acpi/tables.
134 This option turns off this feature.
135 Note that specifying this option does not affect
136 dynamic table installation which will install SSDT
137 tables to /sys/firmware/acpi/tables/dynamic.
139 acpi_rsdp= [ACPI,EFI,KEXEC]
140 Pass the RSDP address to the kernel, mostly used
141 on machines running EFI runtime service to boot the
142 second kernel for kdump.
144 acpi_os_name= [HW,ACPI] Tell ACPI BIOS the name of the OS
145 Format: To spoof as Windows 98: ="Microsoft Windows"
147 acpi_rev_override [ACPI] Override the _REV object to return 5 (instead
148 of 2 which is mandated by ACPI 6) as the supported ACPI
149 specification revision (when using this switch, it may
150 be necessary to carry out a cold reboot _twice_ in a
151 row to make it take effect on the platform firmware).
153 acpi_osi= [HW,ACPI] Modify list of supported OS interface strings
154 acpi_osi="string1" # add string1
155 acpi_osi="!string2" # remove string2
156 acpi_osi=!* # remove all strings
157 acpi_osi=! # disable all built-in OS vendor
159 acpi_osi=!! # enable all built-in OS vendor
161 acpi_osi= # disable all strings
163 'acpi_osi=!' can be used in combination with single or
164 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific OS
165 vendor string(s). Note that such command can only
166 affect the default state of the OS vendor strings, thus
167 it cannot affect the default state of the feature group
168 strings and the current state of the OS vendor strings,
169 specifying it multiple times through kernel command line
170 is meaningless. This command is useful when one do not
171 care about the state of the feature group strings which
172 should be controlled by the OSPM.
174 1. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is equivalent
175 to 'acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!', they all
176 can make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
178 'acpi_osi=' cannot be used in combination with other
179 'acpi_osi=' command lines, the _OSI method will not
180 exist in the ACPI namespace. NOTE that such command can
181 only affect the _OSI support state, thus specifying it
182 multiple times through kernel command line is also
185 1. 'acpi_osi=' can make 'CondRefOf(_OSI, Local1)'
188 'acpi_osi=!*' can be used in combination with single or
189 multiple 'acpi_osi="string1"' to support specific
190 string(s). Note that such command can affect the
191 current state of both the OS vendor strings and the
192 feature group strings, thus specifying it multiple times
193 through kernel command line is meaningful. But it may
194 still not able to affect the final state of a string if
195 there are quirks related to this string. This command
196 is useful when one want to control the state of the
197 feature group strings to debug BIOS issues related to
200 1. 'acpi_osi="Module Device" acpi_osi=!*' can make
201 '_OSI("Module Device")' FALSE.
202 2. 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Module Device"' can make
203 '_OSI("Module Device")' TRUE.
204 3. 'acpi_osi=! acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000"' is
206 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi=! acpi_osi="Windows 2000"'
208 'acpi_osi=!* acpi_osi="Windows 2000" acpi_osi=!',
209 they all will make '_OSI("Windows 2000")' TRUE.
212 Override the pmtimer bug detection: force the kernel
213 to assume that this machine's pmtimer latches its value
214 and always returns good values.
216 acpi_sci= [HW,ACPI] ACPI System Control Interrupt trigger mode
217 Format: { level | edge | high | low }
219 acpi_skip_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
220 Recognize and ignore IRQ0/pin2 Interrupt Override.
221 For broken nForce2 BIOS resulting in XT-PIC timer.
223 acpi_sleep= [HW,ACPI] Sleep options
224 Format: { s3_bios, s3_mode, s3_beep, s4_nohwsig,
225 old_ordering, nonvs, sci_force_enable, nobl }
226 See Documentation/power/video.txt for information on
228 s3_beep is for debugging; it makes the PC's speaker beep
229 as soon as the kernel's real-mode entry point is called.
230 s4_nohwsig prevents ACPI hardware signature from being
231 used during resume from hibernation.
232 old_ordering causes the ACPI 1.0 ordering of the _PTS
233 control method, with respect to putting devices into
234 low power states, to be enforced (the ACPI 2.0 ordering
235 of _PTS is used by default).
236 nonvs prevents the kernel from saving/restoring the
237 ACPI NVS memory during suspend/hibernation and resume.
238 sci_force_enable causes the kernel to set SCI_EN directly
239 on resume from S1/S3 (which is against the ACPI spec,
240 but some broken systems don't work without it).
241 nobl causes the internal blacklist of systems known to
242 behave incorrectly in some ways with respect to system
243 suspend and resume to be ignored (use wisely).
245 acpi_use_timer_override [HW,ACPI]
246 Use timer override. For some broken Nvidia NF5 boards
247 that require a timer override, but don't have HPET
249 add_efi_memmap [EFI; X86] Include EFI memory map in
250 kernel's map of available physical RAM.
253 { off | try_unsupported }
254 off: disable AGP support
255 try_unsupported: try to drive unsupported chipsets
256 (may crash computer or cause data corruption)
259 See Documentation/sound/alsa-configuration.rst
262 Allow the default userspace alignment fault handler
263 behaviour to be specified. Bit 0 enables warnings,
264 bit 1 enables fixups, and bit 2 sends a segfault.
266 align_va_addr= [X86-64]
267 Align virtual addresses by clearing slice [14:12] when
268 allocating a VMA at process creation time. This option
269 gives you up to 3% performance improvement on AMD F15h
270 machines (where it is enabled by default) for a
271 CPU-intensive style benchmark, and it can vary highly in
272 a microbenchmark depending on workload and compiler.
274 32: only for 32-bit processes
275 64: only for 64-bit processes
276 on: enable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
277 off: disable for both 32- and 64-bit processes
279 alloc_snapshot [FTRACE]
280 Allocate the ftrace snapshot buffer on boot up when the
281 main buffer is allocated. This is handy if debugging
282 and you need to use tracing_snapshot() on boot up, and
283 do not want to use tracing_snapshot_alloc() as it needs
284 to be done where GFP_KERNEL allocations are allowed.
286 amd_iommu= [HW,X86-64]
287 Pass parameters to the AMD IOMMU driver in the system.
289 fullflush - enable flushing of IO/TLB entries when
290 they are unmapped. Otherwise they are
291 flushed before they will be reused, which
293 off - do not initialize any AMD IOMMU found in
295 force_isolation - Force device isolation for all
296 devices. The IOMMU driver is not
297 allowed anymore to lift isolation
298 requirements as needed. This option
299 does not override iommu=pt
301 amd_iommu_dump= [HW,X86-64]
302 Enable AMD IOMMU driver option to dump the ACPI table
303 for AMD IOMMU. With this option enabled, AMD IOMMU
304 driver will print ACPI tables for AMD IOMMU during
305 IOMMU initialization.
307 amd_iommu_intr= [HW,X86-64]
308 Specifies one of the following AMD IOMMU interrupt
310 legacy - Use legacy interrupt remapping mode.
311 vapic - Use virtual APIC mode, which allows IOMMU
312 to inject interrupts directly into guest.
313 This mode requires kvm-amd.avic=1.
314 (Default when IOMMU HW support is present.)
316 amijoy.map= [HW,JOY] Amiga joystick support
317 Map of devices attached to JOY0DAT and JOY1DAT
319 See also Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst
321 analog.map= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick and gamepad support
322 Specifies type or capabilities of an analog joystick
323 connected to one of 16 gameports
324 Format: <type1>,<type2>,..<type16>
327 Power management functions (SPARCstation-4/5 + deriv.)
329 Disable APC CPU standby support. SPARCstation-Fox does
330 not play well with APC CPU idle - disable it if you have
331 APC and your system crashes randomly.
333 apic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
334 Change the output verbosity while booting
335 Format: { quiet (default) | verbose | debug }
336 Change the amount of debugging information output
337 when initialising the APIC and IO-APIC components.
338 For X86-32, this can also be used to specify an APIC
340 Format: apic=driver_name
341 Examples: apic=bigsmp
343 apic_extnmi= [APIC,X86] External NMI delivery setting
344 Format: { bsp (default) | all | none }
345 bsp: External NMI is delivered only to CPU 0
346 all: External NMIs are broadcast to all CPUs as a
348 none: External NMI is masked for all CPUs. This is
349 useful so that a dump capture kernel won't be
353 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
355 show_lapic= [APIC,X86] Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
356 Limit apic dumping. The parameter defines the maximal
357 number of local apics being dumped. Also it is possible
358 to set it to "all" by meaning -- no limit here.
359 Format: { 1 (default) | 2 | ... | all }.
360 The parameter valid if only apic=debug or
361 apic=verbose is specified.
362 Example: apic=debug show_lapic=all
364 apm= [APM] Advanced Power Management
365 See header of arch/x86/kernel/apm_32.c.
367 arcrimi= [HW,NET] ARCnet - "RIM I" (entirely mem-mapped) cards
368 Format: <io>,<irq>,<nodeID>
372 atarimouse= [HW,MOUSE] Atari Mouse
374 atkbd.extra= [HW] Enable extra LEDs and keys on IBM RapidAccess,
375 EzKey and similar keyboards
377 atkbd.reset= [HW] Reset keyboard during initialization
379 atkbd.set= [HW] Select keyboard code set
380 Format: <int> (2 = AT (default), 3 = PS/2)
382 atkbd.scroll= [HW] Enable scroll wheel on MS Office and similar
385 atkbd.softraw= [HW] Choose between synthetic and real raw mode
386 Format: <bool> (0 = real, 1 = synthetic (default))
388 atkbd.softrepeat= [HW]
389 Use software keyboard repeat
391 audit= [KNL] Enable the audit sub-system
392 Format: { "0" | "1" | "off" | "on" }
393 0 | off - kernel audit is disabled and can not be
394 enabled until the next reboot
395 unset - kernel audit is initialized but disabled and
396 will be fully enabled by the userspace auditd.
397 1 | on - kernel audit is initialized and partially
398 enabled, storing at most audit_backlog_limit
399 messages in RAM until it is fully enabled by the
403 audit_backlog_limit= [KNL] Set the audit queue size limit.
404 Format: <int> (must be >=0)
407 bau= [X86_UV] Enable the BAU on SGI UV. The default
408 behavior is to disable the BAU (i.e. bau=0).
409 Format: { "0" | "1" }
412 unset - Disable the BAU.
414 baycom_epp= [HW,AX25]
417 baycom_par= [HW,AX25] BayCom Parallel Port AX.25 Modem
419 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_par.c.
421 baycom_ser_fdx= [HW,AX25]
422 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Full Duplex Mode)
423 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>[,<baud>]
424 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_fdx.c.
426 baycom_ser_hdx= [HW,AX25]
427 BayCom Serial Port AX.25 Modem (Half Duplex Mode)
428 Format: <io>,<irq>,<mode>
429 See header of drivers/net/hamradio/baycom_ser_hdx.c.
431 blkdevparts= Manual partition parsing of block device(s) for
432 embedded devices based on command line input.
433 See Documentation/block/cmdline-partition.txt
435 boot_delay= Milliseconds to delay each printk during boot.
436 Values larger than 10 seconds (10000) are changed to
440 bootmem_debug [KNL] Enable bootmem allocator debug messages.
443 Disable BERT OS support on buggy BIOSes.
445 bttv.card= [HW,V4L] bttv (bt848 + bt878 based grabber cards)
446 bttv.radio= Most important insmod options are available as
448 bttv.pll= See Documentation/media/v4l-drivers/bttv.rst
451 bulk_remove=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
452 firmware feature for flushing multiple hpte entries
455 c101= [NET] Moxa C101 synchronous serial card
457 cachesize= [BUGS=X86-32] Override level 2 CPU cache size detection.
458 Sometimes CPU hardware bugs make them report the cache
459 size incorrectly. The kernel will attempt work arounds
460 to fix known problems, but for some CPUs it is not
461 possible to determine what the correct size should be.
462 This option provides an override for these situations.
464 ca_keys= [KEYS] This parameter identifies a specific key(s) on
465 the system trusted keyring to be used for certificate
467 format: { id:<keyid> | builtin }
469 cca= [MIPS] Override the kernel pages' cache coherency
470 algorithm. Accepted values range from 0 to 7
471 inclusive. See arch/mips/include/asm/pgtable-bits.h
472 for platform specific values (SB1, Loongson3 and
475 ccw_timeout_log [S390]
476 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
478 cgroup_disable= [KNL] Disable a particular controller
479 Format: {name of the controller(s) to disable}
480 The effects of cgroup_disable=foo are:
481 - foo isn't auto-mounted if you mount all cgroups in
483 - foo isn't visible as an individually mountable
485 {Currently only "memory" controller deal with this and
486 cut the overhead, others just disable the usage. So
487 only cgroup_disable=memory is actually worthy}
489 cgroup_no_v1= [KNL] Disable cgroup controllers and named hierarchies in v1
490 Format: { { controller | "all" | "named" }
491 [,{ controller | "all" | "named" }...] }
492 Like cgroup_disable, but only applies to cgroup v1;
493 the blacklisted controllers remain available in cgroup2.
494 "all" blacklists all controllers and "named" disables
495 named mounts. Specifying both "all" and "named" disables
498 cgroup.memory= [KNL] Pass options to the cgroup memory controller.
500 nosocket -- Disable socket memory accounting.
501 nokmem -- Disable kernel memory accounting.
503 checkreqprot [SELINUX] Set initial checkreqprot flag value.
504 Format: { "0" | "1" }
505 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
506 0 -- check protection applied by kernel (includes
507 any implied execute protection).
508 1 -- check protection requested by application.
509 Default value is set via a kernel config option.
510 Value can be changed at runtime via
511 /selinux/checkreqprot.
514 See Documentation/s390/CommonIO for details.
517 Prevents the clock framework from automatically gating
518 clocks that have not been explicitly enabled by a Linux
519 device driver but are enabled in hardware at reset or
520 by the bootloader/firmware. Note that this does not
521 force such clocks to be always-on nor does it reserve
522 those clocks in any way. This parameter is useful for
523 debug and development, but should not be needed on a
524 platform with proper driver support. For more
525 information, see Documentation/driver-api/clk.rst.
527 clock= [BUGS=X86-32, HW] gettimeofday clocksource override.
529 Forces specified clocksource (if available) to be used
530 when calculating gettimeofday(). If specified
531 clocksource is not available, it defaults to PIT.
532 Format: { pit | tsc | cyclone | pmtmr }
534 clocksource= Override the default clocksource
536 Override the default clocksource and use the clocksource
537 with the name specified.
538 Some clocksource names to choose from, depending on
540 [all] jiffies (this is the base, fallback clocksource)
542 [ARM] imx_timer1,OSTS,netx_timer,mpu_timer2,
543 pxa_timer,timer3,32k_counter,timer0_1
544 [X86-32] pit,hpet,tsc;
545 scx200_hrt on Geode; cyclone on IBM x440
553 clocksource.arm_arch_timer.evtstrm=
556 Enable/disable the eventstream feature of the ARM
557 architected timer so that code using WFE-based polling
558 loops can be debugged more effectively on production
561 clearcpuid=BITNUM [X86]
562 Disable CPUID feature X for the kernel. See
563 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h for the valid bit
564 numbers. Note the Linux specific bits are not necessarily
565 stable over kernel options, but the vendor specific
567 Also note that user programs calling CPUID directly
568 or using the feature without checking anything
569 will still see it. This just prevents it from
570 being used by the kernel or shown in /proc/cpuinfo.
571 Also note the kernel might malfunction if you disable
574 cma=nn[MG]@[start[MG][-end[MG]]]
576 Sets the size of kernel global memory area for
577 contiguous memory allocations and optionally the
578 placement constraint by the physical address range of
579 memory allocations. A value of 0 disables CMA
580 altogether. For more information, see
581 include/linux/dma-contiguous.h
583 cmo_free_hint= [PPC] Format: { yes | no }
584 Specify whether pages are marked as being inactive
585 when they are freed. This is used in CMO environments
586 to determine OS memory pressure for page stealing by
590 coherent_pool=nn[KMG] [ARM,KNL]
591 Sets the size of memory pool for coherent, atomic dma
592 allocations, by default set to 256K.
594 com20020= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM20020 chipset
596 <io>[,<irq>[,<nodeID>[,<backplane>[,<ckp>[,<timeout>]]]]]
598 com90io= [HW,NET] ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (IO-mapped buffers)
602 ARCnet - COM90xx chipset (memory-mapped buffers)
603 Format: <io>[,<irq>[,<memstart>]]
605 condev= [HW,S390] console device
608 console= [KNL] Output console device and options.
610 tty<n> Use the virtual console device <n>.
614 Use the specified serial port. The options are of
615 the form "bbbbpnf", where "bbbb" is the baud rate,
616 "p" is parity ("n", "o", or "e"), "n" is number of
617 bits, and "f" is flow control ("r" for RTS or
618 omit it). Default is "9600n8".
620 See Documentation/admin-guide/serial-console.rst for more
622 Documentation/networking/netconsole.txt for an
625 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
626 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
627 uart[8250],mmio16,<addr>[,options]
628 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
629 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
630 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
631 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address,
632 switching to the matching ttyS device later.
633 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
634 (mmio), 16-bit (mmio16), or 32-bit (mmio32).
635 If none of [io|mmio|mmio16|mmio32], <addr> is assumed
636 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified in
637 the same format described for ttyS above; if unspecified,
638 the h/w is not re-initialized.
640 hvc<n> Use the hypervisor console device <n>. This is for
641 both Xen and PowerPC hypervisors.
643 If the device connected to the port is not a TTY but a braille
644 device, prepend "brl," before the device type, for instance
646 For now, only VisioBraille is supported.
649 [KNL] Change console messages format
651 By default we print messages on consoles in
652 "[time stamp] text\n" format (time stamp may not be
653 printed, depending on CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME or
654 `printk_time' param).
656 Switch to syslog format: "<%u>[time stamp] text\n"
657 IOW, each message will have a facility and loglevel
658 prefix. The format is similar to one used by syslog()
659 syscall, or to executing "dmesg -S --raw" or to reading
662 consoleblank= [KNL] The console blank (screen saver) timeout in
663 seconds. A value of 0 disables the blank timer.
667 [KNL] Change the default value for
668 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter.
669 See also Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt.
671 coresight_cpu_debug.enable
674 Enable/disable the CPU sampling based debugging.
675 0: default value, disable debugging
676 1: enable debugging at boot time
678 cpuidle.off=1 [CPU_IDLE]
679 disable the cpuidle sub-system
682 [CPU_IDLE] Name of the cpuidle governor to use.
684 cpufreq.off=1 [CPU_FREQ]
685 disable the cpufreq sub-system
688 [X86] Delay for N microsec between assert and de-assert
689 of APIC INIT to start processors. This delay occurs
690 on every CPU online, such as boot, and resume from suspend.
693 cpcihp_generic= [HW,PCI] Generic port I/O CompactPCI driver
695 <first_slot>,<last_slot>,<port>,<enum_bit>[,<debug>]
697 crashkernel=size[KMG][@offset[KMG]]
698 [KNL] Using kexec, Linux can switch to a 'crash kernel'
699 upon panic. This parameter reserves the physical
700 memory region [offset, offset + size] for that kernel
701 image. If '@offset' is omitted, then a suitable offset
702 is selected automatically. Check
703 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for further details.
705 crashkernel=range1:size1[,range2:size2,...][@offset]
706 [KNL] Same as above, but depends on the memory
707 in the running system. The syntax of range is
708 start-[end] where start and end are both
709 a memory unit (amount[KMG]). See also
710 Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for an example.
712 crashkernel=size[KMG],high
713 [KNL, x86_64] range could be above 4G. Allow kernel
714 to allocate physical memory region from top, so could
715 be above 4G if system have more than 4G ram installed.
716 Otherwise memory region will be allocated below 4G, if
718 It will be ignored if crashkernel=X is specified.
719 crashkernel=size[KMG],low
720 [KNL, x86_64] range under 4G. When crashkernel=X,high
721 is passed, kernel could allocate physical memory region
722 above 4G, that cause second kernel crash on system
723 that require some amount of low memory, e.g. swiotlb
724 requires at least 64M+32K low memory, also enough extra
725 low memory is needed to make sure DMA buffers for 32-bit
726 devices won't run out. Kernel would try to allocate at
727 at least 256M below 4G automatically.
728 This one let user to specify own low range under 4G
729 for second kernel instead.
730 0: to disable low allocation.
731 It will be ignored when crashkernel=X,high is not used
732 or memory reserved is below 4G.
735 [KNL] Disable crypto self-tests
740 cs89x0_media= [HW,NET]
741 Format: { rj45 | aui | bnc }
744 See header of drivers/s390/block/dasd_devmap.c.
746 db9.dev[2|3]= [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick support via parallel port
747 (one device per port)
748 Format: <port#>,<type>
749 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
751 ddebug_query= [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG] Enable debug messages at early boot
753 Documentation/admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst for
754 details. Deprecated, see dyndbg.
756 debug [KNL] Enable kernel debugging (events log level).
759 [KNL] Enable printing [hashed] pointers early in the
760 boot sequence. If enabled, we use a weak hash instead
761 of siphash to hash pointers. Use this option if you are
762 seeing instances of '(___ptrval___)') and need to see a
763 value (hashed pointer) instead. Cryptographically
764 insecure, please do not use on production kernels.
767 [KNL] verbose self-tests
769 Print debugging info while doing the locking API
771 We default to 0 (no extra messages), setting it to
772 1 will print _a lot_ more information - normally
773 only useful to kernel developers.
775 debug_objects [KNL] Enable object debugging
778 [KNL] Disable object debugging
780 debug_guardpage_minorder=
781 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
782 parameter allows control of the order of pages that will
783 be intentionally kept free (and hence protected) by the
784 buddy allocator. Bigger value increase the probability
785 of catching random memory corruption, but reduce the
786 amount of memory for normal system use. The maximum
787 possible value is MAX_ORDER/2. Setting this parameter
788 to 1 or 2 should be enough to identify most random
789 memory corruption problems caused by bugs in kernel or
790 driver code when a CPU writes to (or reads from) a
791 random memory location. Note that there exists a class
792 of memory corruptions problems caused by buggy H/W or
793 F/W or by drivers badly programing DMA (basically when
794 memory is written at bus level and the CPU MMU is
795 bypassed) which are not detectable by
796 CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC, hence this option will not help
797 tracking down these problems.
800 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC is set, this
801 parameter enables the feature at boot time. In
802 default, it is disabled. We can avoid allocating huge
803 chunk of memory for debug pagealloc if we don't enable
804 it at boot time and the system will work mostly same
805 with the kernel built without CONFIG_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC.
806 on: enable the feature
808 debugpat [X86] Enable PAT debugging
810 decnet.addr= [HW,NET]
811 Format: <area>[,<node>]
812 See also Documentation/networking/decnet.txt.
815 [same as hugepagesz=] The size of the default
816 HugeTLB page size. This is the size represented by
817 the legacy /proc/ hugepages APIs, used for SHM, and
818 default size when mounting hugetlbfs filesystems.
819 Defaults to the default architecture's huge page size
822 deferred_probe_timeout=
823 [KNL] Debugging option to set a timeout in seconds for
824 deferred probe to give up waiting on dependencies to
825 probe. Only specific dependencies (subsystems or
826 drivers) that have opted in will be ignored. A timeout of 0
827 will timeout at the end of initcalls. This option will also
828 dump out devices still on the deferred probe list after
832 Set number of hash buckets for dentry cache.
834 disable_1tb_segments [PPC]
835 Disables the use of 1TB hash page table segments. This
836 causes the kernel to fall back to 256MB segments which
837 can be useful when debugging issues that require an SLB
841 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
844 [KNL] Under CONFIG_HARDENED_USERCOPY, whether
845 hardening is enabled for this boot. Hardened
846 usercopy checking is used to protect the kernel
847 from reading or writing beyond known memory
848 allocation boundaries as a proactive defense
849 against bounds-checking flaws in the kernel's
850 copy_to_user()/copy_from_user() interface.
851 on Perform hardened usercopy checks (default).
852 off Disable hardened usercopy checks.
855 Disable RADIX MMU mode on POWER9
857 disable_cpu_apicid= [X86,APIC,SMP]
859 The number of initial APIC ID for the
860 corresponding CPU to be disabled at boot,
861 mostly used for the kdump 2nd kernel to
862 disable BSP to wake up multiple CPUs without
863 causing system reset or hang due to sending
866 perf_v4_pmi= [X86,INTEL]
868 Disable Intel PMU counter freezing feature.
869 The feature only exists starting from
870 Arch Perfmon v4 (Skylake and newer).
872 disable_ddw [PPC/PSERIES]
873 Disable Dynamic DMA Window support. Use this if
874 to workaround buggy firmware.
877 See Documentation/networking/ipv6.txt.
879 disable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
880 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
881 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
882 entry later. This parameter disables that.
884 disable_mtrr_trim [X86, Intel and AMD only]
885 By default the kernel will trim any uncacheable
886 memory out of your available memory pool based on
887 MTRR settings. This parameter disables that behavior,
888 possibly causing your machine to run very slowly.
890 disable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
891 Disable PIN 1 of APIC timer
892 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs.
894 dis_ucode_ldr [X86] Disable the microcode loader.
896 dma_debug=off If the kernel is compiled with DMA_API_DEBUG support,
897 this option disables the debugging code at boot.
899 dma_debug_entries=<number>
900 This option allows to tune the number of preallocated
901 entries for DMA-API debugging code. One entry is
902 required per DMA-API allocation. Use this if the
903 DMA-API debugging code disables itself because the
904 architectural default is too low.
906 dma_debug_driver=<driver_name>
907 With this option the DMA-API debugging driver
908 filter feature can be enabled at boot time. Just
909 pass the driver to filter for as the parameter.
910 The filter can be disabled or changed to another
911 driver later using sysfs.
913 drm.edid_firmware=[<connector>:]<file>[,[<connector>:]<file>]
914 Broken monitors, graphic adapters, KVMs and EDIDless
915 panels may send no or incorrect EDID data sets.
916 This parameter allows to specify an EDID data sets
917 in the /lib/firmware directory that are used instead.
918 Generic built-in EDID data sets are used, if one of
919 edid/1024x768.bin, edid/1280x1024.bin,
920 edid/1680x1050.bin, or edid/1920x1080.bin is given
921 and no file with the same name exists. Details and
922 instructions how to build your own EDID data are
923 available in Documentation/EDID/HOWTO.txt. An EDID
924 data set will only be used for a particular connector,
925 if its name and a colon are prepended to the EDID
926 name. Each connector may use a unique EDID data
927 set by separating the files with a comma. An EDID
928 data set with no connector name will be used for
929 any connectors not explicitly specified.
934 Format: {"off" | "known"}
935 Control how the dt_cpu_ftrs device-tree binding is
936 used for CPU feature discovery and setup (if it
938 off: Do not use it, fall back to legacy cpu table.
939 known: Do not pass through unknown features to guests
940 or userspace, only those that the kernel is aware of.
942 dump_apple_properties [X86]
943 Dump name and content of EFI device properties on
944 x86 Macs. Useful for driver authors to determine
945 what data is available or for reverse-engineering.
947 dyndbg[="val"] [KNL,DYNAMIC_DEBUG]
948 module.dyndbg[="val"]
949 Enable debug messages at boot time. See
950 Documentation/admin-guide/dynamic-debug-howto.rst
953 nompx [X86] Disables Intel Memory Protection Extensions.
954 See Documentation/x86/intel_mpx.txt for more
955 information about the feature.
957 nopku [X86] Disable Memory Protection Keys CPU feature found
960 module.async_probe [KNL]
961 Enable asynchronous probe on this module.
963 early_ioremap_debug [KNL]
964 Enable debug messages in early_ioremap support. This
965 is useful for tracking down temporary early mappings
966 which are not unmapped.
968 earlycon= [KNL] Output early console device and options.
970 [ARM64] The early console is determined by the
971 stdout-path property in device tree's chosen node,
972 or determined by the ACPI SPCR table.
974 [X86] When used with no options the early console is
975 determined by the ACPI SPCR table.
977 cdns,<addr>[,options]
978 Start an early, polled-mode console on a Cadence
979 (xuartps) serial port at the specified address. Only
980 supported option is baud rate. If baud rate is not
981 specified, the serial port must already be setup and
984 uart[8250],io,<addr>[,options]
985 uart[8250],mmio,<addr>[,options]
986 uart[8250],mmio32,<addr>[,options]
987 uart[8250],mmio32be,<addr>[,options]
988 uart[8250],0x<addr>[,options]
989 Start an early, polled-mode console on the 8250/16550
990 UART at the specified I/O port or MMIO address.
991 MMIO inter-register address stride is either 8-bit
992 (mmio) or 32-bit (mmio32 or mmio32be).
993 If none of [io|mmio|mmio32|mmio32be], <addr> is assumed
994 to be equivalent to 'mmio'. 'options' are specified
995 in the same format described for "console=ttyS<n>"; if
996 unspecified, the h/w is not initialized.
1000 Start an early, polled-mode console on a pl011 serial
1001 port at the specified address. The pl011 serial port
1002 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1003 yet supported. If 'mmio32' is specified, then only
1004 the driver will use only 32-bit accessors to read/write
1005 the device registers.
1008 Start an early, polled-mode console on a meson serial
1009 port at the specified address. The serial port must
1010 already be setup and configured. Options are not yet
1014 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1015 port at the specified address. The serial port
1016 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1019 msm_serial_dm,<addr>
1020 Start an early, polled-mode console on an msm serial
1021 dm port at the specified address. The serial port
1022 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1026 Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port
1027 of an Actions Semi SoC, such as S500 or S900, at the
1028 specified address. The serial port must already be
1029 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
1032 Start an early, polled-mode console on a serial port
1033 of an RDA Micro SoC, such as RDA8810PL, at the
1034 specified address. The serial port must already be
1035 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
1037 smh Use ARM semihosting calls for early console.
1045 Use early console provided by serial driver available
1046 on Samsung SoCs, requires selecting proper type and
1047 a correct base address of the selected UART port. The
1048 serial port must already be setup and configured.
1049 Options are not yet supported.
1052 Start an early, polled-mode console on a lantiq serial
1053 (lqasc) port at the specified address. The serial port
1054 must already be setup and configured. Options are not
1059 Use early console provided by Freescale LP UART driver
1060 found on Freescale Vybrid and QorIQ LS1021A processors.
1061 A valid base address must be provided, and the serial
1062 port must already be setup and configured.
1065 Start an early, polled-mode console on the
1066 Armada 3700 serial port at the specified
1067 address. The serial port must already be setup
1068 and configured. Options are not yet supported.
1071 Start an early, polled-mode console on a Qualcomm
1072 Generic Interface (GENI) based serial port at the
1073 specified address. The serial port must already be
1074 setup and configured. Options are not yet supported.
1076 earlyprintk= [X86,SH,ARM,M68k,S390]
1081 earlyprintk=serial[,ttySn[,baudrate]]
1082 earlyprintk=serial[,0x...[,baudrate]]
1083 earlyprintk=ttySn[,baudrate]
1084 earlyprintk=dbgp[debugController#]
1085 earlyprintk=pciserial[,force],bus:device.function[,baudrate]
1086 earlyprintk=xdbc[xhciController#]
1088 earlyprintk is useful when the kernel crashes before
1089 the normal console is initialized. It is not enabled by
1090 default because it has some cosmetic problems.
1092 Append ",keep" to not disable it when the real console
1095 Only one of vga, efi, serial, or usb debug port can
1098 Currently only ttyS0 and ttyS1 may be specified by
1099 name. Other I/O ports may be explicitly specified
1100 on some architectures (x86 and arm at least) by
1101 replacing ttySn with an I/O port address, like this:
1102 earlyprintk=serial,0x1008,115200
1103 You can find the port for a given device in
1104 /proc/tty/driver/serial:
1105 2: uart:ST16650V2 port:00001008 irq:18 ...
1107 Interaction with the standard serial driver is not
1110 The VGA and EFI output is eventually overwritten by
1113 The xen output can only be used by Xen PV guests.
1115 The sclp output can only be used on s390.
1117 The optional "force" to "pciserial" enables use of a
1118 PCI device even when its classcode is not of the
1121 edac_report= [HW,EDAC] Control how to report EDAC event
1122 Format: {"on" | "off" | "force"}
1123 on: enable EDAC to report H/W event. May be overridden
1124 by other higher priority error reporting module.
1125 off: disable H/W event reporting through EDAC.
1126 force: enforce the use of EDAC to report H/W event.
1129 ekgdboc= [X86,KGDB] Allow early kernel console debugging
1132 This is designed to be used in conjunction with
1133 the boot argument: earlyprintk=vga
1136 Format: {"off" | "on" | "skip[mbr]"}
1139 Format: { "old_map", "nochunk", "noruntime", "debug" }
1140 old_map [X86-64]: switch to the old ioremap-based EFI
1141 runtime services mapping. 32-bit still uses this one by
1143 nochunk: disable reading files in "chunks" in the EFI
1144 boot stub, as chunking can cause problems with some
1145 firmware implementations.
1146 noruntime : disable EFI runtime services support
1147 debug: enable misc debug output
1149 efi_no_storage_paranoia [EFI; X86]
1150 Using this parameter you can use more than 50% of
1151 your efi variable storage. Use this parameter only if
1152 you are really sure that your UEFI does sane gc and
1153 fulfills the spec otherwise your board may brick.
1155 efi_fake_mem= nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa[,nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]:aa,..] [EFI; X86]
1156 Add arbitrary attribute to specific memory range by
1157 updating original EFI memory map.
1158 Region of memory which aa attribute is added to is
1160 If efi_fake_mem=2G@4G:0x10000,2G@0x10a0000000:0x10000
1161 is specified, EFI_MEMORY_MORE_RELIABLE(0x10000)
1162 attribute is added to range 0x100000000-0x180000000 and
1163 0x10a0000000-0x1120000000.
1165 Using this parameter you can do debugging of EFI memmap
1166 related feature. For example, you can do debugging of
1167 Address Range Mirroring feature even if your box
1170 efivar_ssdt= [EFI; X86] Name of an EFI variable that contains an SSDT
1171 that is to be dynamically loaded by Linux. If there are
1172 multiple variables with the same name but with different
1173 vendor GUIDs, all of them will be loaded. See
1174 Documentation/acpi/ssdt-overlays.txt for details.
1177 eisa_irq_edge= [PARISC,HW]
1178 See header of drivers/parisc/eisa.c.
1181 See comment before function elanfreq_setup() in
1182 arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpufreq/elanfreq.c.
1185 Format: {"cfq" | "deadline" | "noop"}
1186 See Documentation/block/cfq-iosched.txt and
1187 Documentation/block/deadline-iosched.txt for details.
1189 elfcorehdr=[size[KMG]@]offset[KMG] [IA64,PPC,SH,X86,S390]
1190 Specifies physical address of start of kernel core
1191 image elf header and optionally the size. Generally
1192 kexec loader will pass this option to capture kernel.
1193 See Documentation/kdump/kdump.txt for details.
1195 enable_mtrr_cleanup [X86]
1196 The kernel tries to adjust MTRR layout from continuous
1197 to discrete, to make X server driver able to add WB
1198 entry later. This parameter enables that.
1200 enable_timer_pin_1 [X86]
1201 Enable PIN 1 of APIC timer
1202 Can be useful to work around chipset bugs
1203 (in particular on some ATI chipsets).
1204 The kernel tries to set a reasonable default.
1206 enforcing [SELINUX] Set initial enforcing status.
1208 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
1209 0 -- permissive (log only, no denials).
1210 1 -- enforcing (deny and log).
1212 Value can be changed at runtime via /selinux/enforce.
1215 Disable Error Record Serialization Table (ERST)
1218 ether= [HW,NET] Ethernet cards parameters
1219 This option is obsoleted by the "netdev=" option, which
1220 has equivalent usage. See its documentation for details.
1224 Permit 'security.evm' to be updated regardless of
1225 current integrity status.
1229 fail_make_request=[KNL]
1230 General fault injection mechanism.
1231 Format: <interval>,<probability>,<space>,<times>
1232 See also Documentation/fault-injection/.
1235 See Documentation/blockdev/floppy.txt.
1237 force_pal_cache_flush
1238 [IA-64] Avoid check_sal_cache_flush which may hang on
1239 buggy SAL_CACHE_FLUSH implementations. Using this
1240 parameter will force ia64_sal_cache_flush to call
1241 ia64_pal_cache_flush instead of SAL_CACHE_FLUSH.
1244 Forcefully enable Physical Address Extension (PAE).
1245 Many Pentium M systems disable PAE but may have a
1246 functionally usable PAE implementation.
1247 Warning: use of this parameter will taint the kernel
1248 and may cause unknown problems.
1251 [FTRACE] will set and start the specified tracer
1252 as early as possible in order to facilitate early
1255 ftrace_dump_on_oops[=orig_cpu]
1256 [FTRACE] will dump the trace buffers on oops.
1257 If no parameter is passed, ftrace will dump
1258 buffers of all CPUs, but if you pass orig_cpu, it will
1259 dump only the buffer of the CPU that triggered the
1262 ftrace_filter=[function-list]
1263 [FTRACE] Limit the functions traced by the function
1264 tracer at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
1265 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
1266 time by the set_ftrace_filter file in the debugfs
1269 ftrace_notrace=[function-list]
1270 [FTRACE] Do not trace the functions specified in
1271 function-list. This list can be changed at run time
1272 by the set_ftrace_notrace file in the debugfs
1275 ftrace_graph_filter=[function-list]
1276 [FTRACE] Limit the top level callers functions traced
1277 by the function graph tracer at boot up.
1278 function-list is a comma separated list of functions
1279 that can be changed at run time by the
1280 set_graph_function file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1282 ftrace_graph_notrace=[function-list]
1283 [FTRACE] Do not trace from the functions specified in
1284 function-list. This list is a comma separated list of
1285 functions that can be changed at run time by the
1286 set_graph_notrace file in the debugfs tracing directory.
1288 ftrace_graph_max_depth=<uint>
1289 [FTRACE] Used with the function graph tracer. This is
1290 the max depth it will trace into a function. This value
1291 can be changed at run time by the max_graph_depth file
1292 in the tracefs tracing directory. default: 0 (no limit)
1295 [HW,JOY] Multisystem joystick and NES/SNES/PSX pad
1296 support via parallel port (up to 5 devices per port)
1297 Format: <port#>,<pad1>,<pad2>,<pad3>,<pad4>,<pad5>
1298 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
1302 gart_fix_e820= [X86_64] disable the fix e820 for K8 GART
1306 gcov_persist= [GCOV] When non-zero (default), profiling data for
1307 kernel modules is saved and remains accessible via
1308 debugfs, even when the module is unloaded/reloaded.
1309 When zero, profiling data is discarded and associated
1310 debugfs files are removed at module unload time.
1312 goldfish [X86] Enable the goldfish android emulator platform.
1313 Don't use this when you are not running on the
1316 gpt [EFI] Forces disk with valid GPT signature but
1317 invalid Protective MBR to be treated as GPT. If the
1318 primary GPT is corrupted, it enables the backup/alternate
1319 GPT to be used instead.
1321 grcan.enable0= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 0. Determines
1322 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1325 grcan.enable1= [HW] Configuration of physical interface 1. Determines
1326 the "Enable 0" bit of the configuration register.
1329 grcan.select= [HW] Select which physical interface to use.
1332 grcan.txsize= [HW] Sets the size of the tx buffer.
1333 Format: <unsigned int> such that (txsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1335 grcan.rxsize= [HW] Sets the size of the rx buffer.
1336 Format: <unsigned int> such that (rxsize & ~0x1fffc0) == 0.
1339 gpio-mockup.gpio_mockup_ranges
1340 [HW] Sets the ranges of gpiochip of for this device.
1341 Format: <start1>,<end1>,<start2>,<end2>...
1343 hardlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
1344 [KNL] Should the hard-lockup detector generate
1345 backtraces on all cpus.
1348 hashdist= [KNL,NUMA] Large hashes allocated during boot
1349 are distributed across NUMA nodes. Defaults on
1350 for 64-bit NUMA, off otherwise.
1351 Format: 0 | 1 (for off | on)
1353 hcl= [IA-64] SGI's Hardware Graph compatibility layer
1355 hd= [EIDE] (E)IDE hard drive subsystem geometry
1356 Format: <cyl>,<head>,<sect>
1359 Disable Hardware Error Source Table (HEST) support;
1360 corresponding firmware-first mode error processing
1361 logic will be disabled.
1363 highmem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] forces the highmem zone to have an exact
1364 size of <nn>. This works even on boxes that have no
1365 highmem otherwise. This also works to reduce highmem
1366 size on bigger boxes.
1368 highres= [KNL] Enable/disable high resolution timer mode.
1369 Valid parameters: "on", "off"
1373 See Documentation/isdn/README.HiSax.
1377 hpet= [X86-32,HPET] option to control HPET usage
1378 Format: { enable (default) | disable | force |
1380 disable: disable HPET and use PIT instead
1381 force: allow force enabled of undocumented chips (ICH4,
1383 verbose: show contents of HPET registers during setup
1385 hpet_mmap= [X86, HPET_MMAP] Allow userspace to mmap HPET
1386 registers. Default set by CONFIG_HPET_MMAP_DEFAULT.
1388 hugepages= [HW,X86-32,IA-64] HugeTLB pages to allocate at boot.
1389 hugepagesz= [HW,IA-64,PPC,X86-64] The size of the HugeTLB pages.
1390 On x86-64 and powerpc, this option can be specified
1391 multiple times interleaved with hugepages= to reserve
1392 huge pages of different sizes. Valid pages sizes on
1393 x86-64 are 2M (when the CPU supports "pse") and 1G
1394 (when the CPU supports the "pdpe1gb" cpuinfo flag).
1397 [KNL] Should the hung task detector generate panics.
1400 A nonzero value instructs the kernel to panic when a
1401 hung task is detected. The default value is controlled
1402 by the CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HUNG_TASK_PANIC build-time
1403 option. The value selected by this boot parameter can
1404 be changed later by the kernel.hung_task_panic sysctl.
1406 hvc_iucv= [S390] Number of z/VM IUCV hypervisor console (HVC)
1407 terminal devices. Valid values: 0..8
1408 hvc_iucv_allow= [S390] Comma-separated list of z/VM user IDs.
1409 If specified, z/VM IUCV HVC accepts connections
1410 from listed z/VM user IDs only.
1412 hv_nopvspin [X86,HYPER_V] Disables the paravirt spinlock optimizations
1413 which allow the hypervisor to 'idle' the
1414 guest on lock contention.
1417 Do not unregister boot console at start. This is only
1418 useful for debugging when something happens in the window
1419 between unregistering the boot console and initializing
1422 i2c_bus= [HW] Override the default board specific I2C bus speed
1423 or register an additional I2C bus that is not
1424 registered from board initialization code.
1428 i8042.debug [HW] Toggle i8042 debug mode
1429 i8042.unmask_kbd_data
1430 [HW] Enable printing of interrupt data from the KBD port
1431 (disabled by default, and as a pre-condition
1432 requires that i8042.debug=1 be enabled)
1433 i8042.direct [HW] Put keyboard port into non-translated mode
1434 i8042.dumbkbd [HW] Pretend that controller can only read data from
1435 keyboard and cannot control its state
1436 (Don't attempt to blink the leds)
1437 i8042.noaux [HW] Don't check for auxiliary (== mouse) port
1438 i8042.nokbd [HW] Don't check/create keyboard port
1439 i8042.noloop [HW] Disable the AUX Loopback command while probing
1441 i8042.nomux [HW] Don't check presence of an active multiplexing
1443 i8042.nopnp [HW] Don't use ACPIPnP / PnPBIOS to discover KBD/AUX
1445 i8042.notimeout [HW] Ignore timeout condition signalled by controller
1446 i8042.reset [HW] Reset the controller during init, cleanup and
1447 suspend-to-ram transitions, only during s2r
1448 transitions, or never reset
1449 Format: { 1 | Y | y | 0 | N | n }
1450 1, Y, y: always reset controller
1451 0, N, n: don't ever reset controller
1452 Default: only on s2r transitions on x86; most other
1453 architectures force reset to be always executed
1454 i8042.unlock [HW] Unlock (ignore) the keylock
1455 i8042.kbdreset [HW] Reset device connected to KBD port
1459 i8k.ignore_dmi [HW] Continue probing hardware even if DMI data
1460 indicates that the driver is running on unsupported
1462 i8k.force [HW] Activate i8k driver even if SMM BIOS signature
1463 does not match list of supported models.
1465 [HW] Report power status in /proc/i8k
1466 (disabled by default)
1467 i8k.restricted [HW] Allow controlling fans only if SYS_ADMIN
1470 i915.invert_brightness=
1471 [DRM] Invert the sense of the variable that is used to
1472 set the brightness of the panel backlight. Normally a
1473 brightness value of 0 indicates backlight switched off,
1474 and the maximum of the brightness value sets the backlight
1475 to maximum brightness. If this parameter is set to 0
1476 (default) and the machine requires it, or this parameter
1477 is set to 1, a brightness value of 0 sets the backlight
1478 to maximum brightness, and the maximum of the brightness
1479 value switches the backlight off.
1480 -1 -- never invert brightness
1481 0 -- machine default
1482 1 -- force brightness inversion
1485 Format: <io>[,<membase>[,<icn_id>[,<icn_id2>]]]
1487 ide-core.nodma= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1488 Format: =0.0 to prevent dma on hda, =0.1 hdb =1.0 hdc
1489 .vlb_clock .pci_clock .noflush .nohpa .noprobe .nowerr
1490 .cdrom .chs .ignore_cable are additional options
1491 See Documentation/ide/ide.txt.
1493 ide-generic.probe-mask= [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1495 Probe mask for legacy ISA IDE ports. Depending on
1496 platform up to 6 ports are supported, enabled by
1497 setting corresponding bits in the mask to 1. The
1498 default value is 0x0, which has a special meaning.
1499 On systems that have PCI, it triggers scanning the
1500 PCI bus for the first and the second port, which
1501 are then probed. On systems without PCI the value
1502 of 0x0 enables probing the two first ports as if it
1505 ide-pci-generic.all-generic-ide [HW] (E)IDE subsystem
1506 Claim all unknown PCI IDE storage controllers.
1509 Format: idle=poll, idle=halt, idle=nomwait
1510 Poll forces a polling idle loop that can slightly
1511 improve the performance of waking up a idle CPU, but
1512 will use a lot of power and make the system run hot.
1514 idle=halt: Halt is forced to be used for CPU idle.
1515 In such case C2/C3 won't be used again.
1516 idle=nomwait: Disable mwait for CPU C-states
1518 ieee754= [MIPS] Select IEEE Std 754 conformance mode
1519 Format: { strict | legacy | 2008 | relaxed }
1522 Choose which programs will be accepted for execution
1523 based on the IEEE 754 NaN encoding(s) supported by
1524 the FPU and the NaN encoding requested with the value
1525 of an ELF file header flag individually set by each
1526 binary. Hardware implementations are permitted to
1527 support either or both of the legacy and the 2008 NaN
1530 Available settings are as follows:
1531 strict accept binaries that request a NaN encoding
1532 supported by the FPU
1533 legacy only accept legacy-NaN binaries, if supported
1535 2008 only accept 2008-NaN binaries, if supported
1537 relaxed accept any binaries regardless of whether
1538 supported by the FPU
1540 The FPU emulator is always able to support both NaN
1541 encodings, so if no FPU hardware is present or it has
1542 been disabled with 'nofpu', then the settings of
1543 'legacy' and '2008' strap the emulator accordingly,
1544 'relaxed' straps the emulator for both legacy-NaN and
1545 2008-NaN, whereas 'strict' enables legacy-NaN only on
1546 legacy processors and both NaN encodings on MIPS32 or
1549 The setting for ABS.fmt/NEG.fmt instruction execution
1550 mode generally follows that for the NaN encoding,
1551 except where unsupported by hardware.
1553 ignore_loglevel [KNL]
1554 Ignore loglevel setting - this will print /all/
1555 kernel messages to the console. Useful for debugging.
1556 We also add it as printk module parameter, so users
1557 could change it dynamically, usually by
1558 /sys/module/printk/parameters/ignore_loglevel.
1561 Ignore RLIMIT_DATA setting for data mappings,
1562 print warning at first misuse. Can be changed via
1563 /sys/module/kernel/parameters/ignore_rlimit_data.
1565 ihash_entries= [KNL]
1566 Set number of hash buckets for inode cache.
1568 ima_appraise= [IMA] appraise integrity measurements
1569 Format: { "off" | "enforce" | "fix" | "log" }
1572 ima_appraise_tcb [IMA]
1573 The builtin appraise policy appraises all files
1576 ima_canonical_fmt [IMA]
1577 Use the canonical format for the binary runtime
1578 measurements, instead of host native format.
1581 Format: { md5 | sha1 | rmd160 | sha256 | sha384
1585 The list of supported hash algorithms is defined
1586 in crypto/hash_info.h.
1589 The builtin policies to load during IMA setup.
1590 Format: "tcb | appraise_tcb | secure_boot |
1593 The "tcb" policy measures all programs exec'd, files
1594 mmap'd for exec, and all files opened with the read
1595 mode bit set by either the effective uid (euid=0) or
1598 The "appraise_tcb" policy appraises the integrity of
1599 all files owned by root. (This is the equivalent
1600 of ima_appraise_tcb.)
1602 The "secure_boot" policy appraises the integrity
1603 of files (eg. kexec kernel image, kernel modules,
1604 firmware, policy, etc) based on file signatures.
1606 The "fail_securely" policy forces file signature
1607 verification failure also on privileged mounted
1608 filesystems with the SB_I_UNVERIFIABLE_SIGNATURE
1611 ima_tcb [IMA] Deprecated. Use ima_policy= instead.
1612 Load a policy which meets the needs of the Trusted
1613 Computing Base. This means IMA will measure all
1614 programs exec'd, files mmap'd for exec, and all files
1615 opened for read by uid=0.
1618 Select one of defined IMA measurements template formats.
1619 Formats: { "ima" | "ima-ng" | "ima-sig" }
1623 [IMA] Define a custom template format.
1624 Format: { "field1|...|fieldN" }
1626 ima.ahash_minsize= [IMA] Minimum file size for asynchronous hash usage
1627 Format: <min_file_size>
1628 Set the minimal file size for using asynchronous hash.
1629 If left unspecified, ahash usage is disabled.
1631 ahash performance varies for different data sizes on
1632 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1633 to achieve the best performance for a particular HW.
1635 ima.ahash_bufsize= [IMA] Asynchronous hash buffer size
1637 Set hashing buffer size. Default: 4k.
1639 ahash performance varies for different chunk sizes on
1640 different crypto accelerators. This option can be used
1641 to achieve best performance for particular HW.
1645 Run specified binary instead of /sbin/init as init
1648 initcall_debug [KNL] Trace initcalls as they are executed. Useful
1649 for working out where the kernel is dying during
1652 initcall_blacklist= [KNL] Do not execute a comma-separated list of
1653 initcall functions. Useful for debugging built-in
1654 modules and initcalls.
1656 initrd= [BOOT] Specify the location of the initial ramdisk
1658 init_pkru= [x86] Specify the default memory protection keys rights
1659 register contents for all processes. 0x55555554 by
1660 default (disallow access to all but pkey 0). Can
1661 override in debugfs after boot.
1663 inport.irq= [HW] Inport (ATI XL and Microsoft) busmouse driver
1666 int_pln_enable [x86] Enable power limit notification interrupt
1668 integrity_audit=[IMA]
1669 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1670 0 -- basic integrity auditing messages. (Default)
1671 1 -- additional integrity auditing messages.
1673 intel_iommu= [DMAR] Intel IOMMU driver (DMAR) option
1675 Enable intel iommu driver.
1677 Disable intel iommu driver.
1678 igfx_off [Default Off]
1679 By default, gfx is mapped as normal device. If a gfx
1680 device has a dedicated DMAR unit, the DMAR unit is
1681 bypassed by not enabling DMAR with this option. In
1682 this case, gfx device will use physical address for
1685 With this option iommu will not optimize to look
1686 for io virtual address below 32-bit forcing dual
1687 address cycle on pci bus for cards supporting greater
1688 than 32-bit addressing. The default is to look
1689 for translation below 32-bit and if not available
1690 then look in the higher range.
1691 strict [Default Off]
1692 With this option on every unmap_single operation will
1693 result in a hardware IOTLB flush operation as opposed
1694 to batching them for performance.
1695 sp_off [Default Off]
1696 By default, super page will be supported if Intel IOMMU
1697 has the capability. With this option, super page will
1700 By default, scalable mode will be disabled even if the
1701 hardware advertises that it has support for the scalable
1702 mode translation. With this option set, scalable mode
1703 will be used on hardware which claims to support it.
1704 tboot_noforce [Default Off]
1705 Do not force the Intel IOMMU enabled under tboot.
1706 By default, tboot will force Intel IOMMU on, which
1707 could harm performance of some high-throughput
1708 devices like 40GBit network cards, even if identity
1710 Note that using this option lowers the security
1711 provided by tboot because it makes the system
1712 vulnerable to DMA attacks.
1714 intel_idle.max_cstate= [KNL,HW,ACPI,X86]
1715 0 disables intel_idle and fall back on acpi_idle.
1716 1 to 9 specify maximum depth of C-state.
1720 Do not enable intel_pstate as the default
1721 scaling driver for the supported processors
1723 Use intel_pstate as a scaling driver, but configure it
1724 to work with generic cpufreq governors (instead of
1725 enabling its internal governor). This mode cannot be
1726 used along with the hardware-managed P-states (HWP)
1729 Enable intel_pstate on systems that prohibit it by default
1730 in favor of acpi-cpufreq. Forcing the intel_pstate driver
1731 instead of acpi-cpufreq may disable platform features, such
1732 as thermal controls and power capping, that rely on ACPI
1733 P-States information being indicated to OSPM and therefore
1734 should be used with caution. This option does not work with
1735 processors that aren't supported by the intel_pstate driver
1736 or on platforms that use pcc-cpufreq instead of acpi-cpufreq.
1738 Do not enable hardware P state control (HWP)
1741 Only load intel_pstate on systems which support
1742 hardware P state control (HWP) if available.
1744 Enforce ACPI _PPC performance limits. If the Fixed ACPI
1745 Description Table, specifies preferred power management
1746 profile as "Enterprise Server" or "Performance Server",
1747 then this feature is turned on by default.
1749 Allow per-logical-CPU P-State performance control limits using
1750 cpufreq sysfs interface
1752 intremap= [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU]
1753 on enable Interrupt Remapping (default)
1754 off disable Interrupt Remapping
1755 nosid disable Source ID checking
1757 BIOS x2APIC opt-out request will be ignored
1758 nopost disable Interrupt Posting
1760 iomem= Disable strict checking of access to MMIO memory
1761 strict regions from userspace.
1776 nobypass [PPC/POWERNV]
1777 Disable IOMMU bypass, using IOMMU for PCI devices.
1779 iommu.strict= [ARM64] Configure TLB invalidation behaviour
1780 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1782 Request that DMA unmap operations use deferred
1783 invalidation of hardware TLBs, for increased
1784 throughput at the cost of reduced device isolation.
1785 Will fall back to strict mode if not supported by
1786 the relevant IOMMU driver.
1787 1 - Strict mode (default).
1788 DMA unmap operations invalidate IOMMU hardware TLBs
1792 [ARM64] Configure DMA to bypass the IOMMU by default.
1793 Format: { "0" | "1" }
1794 0 - Use IOMMU translation for DMA.
1795 1 - Bypass the IOMMU for DMA.
1796 unset - Use value of CONFIG_IOMMU_DEFAULT_PASSTHROUGH.
1798 io7= [HW] IO7 for Marvel based alpha systems
1799 See comment before marvel_specify_io7 in
1800 arch/alpha/kernel/core_marvel.c.
1802 io_delay= [X86] I/O delay method
1804 Standard port 0x80 based delay
1806 Alternate port 0xed based delay (needed on some systems)
1808 Simple two microseconds delay
1813 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
1815 irqaffinity= [SMP] Set the default irq affinity mask
1816 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
1818 irqchip.gicv2_force_probe=
1821 Force the kernel to look for the second 4kB page
1822 of a GICv2 controller even if the memory range
1823 exposed by the device tree is too small.
1825 irqchip.gicv3_nolpi=
1827 Force the kernel to ignore the availability of
1828 LPIs (and by consequence ITSs). Intended for system
1829 that use the kernel as a bootloader, and thus want
1830 to let secondary kernels in charge of setting up
1834 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1835 for it. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1839 When an interrupt is not handled search all handlers
1840 for it. Also check all handlers each timer
1841 interrupt. Intended to get systems with badly broken
1845 Format: <RDP>,<reset>,<pci_scan>,<verbosity>
1847 isolcpus= [KNL,SMP,ISOL] Isolate a given set of CPUs from disturbance.
1848 [Deprecated - use cpusets instead]
1849 Format: [flag-list,]<cpu-list>
1851 Specify one or more CPUs to isolate from disturbances
1852 specified in the flag list (default: domain):
1855 Disable the tick when a single task runs.
1857 A residual 1Hz tick is offloaded to workqueues, which you
1858 need to affine to housekeeping through the global
1859 workqueue's affinity configured via the
1860 /sys/devices/virtual/workqueue/cpumask sysfs file, or
1861 by using the 'domain' flag described below.
1863 NOTE: by default the global workqueue runs on all CPUs,
1864 so to protect individual CPUs the 'cpumask' file has to
1865 be configured manually after bootup.
1868 Isolate from the general SMP balancing and scheduling
1869 algorithms. Note that performing domain isolation this way
1870 is irreversible: it's not possible to bring back a CPU to
1871 the domains once isolated through isolcpus. It's strongly
1872 advised to use cpusets instead to disable scheduler load
1873 balancing through the "cpuset.sched_load_balance" file.
1874 It offers a much more flexible interface where CPUs can
1875 move in and out of an isolated set anytime.
1877 You can move a process onto or off an "isolated" CPU via
1878 the CPU affinity syscalls or cpuset.
1879 <cpu number> begins at 0 and the maximum value is
1880 "number of CPUs in system - 1".
1882 The format of <cpu-list> is described above.
1888 ivrs_ioapic [HW,X86_64]
1889 Provide an override to the IOAPIC-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1890 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1891 example, to map IOAPIC-ID decimal 10 to
1892 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1893 ivrs_ioapic[10]=00:14.0
1895 ivrs_hpet [HW,X86_64]
1896 Provide an override to the HPET-ID<->DEVICE-ID
1897 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1898 example, to map HPET-ID decimal 0 to
1899 PCI device 00:14.0 write the parameter as:
1900 ivrs_hpet[0]=00:14.0
1902 ivrs_acpihid [HW,X86_64]
1903 Provide an override to the ACPI-HID:UID<->DEVICE-ID
1904 mapping provided in the IVRS ACPI table. For
1905 example, to map UART-HID:UID AMD0020:0 to
1906 PCI device 00:14.5 write the parameter as:
1907 ivrs_acpihid[00:14.5]=AMD0020:0
1909 js= [HW,JOY] Analog joystick
1910 See Documentation/input/joydev/joystick.rst.
1913 When CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE is set, this disables
1914 kernel and module base offset ASLR (Address Space
1915 Layout Randomization).
1918 [KNL] Enforce KASAN (Kernel Address Sanitizer) to print
1919 report on every invalid memory access. Without this
1920 parameter KASAN will print report only for the first
1925 kernelcore= [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC]
1926 Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn% | "mirror"
1927 This parameter specifies the amount of memory usable by
1928 the kernel for non-movable allocations. The requested
1929 amount is spread evenly throughout all nodes in the
1930 system as ZONE_NORMAL. The remaining memory is used for
1931 movable memory in its own zone, ZONE_MOVABLE. In the
1932 event, a node is too small to have both ZONE_NORMAL and
1933 ZONE_MOVABLE, kernelcore memory will take priority and
1934 other nodes will have a larger ZONE_MOVABLE.
1936 ZONE_MOVABLE is used for the allocation of pages that
1937 may be reclaimed or moved by the page migration
1938 subsystem. Note that allocations like PTEs-from-HighMem
1939 still use the HighMem zone if it exists, and the Normal
1940 zone if it does not.
1942 It is possible to specify the exact amount of memory in
1943 the form of "nn[KMGTPE]", a percentage of total system
1944 memory in the form of "nn%", or "mirror". If "mirror"
1945 option is specified, mirrored (reliable) memory is used
1946 for non-movable allocations and remaining memory is used
1947 for Movable pages. "nn[KMGTPE]", "nn%", and "mirror"
1948 are exclusive, so you cannot specify multiple forms.
1950 kgdbdbgp= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over EHCI usb debug port.
1951 Format: <Controller#>[,poll interval]
1952 The controller # is the number of the ehci usb debug
1953 port as it is probed via PCI. The poll interval is
1954 optional and is the number seconds in between
1955 each poll cycle to the debug port in case you need
1956 the functionality for interrupting the kernel with
1957 gdb or control-c on the dbgp connection. When
1958 not using this parameter you use sysrq-g to break into
1959 the kernel debugger.
1961 kgdboc= [KGDB,HW] kgdb over consoles.
1962 Requires a tty driver that supports console polling,
1963 or a supported polling keyboard driver (non-usb).
1964 Serial only format: <serial_device>[,baud]
1965 keyboard only format: kbd
1966 keyboard and serial format: kbd,<serial_device>[,baud]
1967 Optional Kernel mode setting:
1968 kms, kbd format: kms,kbd
1969 kms, kbd and serial format: kms,kbd,<ser_dev>[,baud]
1971 kgdbwait [KGDB] Stop kernel execution and enter the
1972 kernel debugger at the earliest opportunity.
1974 kmac= [MIPS] korina ethernet MAC address.
1975 Configure the RouterBoard 532 series on-chip
1976 Ethernet adapter MAC address.
1978 kmemleak= [KNL] Boot-time kmemleak enable/disable
1979 Valid arguments: on, off
1981 Built with CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK_DEFAULT_OFF=y,
1984 kvm.ignore_msrs=[KVM] Ignore guest accesses to unhandled MSRs.
1985 Default is 0 (don't ignore, but inject #GP)
1987 kvm.enable_vmware_backdoor=[KVM] Support VMware backdoor PV interface.
1988 Default is false (don't support).
1990 kvm.mmu_audit= [KVM] This is a R/W parameter which allows audit
1994 kvm-amd.nested= [KVM,AMD] Allow nested virtualization in KVM/SVM.
1995 Default is 1 (enabled)
1997 kvm-amd.npt= [KVM,AMD] Disable nested paging (virtualized MMU)
1999 Default is 1 (enabled) if in 64-bit or 32-bit PAE mode.
2001 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group0_trap=
2002 [KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-0
2005 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_group1_trap=
2006 [KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 group-1
2009 kvm-arm.vgic_v3_common_trap=
2010 [KVM,ARM] Trap guest accesses to GICv3 common
2013 kvm-arm.vgic_v4_enable=
2014 [KVM,ARM] Allow use of GICv4 for direct injection of
2017 kvm-intel.ept= [KVM,Intel] Disable extended page tables
2018 (virtualized MMU) support on capable Intel chips.
2019 Default is 1 (enabled)
2021 kvm-intel.emulate_invalid_guest_state=
2022 [KVM,Intel] Enable emulation of invalid guest states
2023 Default is 0 (disabled)
2025 kvm-intel.flexpriority=
2026 [KVM,Intel] Disable FlexPriority feature (TPR shadow).
2027 Default is 1 (enabled)
2030 [KVM,Intel] Enable VMX nesting (nVMX).
2031 Default is 0 (disabled)
2033 kvm-intel.unrestricted_guest=
2034 [KVM,Intel] Disable unrestricted guest feature
2035 (virtualized real and unpaged mode) on capable
2036 Intel chips. Default is 1 (enabled)
2038 kvm-intel.vmentry_l1d_flush=[KVM,Intel] Mitigation for L1 Terminal Fault
2041 Valid arguments: never, cond, always
2043 always: L1D cache flush on every VMENTER.
2044 cond: Flush L1D on VMENTER only when the code between
2045 VMEXIT and VMENTER can leak host memory.
2046 never: Disables the mitigation
2048 Default is cond (do L1 cache flush in specific instances)
2050 kvm-intel.vpid= [KVM,Intel] Disable Virtual Processor Identification
2051 feature (tagged TLBs) on capable Intel chips.
2052 Default is 1 (enabled)
2054 l1tf= [X86] Control mitigation of the L1TF vulnerability on
2057 The kernel PTE inversion protection is unconditionally
2058 enabled and cannot be disabled.
2061 Provides all available mitigations for the
2062 L1TF vulnerability. Disables SMT and
2063 enables all mitigations in the
2064 hypervisors, i.e. unconditional L1D flush.
2066 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2067 sysfs interface is still possible after
2068 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2069 when the first VM is started in a
2070 potentially insecure configuration,
2071 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2074 Same as 'full', but disables SMT and L1D
2075 flush runtime control. Implies the
2076 'nosmt=force' command line option.
2077 (i.e. sysfs control of SMT is disabled.)
2080 Leaves SMT enabled and enables the default
2081 hypervisor mitigation, i.e. conditional
2084 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2085 sysfs interface is still possible after
2086 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2087 when the first VM is started in a
2088 potentially insecure configuration,
2089 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2093 Disables SMT and enables the default
2094 hypervisor mitigation.
2096 SMT control and L1D flush control via the
2097 sysfs interface is still possible after
2098 boot. Hypervisors will issue a warning
2099 when the first VM is started in a
2100 potentially insecure configuration,
2101 i.e. SMT enabled or L1D flush disabled.
2104 Same as 'flush', but hypervisors will not
2105 warn when a VM is started in a potentially
2106 insecure configuration.
2109 Disables hypervisor mitigations and doesn't
2111 It also drops the swap size and available
2112 RAM limit restriction on both hypervisor and
2117 For details see: Documentation/admin-guide/l1tf.rst
2123 lapic [X86-32,APIC] Enable the local APIC even if BIOS
2126 lapic= [x86,APIC] "notscdeadline" Do not use TSC deadline
2127 value for LAPIC timer one-shot implementation. Default
2128 back to the programmable timer unit in the LAPIC.
2130 lapic_timer_c2_ok [X86,APIC] trust the local apic timer
2133 libata.dma= [LIBATA] DMA control
2134 libata.dma=0 Disable all PATA and SATA DMA
2135 libata.dma=1 PATA and SATA Disk DMA only
2136 libata.dma=2 ATAPI (CDROM) DMA only
2137 libata.dma=4 Compact Flash DMA only
2138 Combinations also work, so libata.dma=3 enables DMA
2139 for disks and CDROMs, but not CFs.
2141 libata.ignore_hpa= [LIBATA] Ignore HPA limit
2142 libata.ignore_hpa=0 keep BIOS limits (default)
2143 libata.ignore_hpa=1 ignore limits, using full disk
2145 libata.noacpi [LIBATA] Disables use of ACPI in libata suspend/resume
2149 libata.force= [LIBATA] Force configurations. The format is comma
2150 separated list of "[ID:]VAL" where ID is
2151 PORT[.DEVICE]. PORT and DEVICE are decimal numbers
2152 matching port, link or device. Basically, it matches
2153 the ATA ID string printed on console by libata. If
2154 the whole ID part is omitted, the last PORT and DEVICE
2155 values are used. If ID hasn't been specified yet, the
2156 configuration applies to all ports, links and devices.
2158 If only DEVICE is omitted, the parameter applies to
2159 the port and all links and devices behind it. DEVICE
2160 number of 0 either selects the first device or the
2161 first fan-out link behind PMP device. It does not
2162 select the host link. DEVICE number of 15 selects the
2163 host link and device attached to it.
2165 The VAL specifies the configuration to force. As long
2166 as there's no ambiguity shortcut notation is allowed.
2167 For example, both 1.5 and 1.5G would work for 1.5Gbps.
2168 The following configurations can be forced.
2170 * Cable type: 40c, 80c, short40c, unk, ign or sata.
2171 Any ID with matching PORT is used.
2173 * SATA link speed limit: 1.5Gbps or 3.0Gbps.
2175 * Transfer mode: pio[0-7], mwdma[0-4] and udma[0-7].
2176 udma[/][16,25,33,44,66,100,133] notation is also
2179 * [no]ncq: Turn on or off NCQ.
2181 * [no]ncqtrim: Turn off queued DSM TRIM.
2183 * nohrst, nosrst, norst: suppress hard, soft
2186 * rstonce: only attempt one reset during
2187 hot-unplug link recovery
2189 * dump_id: dump IDENTIFY data.
2191 * atapi_dmadir: Enable ATAPI DMADIR bridge support
2193 * disable: Disable this device.
2195 If there are multiple matching configurations changing
2196 the same attribute, the last one is used.
2198 memblock=debug [KNL] Enable memblock debug messages.
2200 load_ramdisk= [RAM] List of ramdisks to load from floppy
2201 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
2203 lockd.nlm_grace_period=P [NFS] Assign grace period.
2206 lockd.nlm_tcpport=N [NFS] Assign TCP port.
2209 lockd.nlm_timeout=T [NFS] Assign timeout value.
2212 lockd.nlm_udpport=M [NFS] Assign UDP port.
2215 locktorture.nreaders_stress= [KNL]
2216 Set the number of locking read-acquisition kthreads.
2217 Defaults to being automatically set based on the
2218 number of online CPUs.
2220 locktorture.nwriters_stress= [KNL]
2221 Set the number of locking write-acquisition kthreads.
2223 locktorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
2224 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
2226 locktorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
2227 Set time (s) between CPU-hotplug operations, or
2228 zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
2230 locktorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
2231 Set task-shuffle interval (jiffies). Shuffling
2232 tasks allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle
2233 mode during the locktorture test.
2235 locktorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
2236 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
2237 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
2239 locktorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
2240 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
2242 locktorture.stutter= [KNL]
2243 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example,
2244 specifying five seconds causes the test to run for
2245 five seconds, wait for five seconds, and so on.
2246 This tests the locking primitive's ability to
2247 transition abruptly to and from idle.
2249 locktorture.torture_type= [KNL]
2250 Specify the locking implementation to test.
2252 locktorture.verbose= [KNL]
2253 Enable additional printk() statements.
2255 logibm.irq= [HW,MOUSE] Logitech Bus Mouse Driver
2258 loglevel= All Kernel Messages with a loglevel smaller than the
2259 console loglevel will be printed to the console. It can
2260 also be changed with klogd or other programs. The
2261 loglevels are defined as follows:
2263 0 (KERN_EMERG) system is unusable
2264 1 (KERN_ALERT) action must be taken immediately
2265 2 (KERN_CRIT) critical conditions
2266 3 (KERN_ERR) error conditions
2267 4 (KERN_WARNING) warning conditions
2268 5 (KERN_NOTICE) normal but significant condition
2269 6 (KERN_INFO) informational
2270 7 (KERN_DEBUG) debug-level messages
2272 log_buf_len=n[KMG] Sets the size of the printk ring buffer,
2273 in bytes. n must be a power of two and greater
2274 than the minimal size. The minimal size is defined
2275 by LOG_BUF_SHIFT kernel config parameter. There is
2276 also CONFIG_LOG_CPU_MAX_BUF_SHIFT config parameter
2277 that allows to increase the default size depending on
2278 the number of CPUs. See init/Kconfig for more details.
2280 logo.nologo [FB] Disables display of the built-in Linux logo.
2281 This may be used to provide more screen space for
2282 kernel log messages and is useful when debugging
2283 kernel boot problems.
2285 lp=0 [LP] Specify parallel ports to use, e.g,
2286 lp=port[,port...] lp=none,parport0 (lp0 not configured, lp1 uses
2287 lp=reset first parallel port). 'lp=0' disables the
2288 lp=auto printer driver. 'lp=reset' (which can be
2289 specified in addition to the ports) causes
2290 attached printers to be reset. Using
2291 lp=port1,port2,... specifies the parallel ports
2292 to associate lp devices with, starting with
2293 lp0. A port specification may be 'none' to skip
2294 that lp device, or a parport name such as
2295 'parport0'. Specifying 'lp=auto' instead of a
2296 port specification list means that device IDs
2297 from each port should be examined, to see if
2298 an IEEE 1284-compliant printer is attached; if
2299 so, the driver will manage that printer.
2300 See also header of drivers/char/lp.c.
2303 Sets loops_per_jiffy to given constant, thus avoiding
2304 time-consuming boot-time autodetection (up to 250 ms per
2305 CPU). 0 enables autodetection (default). To determine
2306 the correct value for your kernel, boot with normal
2307 autodetection and see what value is printed. Note that
2308 on SMP systems the preset will be applied to all CPUs,
2309 which is likely to cause problems if your CPUs need
2310 significantly divergent settings. An incorrect value
2311 will cause delays in the kernel to be wrong, leading to
2312 unpredictable I/O errors and other breakage. Although
2313 unlikely, in the extreme case this might damage your
2317 Format: <io>,<irq>,<dma>
2319 lsm.debug [SECURITY] Enable LSM initialization debugging output.
2321 machvec= [IA-64] Force the use of a particular machine-vector
2322 (machvec) in a generic kernel.
2323 Example: machvec=hpzx1_swiotlb
2325 machtype= [Loongson] Share the same kernel image file between different
2327 Example: machtype=lemote-yeeloong-2f-7inch
2329 max_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory greater
2330 than or equal to this physical address is ignored.
2332 maxcpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
2333 will bring up during bootup. maxcpus=n : n >= 0 limits
2334 the kernel to bring up 'n' processors. Surely after
2335 bootup you can bring up the other plugged cpu by executing
2336 "echo 1 > /sys/devices/system/cpu/cpuX/online". So maxcpus
2337 only takes effect during system bootup.
2338 While n=0 is a special case, it is equivalent to "nosmp",
2339 which also disables the IO APIC.
2341 max_loop= [LOOP] The number of loop block devices that get
2342 (loop.max_loop) unconditionally pre-created at init time. The default
2343 number is configured by BLK_DEV_LOOP_MIN_COUNT. Instead
2344 of statically allocating a predefined number, loop
2345 devices can be requested on-demand with the
2346 /dev/loop-control interface.
2348 mce [X86-32] Machine Check Exception
2350 mce=option [X86-64] See Documentation/x86/x86_64/boot-options.txt
2352 md= [HW] RAID subsystems devices and level
2353 See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst.
2356 Format: <first>,<last>
2357 Specifies range of consoles to be captured by the MDA.
2359 mem=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Force usage of a specific amount of memory
2360 Amount of memory to be used when the kernel is not able
2361 to see the whole system memory or for test.
2362 [X86] Work as limiting max address. Use together
2363 with memmap= to avoid physical address space collisions.
2364 Without memmap= PCI devices could be placed at addresses
2365 belonging to unused RAM.
2367 mem=nopentium [BUGS=X86-32] Disable usage of 4MB pages for kernel
2371 [KNL,SH] Allow user to override the default size for
2372 per-device physically contiguous DMA buffers.
2374 memhp_default_state=online/offline
2375 [KNL] Set the initial state for the memory hotplug
2376 onlining policy. If not specified, the default value is
2377 set according to the
2378 CONFIG_MEMORY_HOTPLUG_DEFAULT_ONLINE kernel config
2380 See Documentation/memory-hotplug.txt.
2382 memmap=exactmap [KNL,X86] Enable setting of an exact
2383 E820 memory map, as specified by the user.
2384 Such memmap=exactmap lines can be constructed based on
2385 BIOS output or other requirements. See the memmap=nn@ss
2388 memmap=nn[KMG]@ss[KMG]
2389 [KNL] Force usage of a specific region of memory.
2390 Region of memory to be used is from ss to ss+nn.
2391 If @ss[KMG] is omitted, it is equivalent to mem=nn[KMG],
2392 which limits max address to nn[KMG].
2393 Multiple different regions can be specified,
2396 memmap=100M@2G,100M#3G,1G!1024G
2398 memmap=nn[KMG]#ss[KMG]
2399 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as ACPI data.
2400 Region of memory to be marked is from ss to ss+nn.
2402 memmap=nn[KMG]$ss[KMG]
2403 [KNL,ACPI] Mark specific memory as reserved.
2404 Region of memory to be reserved is from ss to ss+nn.
2405 Example: Exclude memory from 0x18690000-0x1869ffff
2406 memmap=64K$0x18690000
2408 memmap=0x10000$0x18690000
2409 Some bootloaders may need an escape character before '$',
2410 like Grub2, otherwise '$' and the following number
2413 memmap=nn[KMG]!ss[KMG]
2414 [KNL,X86] Mark specific memory as protected.
2415 Region of memory to be used, from ss to ss+nn.
2416 The memory region may be marked as e820 type 12 (0xc)
2417 and is NVDIMM or ADR memory.
2419 memmap=<size>%<offset>-<oldtype>+<newtype>
2420 [KNL,ACPI] Convert memory within the specified region
2421 from <oldtype> to <newtype>. If "-<oldtype>" is left
2422 out, the whole region will be marked as <newtype>,
2423 even if previously unavailable. If "+<newtype>" is left
2424 out, matching memory will be removed. Types are
2425 specified as e820 types, e.g., 1 = RAM, 2 = reserved,
2426 3 = ACPI, 12 = PRAM.
2428 memory_corruption_check=0/1 [X86]
2429 Some BIOSes seem to corrupt the first 64k of
2430 memory when doing things like suspend/resume.
2431 Setting this option will scan the memory
2432 looking for corruption. Enabling this will
2433 both detect corruption and prevent the kernel
2434 from using the memory being corrupted.
2435 However, its intended as a diagnostic tool; if
2436 repeatable BIOS-originated corruption always
2437 affects the same memory, you can use memmap=
2438 to prevent the kernel from using that memory.
2440 memory_corruption_check_size=size [X86]
2441 By default it checks for corruption in the low
2442 64k, making this memory unavailable for normal
2443 use. Use this parameter to scan for
2444 corruption in more or less memory.
2446 memory_corruption_check_period=seconds [X86]
2447 By default it checks for corruption every 60
2448 seconds. Use this parameter to check at some
2449 other rate. 0 disables periodic checking.
2451 memtest= [KNL,X86,ARM,PPC] Enable memtest
2453 default : 0 <disable>
2454 Specifies the number of memtest passes to be
2455 performed. Each pass selects another test
2456 pattern from a given set of patterns. Memtest
2457 fills the memory with this pattern, validates
2458 memory contents and reserves bad memory
2459 regions that are detected.
2461 mem_encrypt= [X86-64] AMD Secure Memory Encryption (SME) control
2462 Valid arguments: on, off
2463 Default (depends on kernel configuration option):
2464 on (CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT_ACTIVE_BY_DEFAULT=y)
2465 off (CONFIG_AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT_ACTIVE_BY_DEFAULT=n)
2466 mem_encrypt=on: Activate SME
2467 mem_encrypt=off: Do not activate SME
2469 Refer to Documentation/x86/amd-memory-encryption.txt
2470 for details on when memory encryption can be activated.
2472 mem_sleep_default= [SUSPEND] Default system suspend mode:
2473 s2idle - Suspend-To-Idle
2474 shallow - Power-On Suspend or equivalent (if supported)
2475 deep - Suspend-To-RAM or equivalent (if supported)
2476 See Documentation/admin-guide/pm/sleep-states.rst.
2478 meye.*= [HW] Set MotionEye Camera parameters
2479 See Documentation/media/v4l-drivers/meye.rst.
2481 mfgpt_irq= [IA-32] Specify the IRQ to use for the
2482 Multi-Function General Purpose Timers on AMD Geode
2485 mfgptfix [X86-32] Fix MFGPT timers on AMD Geode platforms when
2486 the BIOS has incorrectly applied a workaround. TinyBIOS
2487 version 0.98 is known to be affected, 0.99 fixes the
2488 problem by letting the user disable the workaround.
2492 min_addr=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT,ia64] All physical memory below this
2493 physical address is ignored.
2495 mini2440= [ARM,HW,KNL]
2496 Format:[0..2][b][c][t]
2498 MINI2440 configuration specification:
2499 0 - The attached screen is the 3.5" TFT
2500 1 - The attached screen is the 7" TFT
2501 2 - The VGA Shield is attached (1024x768)
2502 Leaving out the screen size parameter will not load
2503 the TFT driver, and the framebuffer will be left
2505 b - Enable backlight. The TFT backlight pin will be
2506 linked to the kernel VESA blanking code and a GPIO
2507 LED. This parameter is not necessary when using the
2509 c - Enable the s3c camera interface.
2510 t - Reserved for enabling touchscreen support. The
2511 touchscreen support is not enabled in the mainstream
2512 kernel as of 2.6.30, a preliminary port can be found
2513 in the "bleeding edge" mini2440 support kernel at
2514 http://repo.or.cz/w/linux-2.6/mini2440.git
2517 [KNL] When CONFIG_DEBUG_MEMORY_INIT is set, this
2518 parameter allows control of the logging verbosity for
2519 the additional memory initialisation checks. A value
2520 of 0 disables mminit logging and a level of 4 will
2521 log everything. Information is printed at KERN_DEBUG
2522 so loglevel=8 may also need to be specified.
2525 [KNL] When CONFIG_MODULE_SIG is set, this means that
2526 modules without (valid) signatures will fail to load.
2527 Note that if CONFIG_MODULE_SIG_FORCE is set, that
2528 is always true, so this option does nothing.
2530 module_blacklist= [KNL] Do not load a comma-separated list of
2531 modules. Useful for debugging problem modules.
2534 [MOUSE] Maximum time between finger touching and
2535 leaving touchpad surface for touch to be considered
2536 a tap and be reported as a left button click (for
2537 touchpads working in absolute mode only).
2539 mousedev.xres= [MOUSE] Horizontal screen resolution, used for devices
2540 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2541 mousedev.yres= [MOUSE] Vertical screen resolution, used for devices
2542 reporting absolute coordinates, such as tablets
2544 movablecore= [KNL,X86,IA-64,PPC]
2545 Format: nn[KMGTPE] | nn%
2546 This parameter is the complement to kernelcore=, it
2547 specifies the amount of memory used for migratable
2548 allocations. If both kernelcore and movablecore is
2549 specified, then kernelcore will be at *least* the
2550 specified value but may be more. If movablecore on its
2551 own is specified, the administrator must be careful
2552 that the amount of memory usable for all allocations
2555 movable_node [KNL] Boot-time switch to make hotplugable memory
2556 NUMA nodes to be movable. This means that the memory
2557 of such nodes will be usable only for movable
2558 allocations which rules out almost all kernel
2559 allocations. Use with caution!
2561 MTD_Partition= [MTD]
2562 Format: <name>,<region-number>,<size>,<offset>
2564 MTD_Region= [MTD] Format:
2565 <name>,<region-number>[,<base>,<size>,<buswidth>,<altbuswidth>]
2568 See drivers/mtd/cmdlinepart.c.
2570 multitce=off [PPC] This parameter disables the use of the pSeries
2571 firmware feature for updating multiple TCE entries
2574 onenand.bdry= [HW,MTD] Flex-OneNAND Boundary Configuration
2576 Format: [die0_boundary][,die0_lock][,die1_boundary][,die1_lock]
2578 boundary - index of last SLC block on Flex-OneNAND.
2579 The remaining blocks are configured as MLC blocks.
2580 lock - Configure if Flex-OneNAND boundary should be locked.
2581 Once locked, the boundary cannot be changed.
2582 1 indicates lock status, 0 indicates unlock status.
2585 ARM/S3C2412 JIVE boot control
2587 See arch/arm/mach-s3c2412/mach-jive.c
2589 mtouchusb.raw_coordinates=
2590 [HW] Make the MicroTouch USB driver use raw coordinates
2591 ('y', default) or cooked coordinates ('n')
2593 mtrr_chunk_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2594 used for mtrr cleanup. It is largest continuous chunk
2595 that could hold holes aka. UC entries.
2597 mtrr_gran_size=nn[KMG] [X86]
2598 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is granularity of mtrr block.
2600 Large value could prevent small alignment from
2603 mtrr_spare_reg_nr=n [X86]
2605 Range: 0,7 : spare reg number
2607 Used for mtrr cleanup. It is spare mtrr entries number.
2608 Set to 2 or more if your graphical card needs more.
2610 n2= [NET] SDL Inc. RISCom/N2 synchronous serial card
2612 netdev= [NET] Network devices parameters
2613 Format: <irq>,<io>,<mem_start>,<mem_end>,<name>
2614 Note that mem_start is often overloaded to mean
2615 something different and driver-specific.
2616 This usage is only documented in each driver source
2620 [NETFILTER] Enable connection tracking flow accounting
2621 0 to disable accounting
2622 1 to enable accounting
2625 nfsaddrs= [NFS] Deprecated. Use ip= instead.
2626 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2628 nfsroot= [NFS] nfs root filesystem for disk-less boxes.
2629 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2631 nfsrootdebug [NFS] enable nfsroot debugging messages.
2632 See Documentation/filesystems/nfs/nfsroot.txt.
2634 nfs.callback_nr_threads=
2635 [NFSv4] set the total number of threads that the
2636 NFS client will assign to service NFSv4 callback
2639 nfs.callback_tcpport=
2640 [NFS] set the TCP port on which the NFSv4 callback
2641 channel should listen.
2644 [NFS] sets the pathname to the program which is used
2645 to update the NFS client cache entries.
2647 nfs.cache_getent_timeout=
2648 [NFS] sets the timeout after which an attempt to
2649 update a cache entry is deemed to have failed.
2651 nfs.idmap_cache_timeout=
2652 [NFS] set the maximum lifetime for idmapper cache
2656 [NFS] enable 64-bit inode numbers.
2657 If zero, the NFS client will fake up a 32-bit inode
2658 number for the readdir() and stat() syscalls instead
2659 of returning the full 64-bit number.
2660 The default is to return 64-bit inode numbers.
2662 nfs.max_session_cb_slots=
2663 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session
2664 slots the client will assign to the callback
2665 channel. This determines the maximum number of
2666 callbacks the client will process in parallel for
2667 a particular server.
2669 nfs.max_session_slots=
2670 [NFSv4.1] Sets the maximum number of session slots
2671 the client will attempt to negotiate with the server.
2672 This limits the number of simultaneous RPC requests
2673 that the client can send to the NFSv4.1 server.
2674 Note that there is little point in setting this
2675 value higher than the max_tcp_slot_table_limit.
2677 nfs.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2678 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', this option
2679 ensures that both the RPC level authentication
2680 scheme and the NFS level operations agree to use
2681 numeric uids/gids if the mount is using the
2682 'sec=sys' security flavour. In effect it is
2683 disabling idmapping, which can make migration from
2684 legacy NFSv2/v3 systems to NFSv4 easier.
2685 Servers that do not support this mode of operation
2686 will be autodetected by the client, and it will fall
2687 back to using the idmapper.
2688 To turn off this behaviour, set the value to '0'.
2690 [NFS4] Specify an additional fixed unique ident-
2691 ification string that NFSv4 clients can insert into
2692 their nfs_client_id4 string. This is typically a
2693 UUID that is generated at system install time.
2695 nfs.send_implementation_id =
2696 [NFSv4.1] Send client implementation identification
2697 information in exchange_id requests.
2698 If zero, no implementation identification information
2700 The default is to send the implementation identification
2703 nfs.recover_lost_locks =
2704 [NFSv4] Attempt to recover locks that were lost due
2705 to a lease timeout on the server. Please note that
2706 doing this risks data corruption, since there are
2707 no guarantees that the file will remain unchanged
2708 after the locks are lost.
2709 If you want to enable the kernel legacy behaviour of
2710 attempting to recover these locks, then set this
2712 The default parameter value of '0' causes the kernel
2713 not to attempt recovery of lost locks.
2715 nfs4.layoutstats_timer =
2716 [NFSv4.2] Change the rate at which the kernel sends
2717 layoutstats to the pNFS metadata server.
2719 Setting this to value to 0 causes the kernel to use
2720 whatever value is the default set by the layout
2721 driver. A non-zero value sets the minimum interval
2722 in seconds between layoutstats transmissions.
2724 nfsd.nfs4_disable_idmapping=
2725 [NFSv4] When set to the default of '1', the NFSv4
2726 server will return only numeric uids and gids to
2727 clients using auth_sys, and will accept numeric uids
2728 and gids from such clients. This is intended to ease
2729 migration from NFSv2/v3.
2731 nmi_debug= [KNL,SH] Specify one or more actions to take
2732 when a NMI is triggered.
2733 Format: [state][,regs][,debounce][,die]
2735 nmi_watchdog= [KNL,BUGS=X86] Debugging features for SMP kernels
2736 Format: [panic,][nopanic,][num]
2738 0 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog off
2739 1 - turn hardlockup detector in nmi_watchdog on
2740 When panic is specified, panic when an NMI watchdog
2741 timeout occurs (or 'nopanic' to override the opposite
2742 default). To disable both hard and soft lockup detectors,
2743 please see 'nowatchdog'.
2744 This is useful when you use a panic=... timeout and
2745 need the box quickly up again.
2747 These settings can be accessed at runtime via
2748 the nmi_watchdog and hardlockup_panic sysctls.
2750 netpoll.carrier_timeout=
2751 [NET] Specifies amount of time (in seconds) that
2752 netpoll should wait for a carrier. By default netpoll
2755 no387 [BUGS=X86-32] Tells the kernel to use the 387 maths
2756 emulation library even if a 387 maths coprocessor
2759 no5lvl [X86-64] Disable 5-level paging mode. Forces
2760 kernel to use 4-level paging instead.
2763 [HW] Never suspend the console
2764 Disable suspending of consoles during suspend and
2765 hibernate operations. Once disabled, debugging
2766 messages can reach various consoles while the rest
2767 of the system is being put to sleep (ie, while
2768 debugging driver suspend/resume hooks). This may
2769 not work reliably with all consoles, but is known
2770 to work with serial and VGA consoles.
2771 To facilitate more flexible debugging, we also add
2772 console_suspend, a printk module parameter to control
2773 it. Users could use console_suspend (usually
2774 /sys/module/printk/parameters/console_suspend) to
2775 turn on/off it dynamically.
2777 noaliencache [MM, NUMA, SLAB] Disables the allocation of alien
2778 caches in the slab allocator. Saves per-node memory,
2779 but will impact performance.
2783 noaltinstr [S390] Disables alternative instructions patching
2784 (CPU alternatives feature).
2786 noapic [SMP,APIC] Tells the kernel to not make use of any
2787 IOAPICs that may be present in the system.
2789 noautogroup Disable scheduler automatic task group creation.
2791 nobats [PPC] Do not use BATs for mapping kernel lowmem
2792 on "Classic" PPC cores.
2796 noclflush [BUGS=X86] Don't use the CLFLUSH instruction
2798 nodelayacct [KNL] Disable per-task delay accounting
2800 nodsp [SH] Disable hardware DSP at boot time.
2802 noefi Disable EFI runtime services support.
2807 On X86-32 available only on PAE configured kernels.
2808 noexec=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2809 noexec=off: disable non-executable mappings
2812 Disable SMAP (Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)
2813 even if it is supported by processor.
2816 Disable SMEP (Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)
2817 even if it is supported by processor.
2820 This affects only 32-bit executables.
2821 noexec32=on: enable non-executable mappings (default)
2822 read doesn't imply executable mappings
2823 noexec32=off: disable non-executable mappings
2824 read implies executable mappings
2826 nofpu [MIPS,SH] Disable hardware FPU at boot time.
2828 nofxsr [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 floating point extended
2829 register save and restore. The kernel will only save
2830 legacy floating-point registers on task switch.
2832 nohugeiomap [KNL,x86] Disable kernel huge I/O mappings.
2834 nosmt [KNL,S390] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
2835 Equivalent to smt=1.
2837 [KNL,x86] Disable symmetric multithreading (SMT).
2838 nosmt=force: Force disable SMT, cannot be undone
2839 via the sysfs control file.
2841 nospectre_v1 [PPC] Disable mitigations for Spectre Variant 1 (bounds
2842 check bypass). With this option data leaks are possible
2845 nospectre_v2 [X86,PPC_FSL_BOOK3E] Disable all mitigations for the Spectre variant 2
2846 (indirect branch prediction) vulnerability. System may
2847 allow data leaks with this option, which is equivalent
2850 nospec_store_bypass_disable
2851 [HW] Disable all mitigations for the Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability
2853 noxsave [BUGS=X86] Disables x86 extended register state save
2854 and restore using xsave. The kernel will fallback to
2855 enabling legacy floating-point and sse state.
2857 noxsaveopt [X86] Disables xsaveopt used in saving x86 extended
2858 register states. The kernel will fall back to use
2859 xsave to save the states. By using this parameter,
2860 performance of saving the states is degraded because
2861 xsave doesn't support modified optimization while
2862 xsaveopt supports it on xsaveopt enabled systems.
2864 noxsaves [X86] Disables xsaves and xrstors used in saving and
2865 restoring x86 extended register state in compacted
2866 form of xsave area. The kernel will fall back to use
2867 xsaveopt and xrstor to save and restore the states
2868 in standard form of xsave area. By using this
2869 parameter, xsave area per process might occupy more
2870 memory on xsaves enabled systems.
2872 nohlt [BUGS=ARM,SH] Tells the kernel that the sleep(SH) or
2873 wfi(ARM) instruction doesn't work correctly and not to
2874 use it. This is also useful when using JTAG debugger.
2876 no_file_caps Tells the kernel not to honor file capabilities. The
2877 only way then for a file to be executed with privilege
2878 is to be setuid root or executed by root.
2880 nohalt [IA-64] Tells the kernel not to use the power saving
2881 function PAL_HALT_LIGHT when idle. This increases
2882 power-consumption. On the positive side, it reduces
2883 interrupt wake-up latency, which may improve performance
2884 in certain environments such as networked servers or
2887 nohibernate [HIBERNATION] Disable hibernation and resume.
2889 nohz= [KNL] Boottime enable/disable dynamic ticks
2890 Valid arguments: on, off
2893 nohz_full= [KNL,BOOT,SMP,ISOL]
2894 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
2895 In kernels built with CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y, set
2896 the specified list of CPUs whose tick will be stopped
2897 whenever possible. The boot CPU will be forced outside
2898 the range to maintain the timekeeping. Any CPUs
2899 in this list will have their RCU callbacks offloaded,
2900 just as if they had also been called out in the
2901 rcu_nocbs= boot parameter.
2903 noiotrap [SH] Disables trapped I/O port accesses.
2905 noirqdebug [X86-32] Disables the code which attempts to detect and
2906 disable unhandled interrupt sources.
2908 no_timer_check [X86,APIC] Disables the code which tests for
2909 broken timer IRQ sources.
2911 noisapnp [ISAPNP] Disables ISA PnP code.
2913 noinitrd [RAM] Tells the kernel not to load any configured
2916 nointremap [X86-64, Intel-IOMMU] Do not enable interrupt
2918 [Deprecated - use intremap=off]
2922 noinvpcid [X86] Disable the INVPCID cpu feature.
2924 nojitter [IA-64] Disables jitter checking for ITC timers.
2926 no-kvmclock [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized KVM clock driver
2928 no-kvmapf [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized asynchronous page
2932 [X86,PV_OPS] Disable paravirtualized VMware scheduler
2933 clock and use the default one.
2935 no-steal-acc [X86,KVM] Disable paravirtualized steal time accounting.
2936 steal time is computed, but won't influence scheduler
2939 nolapic [X86-32,APIC] Do not enable or use the local APIC.
2941 nolapic_timer [X86-32,APIC] Do not use the local APIC timer.
2943 noltlbs [PPC] Do not use large page/tlb entries for kernel
2944 lowmem mapping on PPC40x and PPC8xx
2946 nomca [IA-64] Disable machine check abort handling
2948 nomce [X86-32] Disable Machine Check Exception
2950 nomfgpt [X86-32] Disable Multi-Function General Purpose
2951 Timer usage (for AMD Geode machines).
2953 nonmi_ipi [X86] Disable using NMI IPIs during panic/reboot to
2954 shutdown the other cpus. Instead use the REBOOT_VECTOR
2957 nomodule Disable module load
2959 nopat [X86] Disable PAT (page attribute table extension of
2960 pagetables) support.
2962 nopcid [X86-64] Disable the PCID cpu feature.
2964 norandmaps Don't use address space randomization. Equivalent to
2965 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space
2967 noreplace-smp [X86-32,SMP] Don't replace SMP instructions
2968 with UP alternatives
2970 nordrand [X86] Disable kernel use of the RDRAND and
2971 RDSEED instructions even if they are supported
2972 by the processor. RDRAND and RDSEED are still
2973 available to user space applications.
2975 noresume [SWSUSP] Disables resume and restores original swap
2978 no-scroll [VGA] Disables scrollback.
2979 This is required for the Braillex ib80-piezo Braille
2980 reader made by F.H. Papenmeier (Germany).
2984 nosep [BUGS=X86-32] Disables x86 SYSENTER/SYSEXIT support.
2986 nosmp [SMP] Tells an SMP kernel to act as a UP kernel,
2987 and disable the IO APIC. legacy for "maxcpus=0".
2989 nosoftlockup [KNL] Disable the soft-lockup detector.
2991 nosync [HW,M68K] Disables sync negotiation for all devices.
2993 nowatchdog [KNL] Disable both lockup detectors, i.e.
2994 soft-lockup and NMI watchdog (hard-lockup).
2998 nox2apic [X86-64,APIC] Do not enable x2APIC mode.
3000 cpu0_hotplug [X86] Turn on CPU0 hotplug feature when
3001 CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_HOTPLUG_CPU0 is off.
3002 Some features depend on CPU0. Known dependencies are:
3003 1. Resume from suspend/hibernate depends on CPU0.
3004 Suspend/hibernate will fail if CPU0 is offline and you
3005 need to online CPU0 before suspend/hibernate.
3006 2. PIC interrupts also depend on CPU0. CPU0 can't be
3007 removed if a PIC interrupt is detected.
3008 It's said poweroff/reboot may depend on CPU0 on some
3009 machines although I haven't seen such issues so far
3010 after CPU0 is offline on a few tested machines.
3011 If the dependencies are under your control, you can
3012 turn on cpu0_hotplug.
3014 nps_mtm_hs_ctr= [KNL,ARC]
3015 This parameter sets the maximum duration, in
3016 cycles, each HW thread of the CTOP can run
3017 without interruptions, before HW switches it.
3018 The actual maximum duration is 16 times this
3020 Format: integer between 1 and 255
3023 nptcg= [IA-64] Override max number of concurrent global TLB
3024 purges which is reported from either PAL_VM_SUMMARY or
3027 nr_cpus= [SMP] Maximum number of processors that an SMP kernel
3028 could support. nr_cpus=n : n >= 1 limits the kernel to
3029 support 'n' processors. It could be larger than the
3030 number of already plugged CPU during bootup, later in
3031 runtime you can physically add extra cpu until it reaches
3032 n. So during boot up some boot time memory for per-cpu
3033 variables need be pre-allocated for later physical cpu
3036 nr_uarts= [SERIAL] maximum number of UARTs to be registered.
3038 numa_balancing= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable automatic NUMA balancing.
3039 Allowed values are enable and disable
3041 numa_zonelist_order= [KNL, BOOT] Select zonelist order for NUMA.
3042 'node', 'default' can be specified
3043 This can be set from sysctl after boot.
3044 See Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt for details.
3046 ohci1394_dma=early [HW] enable debugging via the ohci1394 driver.
3047 See Documentation/debugging-via-ohci1394.txt for more
3050 olpc_ec_timeout= [OLPC] ms delay when issuing EC commands
3051 Rather than timing out after 20 ms if an EC
3052 command is not properly ACKed, override the length
3053 of the timeout. We have interrupts disabled while
3054 waiting for the ACK, so if this is set too high
3055 interrupts *may* be lost!
3057 omap_mux= [OMAP] Override bootloader pin multiplexing.
3058 Format: <mux_mode0.mode_name=value>...
3059 For example, to override I2C bus2:
3060 omap_mux=i2c2_scl.i2c2_scl=0x100,i2c2_sda.i2c2_sda=0x100
3062 oprofile.timer= [HW]
3063 Use timer interrupt instead of performance counters
3065 oprofile.cpu_type= Force an oprofile cpu type
3066 This might be useful if you have an older oprofile
3067 userland or if you want common events.
3068 Format: { arch_perfmon }
3069 arch_perfmon: [X86] Force use of architectural
3070 perfmon on Intel CPUs instead of the
3071 CPU specific event set.
3072 timer: [X86] Force use of architectural NMI
3073 timer mode (see also oprofile.timer
3074 for generic hr timer mode)
3076 oops=panic Always panic on oopses. Default is to just kill the
3077 process, but there is a small probability of
3078 deadlocking the machine.
3079 This will also cause panics on machine check exceptions.
3080 Useful together with panic=30 to trigger a reboot.
3082 page_owner= [KNL] Boot-time page_owner enabling option.
3083 Storage of the information about who allocated
3084 each page is disabled in default. With this switch,
3086 on: enable the feature
3088 page_poison= [KNL] Boot-time parameter changing the state of
3089 poisoning on the buddy allocator, available with
3090 CONFIG_PAGE_POISONING=y.
3091 off: turn off poisoning (default)
3092 on: turn on poisoning
3094 panic= [KNL] Kernel behaviour on panic: delay <timeout>
3095 timeout > 0: seconds before rebooting
3096 timeout = 0: wait forever
3097 timeout < 0: reboot immediately
3100 panic_print= Bitmask for printing system info when panic happens.
3101 User can chose combination of the following bits:
3102 bit 0: print all tasks info
3103 bit 1: print system memory info
3104 bit 2: print timer info
3105 bit 3: print locks info if CONFIG_LOCKDEP is on
3106 bit 4: print ftrace buffer
3108 panic_on_warn panic() instead of WARN(). Useful to cause kdump
3111 crash_kexec_post_notifiers
3112 Run kdump after running panic-notifiers and dumping
3113 kmsg. This only for the users who doubt kdump always
3114 succeeds in any situation.
3115 Note that this also increases risks of kdump failure,
3116 because some panic notifiers can make the crashed
3117 kernel more unstable.
3119 parkbd.port= [HW] Parallel port number the keyboard adapter is
3120 connected to, default is 0.
3122 parkbd.mode= [HW] Parallel port keyboard adapter mode of operation,
3123 0 for XT, 1 for AT (default is AT).
3126 parport= [HW,PPT] Specify parallel ports. 0 disables.
3127 Format: { 0 | auto | 0xBBB[,IRQ[,DMA]] }
3128 Use 'auto' to force the driver to use any
3129 IRQ/DMA settings detected (the default is to
3130 ignore detected IRQ/DMA settings because of
3131 possible conflicts). You can specify the base
3132 address, IRQ, and DMA settings; IRQ and DMA
3133 should be numbers, or 'auto' (for using detected
3134 settings on that particular port), or 'nofifo'
3135 (to avoid using a FIFO even if it is detected).
3136 Parallel ports are assigned in the order they
3137 are specified on the command line, starting
3140 parport_init_mode= [HW,PPT]
3141 Configure VIA parallel port to operate in
3142 a specific mode. This is necessary on Pegasos
3143 computer where firmware has no options for setting
3144 up parallel port mode and sets it to spp.
3145 Currently this function knows 686a and 8231 chips.
3146 Format: [spp|ps2|epp|ecp|ecpepp]
3149 Halt all CPUs after the first oops has been printed for
3150 the specified number of seconds. This is to be used if
3151 your oopses keep scrolling off the screen.
3156 See header of drivers/block/paride/pcd.c.
3157 See also Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3159 pci=option[,option...] [PCI] various PCI subsystem options.
3161 Some options herein operate on a specific device
3162 or a set of devices (<pci_dev>). These are
3163 specified in one of the following formats:
3165 [<domain>:]<bus>:<dev>.<func>[/<dev>.<func>]*
3166 pci:<vendor>:<device>[:<subvendor>:<subdevice>]
3168 Note: the first format specifies a PCI
3169 bus/device/function address which may change
3170 if new hardware is inserted, if motherboard
3171 firmware changes, or due to changes caused
3172 by other kernel parameters. If the
3173 domain is left unspecified, it is
3174 taken to be zero. Optionally, a path
3175 to a device through multiple device/function
3176 addresses can be specified after the base
3177 address (this is more robust against
3178 renumbering issues). The second format
3179 selects devices using IDs from the
3180 configuration space which may match multiple
3181 devices in the system.
3183 earlydump dump PCI config space before the kernel
3185 off [X86] don't probe for the PCI bus
3186 bios [X86-32] force use of PCI BIOS, don't access
3187 the hardware directly. Use this if your machine
3188 has a non-standard PCI host bridge.
3189 nobios [X86-32] disallow use of PCI BIOS, only direct
3190 hardware access methods are allowed. Use this
3191 if you experience crashes upon bootup and you
3192 suspect they are caused by the BIOS.
3193 conf1 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
3194 Mechanism 1 (config address in IO port 0xCF8,
3195 data in IO port 0xCFC, both 32-bit).
3196 conf2 [X86] Force use of PCI Configuration Access
3197 Mechanism 2 (IO port 0xCF8 is an 8-bit port for
3198 the function, IO port 0xCFA, also 8-bit, sets
3199 bus number. The config space is then accessed
3200 through ports 0xC000-0xCFFF).
3201 See http://wiki.osdev.org/PCI for more info
3202 on the configuration access mechanisms.
3203 noaer [PCIE] If the PCIEAER kernel config parameter is
3204 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
3205 disable the use of PCIE advanced error reporting.
3206 nodomains [PCI] Disable support for multiple PCI
3207 root domains (aka PCI segments, in ACPI-speak).
3208 nommconf [X86] Disable use of MMCONFIG for PCI
3210 check_enable_amd_mmconf [X86] check for and enable
3211 properly configured MMIO access to PCI
3212 config space on AMD family 10h CPU
3213 nomsi [MSI] If the PCI_MSI kernel config parameter is
3214 enabled, this kernel boot option can be used to
3215 disable the use of MSI interrupts system-wide.
3216 noioapicquirk [APIC] Disable all boot interrupt quirks.
3217 Safety option to keep boot IRQs enabled. This
3218 should never be necessary.
3219 ioapicreroute [APIC] Enable rerouting of boot IRQs to the
3220 primary IO-APIC for bridges that cannot disable
3221 boot IRQs. This fixes a source of spurious IRQs
3222 when the system masks IRQs.
3223 noioapicreroute [APIC] Disable workaround that uses the
3224 boot IRQ equivalent of an IRQ that connects to
3225 a chipset where boot IRQs cannot be disabled.
3226 The opposite of ioapicreroute.
3227 biosirq [X86-32] Use PCI BIOS calls to get the interrupt
3228 routing table. These calls are known to be buggy
3229 on several machines and they hang the machine
3230 when used, but on other computers it's the only
3231 way to get the interrupt routing table. Try
3232 this option if the kernel is unable to allocate
3233 IRQs or discover secondary PCI buses on your
3235 rom [X86] Assign address space to expansion ROMs.
3236 Use with caution as certain devices share
3237 address decoders between ROMs and other
3239 norom [X86] Do not assign address space to
3240 expansion ROMs that do not already have
3241 BIOS assigned address ranges.
3242 nobar [X86] Do not assign address space to the
3243 BARs that weren't assigned by the BIOS.
3244 irqmask=0xMMMM [X86] Set a bit mask of IRQs allowed to be
3245 assigned automatically to PCI devices. You can
3246 make the kernel exclude IRQs of your ISA cards
3248 pirqaddr=0xAAAAA [X86] Specify the physical address
3249 of the PIRQ table (normally generated
3250 by the BIOS) if it is outside the
3251 F0000h-100000h range.
3252 lastbus=N [X86] Scan all buses thru bus #N. Can be
3253 useful if the kernel is unable to find your
3254 secondary buses and you want to tell it
3255 explicitly which ones they are.
3256 assign-busses [X86] Always assign all PCI bus
3257 numbers ourselves, overriding
3258 whatever the firmware may have done.
3259 usepirqmask [X86] Honor the possible IRQ mask stored
3260 in the BIOS $PIR table. This is needed on
3261 some systems with broken BIOSes, notably
3262 some HP Pavilion N5400 and Omnibook XE3
3263 notebooks. This will have no effect if ACPI
3264 IRQ routing is enabled.
3265 noacpi [X86] Do not use ACPI for IRQ routing
3266 or for PCI scanning.
3267 use_crs [X86] Use PCI host bridge window information
3268 from ACPI. On BIOSes from 2008 or later, this
3269 is enabled by default. If you need to use this,
3270 please report a bug.
3271 nocrs [X86] Ignore PCI host bridge windows from ACPI.
3272 If you need to use this, please report a bug.
3273 routeirq Do IRQ routing for all PCI devices.
3274 This is normally done in pci_enable_device(),
3275 so this option is a temporary workaround
3276 for broken drivers that don't call it.
3277 skip_isa_align [X86] do not align io start addr, so can
3278 handle more pci cards
3279 noearly [X86] Don't do any early type 1 scanning.
3280 This might help on some broken boards which
3281 machine check when some devices' config space
3282 is read. But various workarounds are disabled
3283 and some IOMMU drivers will not work.
3284 bfsort Sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
3285 This sorting is done to get a device
3286 order compatible with older (<= 2.4) kernels.
3287 nobfsort Don't sort PCI devices into breadth-first order.
3288 pcie_bus_tune_off Disable PCIe MPS (Max Payload Size)
3289 tuning and use the BIOS-configured MPS defaults.
3290 pcie_bus_safe Set every device's MPS to the largest value
3291 supported by all devices below the root complex.
3292 pcie_bus_perf Set device MPS to the largest allowable MPS
3293 based on its parent bus. Also set MRRS (Max
3294 Read Request Size) to the largest supported
3295 value (no larger than the MPS that the device
3296 or bus can support) for best performance.
3297 pcie_bus_peer2peer Set every device's MPS to 128B, which
3298 every device is guaranteed to support. This
3299 configuration allows peer-to-peer DMA between
3300 any pair of devices, possibly at the cost of
3301 reduced performance. This also guarantees
3302 that hot-added devices will work.
3303 cbiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3304 reserved for the CardBus bridge's IO window.
3305 The default value is 256 bytes.
3306 cbmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3307 reserved for the CardBus bridge's memory
3308 window. The default value is 64 megabytes.
3311 [<order of align>@]<pci_dev>[; ...]
3312 Specifies alignment and device to reassign
3313 aligned memory resources. How to
3314 specify the device is described above.
3315 If <order of align> is not specified,
3316 PAGE_SIZE is used as alignment.
3317 PCI-PCI bridge can be specified, if resource
3318 windows need to be expanded.
3319 To specify the alignment for several
3320 instances of a device, the PCI vendor,
3321 device, subvendor, and subdevice may be
3322 specified, e.g., 4096@pci:8086:9c22:103c:198f
3323 ecrc= Enable/disable PCIe ECRC (transaction layer
3324 end-to-end CRC checking).
3325 bios: Use BIOS/firmware settings. This is the
3329 hpiosize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3330 reserved for hotplug bridge's IO window.
3331 Default size is 256 bytes.
3332 hpmemsize=nn[KMG] The fixed amount of bus space which is
3333 reserved for hotplug bridge's memory window.
3334 Default size is 2 megabytes.
3335 hpbussize=nn The minimum amount of additional bus numbers
3336 reserved for buses below a hotplug bridge.
3338 realloc= Enable/disable reallocating PCI bridge resources
3339 if allocations done by BIOS are too small to
3340 accommodate resources required by all child
3342 off: Turn realloc off
3344 realloc same as realloc=on
3345 noari do not use PCIe ARI.
3346 noats [PCIE, Intel-IOMMU, AMD-IOMMU]
3347 do not use PCIe ATS (and IOMMU device IOTLB).
3348 pcie_scan_all Scan all possible PCIe devices. Otherwise we
3349 only look for one device below a PCIe downstream
3351 big_root_window Try to add a big 64bit memory window to the PCIe
3352 root complex on AMD CPUs. Some GFX hardware
3353 can resize a BAR to allow access to all VRAM.
3354 Adding the window is slightly risky (it may
3355 conflict with unreported devices), so this
3357 disable_acs_redir=<pci_dev>[; ...]
3358 Specify one or more PCI devices (in the format
3359 specified above) separated by semicolons.
3360 Each device specified will have the PCI ACS
3361 redirect capabilities forced off which will
3362 allow P2P traffic between devices through
3363 bridges without forcing it upstream. Note:
3364 this removes isolation between devices and
3365 may put more devices in an IOMMU group.
3367 pcie_aspm= [PCIE] Forcibly enable or disable PCIe Active State Power
3370 force Enable ASPM even on devices that claim not to support it.
3371 WARNING: Forcing ASPM on may cause system lockups.
3373 pcie_ports= [PCIE] PCIe port services handling:
3374 native Use native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe hotplug)
3375 even if the platform doesn't give the OS permission to
3376 use them. This may cause conflicts if the platform
3377 also tries to use these services.
3378 compat Disable native PCIe services (PME, AER, DPC, PCIe
3381 pcie_port_pm= [PCIE] PCIe port power management handling:
3382 off Disable power management of all PCIe ports
3383 force Forcibly enable power management of all PCIe ports
3385 pcie_pme= [PCIE,PM] Native PCIe PME signaling options:
3386 nomsi Do not use MSI for native PCIe PME signaling (this makes
3387 all PCIe root ports use INTx for all services).
3389 pcmv= [HW,PCMCIA] BadgePAD 4
3393 Keep all power-domains already enabled by bootloader on,
3394 even if no driver has claimed them. This is useful
3395 for debug and development, but should not be
3396 needed on a platform with proper driver support.
3399 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3401 pdcchassis= [PARISC,HW] Disable/Enable PDC Chassis Status codes at
3404 See arch/parisc/kernel/pdc_chassis.c
3406 percpu_alloc= Select which percpu first chunk allocator to use.
3407 Currently supported values are "embed" and "page".
3408 Archs may support subset or none of the selections.
3409 See comments in mm/percpu.c for details on each
3410 allocator. This parameter is primarily for debugging
3411 and performance comparison.
3414 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3417 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3419 pirq= [SMP,APIC] Manual mp-table setup
3420 See Documentation/x86/i386/IO-APIC.txt.
3422 plip= [PPT,NET] Parallel port network link
3423 Format: { parport<nr> | timid | 0 }
3424 See also Documentation/admin-guide/parport.rst.
3426 pmtmr= [X86] Manual setup of pmtmr I/O Port.
3427 Override pmtimer IOPort with a hex value.
3431 Enable PNP debug messages (depends on the
3432 CONFIG_PNP_DEBUG_MESSAGES option). Change at run-time
3433 via /sys/module/pnp/parameters/debug. We always show
3434 current resource usage; turning this on also shows
3435 possible settings and some assignment information.
3441 { on | off | curr | res | no-curr | no-res }
3444 [ISAPNP] Exclude IRQs for the autoconfiguration
3447 [ISAPNP] Exclude DMAs for the autoconfiguration
3449 pnp_reserve_io= [ISAPNP] Exclude I/O ports for the autoconfiguration
3450 Ranges are in pairs (I/O port base and size).
3453 [ISAPNP] Exclude memory regions for the
3455 Ranges are in pairs (memory base and size).
3457 ports= [IP_VS_FTP] IPVS ftp helper module
3459 Up to 8 (IP_VS_APP_MAX_PORTS) ports
3461 Format: <port>,<port>....
3463 powersave=off [PPC] This option disables power saving features.
3464 It specifically disables cpuidle and sets the
3465 platform machine description specific power_save
3466 function to NULL. On Idle the CPU just reduces
3469 ppc_strict_facility_enable
3470 [PPC] This option catches any kernel floating point,
3471 Altivec, VSX and SPE outside of regions specifically
3472 allowed (eg kernel_enable_fpu()/kernel_disable_fpu()).
3473 There is some performance impact when enabling this.
3477 Disable Hardware Transactional Memory
3479 print-fatal-signals=
3480 [KNL] debug: print fatal signals
3482 If enabled, warn about various signal handling
3483 related application anomalies: too many signals,
3484 too many POSIX.1 timers, fatal signals causing a
3487 If you hit the warning due to signal overflow,
3488 you might want to try "ulimit -i unlimited".
3492 printk.always_kmsg_dump=
3493 Trigger kmsg_dump for cases other than kernel oops or
3495 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3498 printk.devkmsg={on,off,ratelimit}
3499 Control writing to /dev/kmsg.
3500 on - unlimited logging to /dev/kmsg from userspace
3501 off - logging to /dev/kmsg disabled
3502 ratelimit - ratelimit the logging
3505 printk.time= Show timing data prefixed to each printk message line
3506 Format: <bool> (1/Y/y=enable, 0/N/n=disable)
3508 processor.max_cstate= [HW,ACPI]
3509 Limit processor to maximum C-state
3510 max_cstate=9 overrides any DMI blacklist limit.
3512 processor.nocst [HW,ACPI]
3513 Ignore the _CST method to determine C-states,
3514 instead using the legacy FADT method
3516 profile= [KNL] Enable kernel profiling via /proc/profile
3517 Format: [<profiletype>,]<number>
3518 Param: <profiletype>: "schedule", "sleep", or "kvm"
3519 [defaults to kernel profiling]
3520 Param: "schedule" - profile schedule points.
3521 Param: "sleep" - profile D-state sleeping (millisecs).
3522 Requires CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS
3523 Param: "kvm" - profile VM exits.
3524 Param: <number> - step/bucket size as a power of 2 for
3525 statistical time based profiling.
3527 prompt_ramdisk= [RAM] List of RAM disks to prompt for floppy disk
3529 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3531 psi= [KNL] Enable or disable pressure stall information
3535 psmouse.proto= [HW,MOUSE] Highest PS2 mouse protocol extension to
3536 probe for; one of (bare|imps|exps|lifebook|any).
3537 psmouse.rate= [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse report rate, in reports
3539 psmouse.resetafter= [HW,MOUSE]
3540 Try to reset the device after so many bad packets
3543 [HW,MOUSE] Set desired mouse resolution, in dpi.
3544 psmouse.smartscroll=
3545 [HW,MOUSE] Controls Logitech smartscroll autorepeat.
3546 0 = disabled, 1 = enabled (default).
3548 pstore.backend= Specify the name of the pstore backend to use
3551 See Documentation/blockdev/paride.txt.
3553 pti= [X86_64] Control Page Table Isolation of user and
3554 kernel address spaces. Disabling this feature
3555 removes hardening, but improves performance of
3556 system calls and interrupts.
3558 on - unconditionally enable
3559 off - unconditionally disable
3560 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
3561 vulnerable to issues that PTI mitigates
3563 Not specifying this option is equivalent to pti=auto.
3566 Equivalent to pti=off
3569 [KNL] Number of legacy pty's. Overwrites compiled-in
3572 quiet [KNL] Disable most log messages
3577 See Documentation/admin-guide/md.rst.
3579 ramdisk_size= [RAM] Sizes of RAM disks in kilobytes
3580 See Documentation/blockdev/ramdisk.txt.
3582 random.trust_cpu={on,off}
3583 [KNL] Enable or disable trusting the use of the
3584 CPU's random number generator (if available) to
3585 fully seed the kernel's CRNG. Default is controlled
3586 by CONFIG_RANDOM_TRUST_CPU.
3588 ras=option[,option,...] [KNL] RAS-specific options
3591 Disable the Correctable Errors Collector,
3592 see CONFIG_RAS_CEC help text.
3595 The argument is a cpu list, as described above.
3597 In kernels built with CONFIG_RCU_NOCB_CPU=y, set
3598 the specified list of CPUs to be no-callback CPUs.
3599 Invocation of these CPUs' RCU callbacks will be
3600 offloaded to "rcuox/N" kthreads created for that
3601 purpose, where "x" is "p" for RCU-preempt, and
3602 "s" for RCU-sched, and "N" is the CPU number.
3603 This reduces OS jitter on the offloaded CPUs,
3604 which can be useful for HPC and real-time
3605 workloads. It can also improve energy efficiency
3606 for asymmetric multiprocessors.
3609 Rather than requiring that offloaded CPUs
3610 (specified by rcu_nocbs= above) explicitly
3611 awaken the corresponding "rcuoN" kthreads,
3612 make these kthreads poll for callbacks.
3613 This improves the real-time response for the
3614 offloaded CPUs by relieving them of the need to
3615 wake up the corresponding kthread, but degrades
3616 energy efficiency by requiring that the kthreads
3617 periodically wake up to do the polling.
3619 rcutree.blimit= [KNL]
3620 Set maximum number of finished RCU callbacks to
3621 process in one batch.
3623 rcutree.dump_tree= [KNL]
3624 Dump the structure of the rcu_node combining tree
3625 out at early boot. This is used for diagnostic
3626 purposes, to verify correct tree setup.
3628 rcutree.gp_cleanup_delay= [KNL]
3629 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3630 RCU grace-period cleanup.
3632 rcutree.gp_init_delay= [KNL]
3633 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3634 RCU grace-period initialization.
3636 rcutree.gp_preinit_delay= [KNL]
3637 Set the number of jiffies to delay each step of
3638 RCU grace-period pre-initialization, that is,
3639 the propagation of recent CPU-hotplug changes up
3640 the rcu_node combining tree.
3642 rcutree.rcu_fanout_exact= [KNL]
3643 Disable autobalancing of the rcu_node combining
3644 tree. This is used by rcutorture, and might
3645 possibly be useful for architectures having high
3646 cache-to-cache transfer latencies.
3648 rcutree.rcu_fanout_leaf= [KNL]
3649 Change the number of CPUs assigned to each
3650 leaf rcu_node structure. Useful for very
3651 large systems, which will choose the value 64,
3652 and for NUMA systems with large remote-access
3653 latencies, which will choose a value aligned
3654 with the appropriate hardware boundaries.
3656 rcutree.jiffies_till_sched_qs= [KNL]
3657 Set required age in jiffies for a
3658 given grace period before RCU starts
3659 soliciting quiescent-state help from
3660 rcu_note_context_switch(). If not specified, the
3661 kernel will calculate a value based on the most
3662 recent settings of rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs
3663 and rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs.
3664 This calculated value may be viewed in
3665 rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs. Any attempt to
3666 set rcutree.jiffies_to_sched_qs will be
3667 cheerfully overwritten.
3669 rcutree.jiffies_till_first_fqs= [KNL]
3670 Set delay from grace-period initialization to
3671 first attempt to force quiescent states.
3672 Units are jiffies, minimum value is zero,
3673 and maximum value is HZ.
3675 rcutree.jiffies_till_next_fqs= [KNL]
3676 Set delay between subsequent attempts to force
3677 quiescent states. Units are jiffies, minimum
3678 value is one, and maximum value is HZ.
3680 rcutree.kthread_prio= [KNL,BOOT]
3681 Set the SCHED_FIFO priority of the RCU per-CPU
3682 kthreads (rcuc/N). This value is also used for
3683 the priority of the RCU boost threads (rcub/N)
3684 and for the RCU grace-period kthreads (rcu_bh,
3685 rcu_preempt, and rcu_sched). If RCU_BOOST is
3686 set, valid values are 1-99 and the default is 1
3687 (the least-favored priority). Otherwise, when
3688 RCU_BOOST is not set, valid values are 0-99 and
3689 the default is zero (non-realtime operation).
3691 rcutree.rcu_nocb_leader_stride= [KNL]
3692 Set the number of NOCB kthread groups, which
3693 defaults to the square root of the number of
3694 CPUs. Larger numbers reduces the wakeup overhead
3695 on the per-CPU grace-period kthreads, but increases
3696 that same overhead on each group's leader.
3698 rcutree.qhimark= [KNL]
3699 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks beyond which
3700 batch limiting is disabled.
3702 rcutree.qlowmark= [KNL]
3703 Set threshold of queued RCU callbacks below which
3704 batch limiting is re-enabled.
3706 rcutree.rcu_idle_gp_delay= [KNL]
3707 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3708 RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3710 rcutree.rcu_idle_lazy_gp_delay= [KNL]
3711 Set wakeup interval for idle CPUs that have
3712 only "lazy" RCU callbacks (RCU_FAST_NO_HZ=y).
3713 Lazy RCU callbacks are those which RCU can
3714 prove do nothing more than free memory.
3716 rcutree.rcu_kick_kthreads= [KNL]
3717 Cause the grace-period kthread to get an extra
3718 wake_up() if it sleeps three times longer than
3719 it should at force-quiescent-state time.
3720 This wake_up() will be accompanied by a
3721 WARN_ONCE() splat and an ftrace_dump().
3723 rcuperf.gp_async= [KNL]
3724 Measure performance of asynchronous
3725 grace-period primitives such as call_rcu().
3727 rcuperf.gp_async_max= [KNL]
3728 Specify the maximum number of outstanding
3729 callbacks per writer thread. When a writer
3730 thread exceeds this limit, it invokes the
3731 corresponding flavor of rcu_barrier() to allow
3732 previously posted callbacks to drain.
3734 rcuperf.gp_exp= [KNL]
3735 Measure performance of expedited synchronous
3736 grace-period primitives.
3738 rcuperf.holdoff= [KNL]
3739 Set test-start holdoff period. The purpose of
3740 this parameter is to delay the start of the
3741 test until boot completes in order to avoid
3744 rcuperf.nreaders= [KNL]
3745 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects
3746 N, where N is the number of CPUs. A value
3747 "n" less than -1 selects N-n+1, where N is again
3748 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N
3749 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
3750 A value of "n" less than or equal to -N selects
3753 rcuperf.nwriters= [KNL]
3754 Set number of RCU writers. The values operate
3755 the same as for rcuperf.nreaders.
3756 N, where N is the number of CPUs
3758 rcuperf.perf_type= [KNL]
3759 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
3761 rcuperf.shutdown= [KNL]
3762 Shut the system down after performance tests
3763 complete. This is useful for hands-off automated
3766 rcuperf.verbose= [KNL]
3767 Enable additional printk() statements.
3769 rcuperf.writer_holdoff= [KNL]
3770 Write-side holdoff between grace periods,
3771 in microseconds. The default of zero says
3774 rcutorture.fqs_duration= [KNL]
3775 Set duration of force_quiescent_state bursts
3778 rcutorture.fqs_holdoff= [KNL]
3779 Set holdoff time within force_quiescent_state bursts
3782 rcutorture.fqs_stutter= [KNL]
3783 Set wait time between force_quiescent_state bursts
3786 rcutorture.fwd_progress= [KNL]
3787 Enable RCU grace-period forward-progress testing
3788 for the types of RCU supporting this notion.
3790 rcutorture.fwd_progress_div= [KNL]
3791 Specify the fraction of a CPU-stall-warning
3792 period to do tight-loop forward-progress testing.
3794 rcutorture.fwd_progress_holdoff= [KNL]
3795 Number of seconds to wait between successive
3796 forward-progress tests.
3798 rcutorture.fwd_progress_need_resched= [KNL]
3799 Enclose cond_resched() calls within checks for
3800 need_resched() during tight-loop forward-progress
3803 rcutorture.gp_cond= [KNL]
3804 Use conditional/asynchronous update-side
3805 primitives, if available.
3807 rcutorture.gp_exp= [KNL]
3808 Use expedited update-side primitives, if available.
3810 rcutorture.gp_normal= [KNL]
3811 Use normal (non-expedited) asynchronous
3812 update-side primitives, if available.
3814 rcutorture.gp_sync= [KNL]
3815 Use normal (non-expedited) synchronous
3816 update-side primitives, if available. If all
3817 of rcutorture.gp_cond=, rcutorture.gp_exp=,
3818 rcutorture.gp_normal=, and rcutorture.gp_sync=
3819 are zero, rcutorture acts as if is interpreted
3820 they are all non-zero.
3822 rcutorture.n_barrier_cbs= [KNL]
3823 Set callbacks/threads for rcu_barrier() testing.
3825 rcutorture.nfakewriters= [KNL]
3826 Set number of concurrent RCU writers. These just
3827 stress RCU, they don't participate in the actual
3828 test, hence the "fake".
3830 rcutorture.nreaders= [KNL]
3831 Set number of RCU readers. The value -1 selects
3832 N-1, where N is the number of CPUs. A value
3833 "n" less than -1 selects N-n-2, where N is again
3834 the number of CPUs. For example, -2 selects N
3835 (the number of CPUs), -3 selects N+1, and so on.
3837 rcutorture.object_debug= [KNL]
3838 Enable debug-object double-call_rcu() testing.
3840 rcutorture.onoff_holdoff= [KNL]
3841 Set time (s) after boot for CPU-hotplug testing.
3843 rcutorture.onoff_interval= [KNL]
3844 Set time (jiffies) between CPU-hotplug operations,
3845 or zero to disable CPU-hotplug testing.
3847 rcutorture.shuffle_interval= [KNL]
3848 Set task-shuffle interval (s). Shuffling tasks
3849 allows some CPUs to go into dyntick-idle mode
3850 during the rcutorture test.
3852 rcutorture.shutdown_secs= [KNL]
3853 Set time (s) after boot system shutdown. This
3854 is useful for hands-off automated testing.
3856 rcutorture.stall_cpu= [KNL]
3857 Duration of CPU stall (s) to test RCU CPU stall
3858 warnings, zero to disable.
3860 rcutorture.stall_cpu_holdoff= [KNL]
3861 Time to wait (s) after boot before inducing stall.
3863 rcutorture.stall_cpu_irqsoff= [KNL]
3864 Disable interrupts while stalling if set.
3866 rcutorture.stat_interval= [KNL]
3867 Time (s) between statistics printk()s.
3869 rcutorture.stutter= [KNL]
3870 Time (s) to stutter testing, for example, specifying
3871 five seconds causes the test to run for five seconds,
3872 wait for five seconds, and so on. This tests RCU's
3873 ability to transition abruptly to and from idle.
3875 rcutorture.test_boost= [KNL]
3876 Test RCU priority boosting? 0=no, 1=maybe, 2=yes.
3877 "Maybe" means test if the RCU implementation
3878 under test support RCU priority boosting.
3880 rcutorture.test_boost_duration= [KNL]
3881 Duration (s) of each individual boost test.
3883 rcutorture.test_boost_interval= [KNL]
3884 Interval (s) between each boost test.
3886 rcutorture.test_no_idle_hz= [KNL]
3887 Test RCU's dyntick-idle handling. See also the
3888 rcutorture.shuffle_interval parameter.
3890 rcutorture.torture_type= [KNL]
3891 Specify the RCU implementation to test.
3893 rcutorture.verbose= [KNL]
3894 Enable additional printk() statements.
3896 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_suppress= [KNL]
3897 Suppress RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3899 rcupdate.rcu_cpu_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3900 Set timeout for RCU CPU stall warning messages.
3902 rcupdate.rcu_expedited= [KNL]
3903 Use expedited grace-period primitives, for
3904 example, synchronize_rcu_expedited() instead
3905 of synchronize_rcu(). This reduces latency,
3906 but can increase CPU utilization, degrade
3907 real-time latency, and degrade energy efficiency.
3908 No effect on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3910 rcupdate.rcu_normal= [KNL]
3911 Use only normal grace-period primitives,
3912 for example, synchronize_rcu() instead of
3913 synchronize_rcu_expedited(). This improves
3914 real-time latency, CPU utilization, and
3915 energy efficiency, but can expose users to
3916 increased grace-period latency. This parameter
3917 overrides rcupdate.rcu_expedited. No effect on
3918 CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3920 rcupdate.rcu_normal_after_boot= [KNL]
3921 Once boot has completed (that is, after
3922 rcu_end_inkernel_boot() has been invoked), use
3923 only normal grace-period primitives. No effect
3924 on CONFIG_TINY_RCU kernels.
3926 rcupdate.rcu_task_stall_timeout= [KNL]
3927 Set timeout in jiffies for RCU task stall warning
3928 messages. Disable with a value less than or equal
3931 rcupdate.rcu_self_test= [KNL]
3932 Run the RCU early boot self tests
3936 Run specified binary instead of /init from the ramdisk,
3937 used for early userspace startup. See initrd.
3940 Turn on/off individual RDT features. List is:
3941 cmt, mbmtotal, mbmlocal, l3cat, l3cdp, l2cat, l2cdp,
3943 E.g. to turn on cmt and turn off mba use:
3947 Format (x86 or x86_64):
3948 [w[arm] | c[old] | h[ard] | s[oft] | g[pio]] \
3950 [[,]b[ios] | a[cpi] | k[bd] | t[riple] | e[fi] | p[ci]] \
3952 Where reboot_mode is one of warm (soft) or cold (hard) or gpio,
3953 reboot_type is one of bios, acpi, kbd, triple, efi, or pci,
3954 reboot_force is either force or not specified,
3955 reboot_cpu is s[mp]#### with #### being the processor
3956 to be used for rebooting.
3959 [KNL, SMP] Set scheduler's default relax_domain_level.
3960 See Documentation/cgroup-v1/cpusets.txt.
3962 reserve= [KNL,BUGS] Force kernel to ignore I/O ports or memory
3963 Format: <base1>,<size1>[,<base2>,<size2>,...]
3964 Reserve I/O ports or memory so the kernel won't use
3965 them. If <base> is less than 0x10000, the region
3966 is assumed to be I/O ports; otherwise it is memory.
3968 reservetop= [X86-32]
3970 Reserves a hole at the top of the kernel virtual
3975 Set the amount of memory to reserve for BIOS at
3976 the bottom of the address space.
3978 reset_devices [KNL] Force drivers to reset the underlying device
3979 during initialization.
3982 Specify the partition device for software suspend
3984 {/dev/<dev> | PARTUUID=<uuid> | <int>:<int> | <hex>}
3986 resume_offset= [SWSUSP]
3987 Specify the offset from the beginning of the partition
3988 given by "resume=" at which the swap header is located,
3989 in <PAGE_SIZE> units (needed only for swap files).
3990 See Documentation/power/swsusp-and-swap-files.txt
3992 resumedelay= [HIBERNATION] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
3993 read the resume files
3995 resumewait [HIBERNATION] Wait (indefinitely) for resume device to show up.
3996 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
3997 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
3999 hibernate= [HIBERNATION]
4000 noresume Don't check if there's a hibernation image
4001 present during boot.
4002 nocompress Don't compress/decompress hibernation images.
4003 no Disable hibernation and resume.
4004 protect_image Turn on image protection during restoration
4005 (that will set all pages holding image data
4006 during restoration read-only).
4008 retain_initrd [RAM] Keep initrd memory after extraction
4010 rfkill.default_state=
4011 0 "airplane mode". All wifi, bluetooth, wimax, gps, fm,
4012 etc. communication is blocked by default.
4015 rfkill.master_switch_mode=
4016 0 The "airplane mode" button does nothing.
4017 1 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
4018 blocked and the previous configuration.
4019 2 The "airplane mode" button toggles between everything
4020 blocked and everything unblocked.
4022 rhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4023 Set number of hash buckets for route cache
4026 [KNL] Disable ring 3 MONITOR/MWAIT feature on supported
4029 ro [KNL] Mount root device read-only on boot
4032 on Mark read-only kernel memory as read-only (default).
4033 off Leave read-only kernel memory writable for debugging.
4036 Enable the uart passthrough on the designated usb port
4037 on Rockchip SoCs. When active, the signals of the
4038 debug-uart get routed to the D+ and D- pins of the usb
4039 port and the regular usb controller gets disabled.
4041 root= [KNL] Root filesystem
4042 See name_to_dev_t comment in init/do_mounts.c.
4044 rootdelay= [KNL] Delay (in seconds) to pause before attempting to
4045 mount the root filesystem
4047 rootflags= [KNL] Set root filesystem mount option string
4049 rootfstype= [KNL] Set root filesystem type
4051 rootwait [KNL] Wait (indefinitely) for root device to show up.
4052 Useful for devices that are detected asynchronously
4053 (e.g. USB and MMC devices).
4055 rproc_mem=nn[KMG][@address]
4056 [KNL,ARM,CMA] Remoteproc physical memory block.
4057 Memory area to be used by remote processor image,
4060 rw [KNL] Mount root device read-write on boot
4062 S [KNL] Run init in single mode
4064 s390_iommu= [HW,S390]
4065 Set s390 IOTLB flushing mode
4067 With strict flushing every unmap operation will result in
4068 an IOTLB flush. Default is lazy flushing before reuse,
4072 See drivers/net/irda/sa1100_ir.c.
4074 sbni= [NET] Granch SBNI12 leased line adapter
4076 sched_debug [KNL] Enables verbose scheduler debug messages.
4078 schedstats= [KNL,X86] Enable or disable scheduled statistics.
4079 Allowed values are enable and disable. This feature
4080 incurs a small amount of overhead in the scheduler
4081 but is useful for debugging and performance tuning.
4083 skew_tick= [KNL] Offset the periodic timer tick per cpu to mitigate
4084 xtime_lock contention on larger systems, and/or RCU lock
4085 contention on all systems with CONFIG_MAXSMP set.
4086 Format: { "0" | "1" }
4087 0 -- disable. (may be 1 via CONFIG_CMDLINE="skew_tick=1"
4089 Note: increases power consumption, thus should only be
4090 enabled if running jitter sensitive (HPC/RT) workloads.
4092 security= [SECURITY] Choose a security module to enable at boot.
4093 If this boot parameter is not specified, only the first
4094 security module asking for security registration will be
4095 loaded. An invalid security module name will be treated
4096 as if no module has been chosen.
4098 selinux= [SELINUX] Disable or enable SELinux at boot time.
4099 Format: { "0" | "1" }
4100 See security/selinux/Kconfig help text.
4103 Default value is set via kernel config option.
4104 If enabled at boot time, /selinux/disable can be used
4105 later to disable prior to initial policy load.
4107 apparmor= [APPARMOR] Disable or enable AppArmor at boot time
4108 Format: { "0" | "1" }
4109 See security/apparmor/Kconfig help text
4112 Default value is set via kernel config option.
4114 serialnumber [BUGS=X86-32]
4117 Maximal number of shapers.
4125 Disable merging of slabs with similar size. May be
4126 necessary if there is some reason to distinguish
4127 allocs to different slabs, especially in hardened
4128 environments where the risk of heap overflows and
4129 layout control by attackers can usually be
4130 frustrated by disabling merging. This will reduce
4131 most of the exposure of a heap attack to a single
4132 cache (risks via metadata attacks are mostly
4133 unchanged). Debug options disable merging on their
4135 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.rst.
4137 slab_max_order= [MM, SLAB]
4138 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
4139 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
4140 fragmentation. Defaults to 1 for systems with
4141 more than 32MB of RAM, 0 otherwise.
4143 slub_debug[=options[,slabs]] [MM, SLUB]
4144 Enabling slub_debug allows one to determine the
4145 culprit if slab objects become corrupted. Enabling
4146 slub_debug can create guard zones around objects and
4147 may poison objects when not in use. Also tracks the
4148 last alloc / free. For more information see
4149 Documentation/vm/slub.rst.
4151 slub_memcg_sysfs= [MM, SLUB]
4152 Determines whether to enable sysfs directories for
4153 memory cgroup sub-caches. 1 to enable, 0 to disable.
4154 The default is determined by CONFIG_SLUB_MEMCG_SYSFS_ON.
4155 Enabling this can lead to a very high number of debug
4156 directories and files being created under
4159 slub_max_order= [MM, SLUB]
4160 Determines the maximum allowed order for slabs.
4161 A high setting may cause OOMs due to memory
4162 fragmentation. For more information see
4163 Documentation/vm/slub.rst.
4165 slub_min_objects= [MM, SLUB]
4166 The minimum number of objects per slab. SLUB will
4167 increase the slab order up to slub_max_order to
4168 generate a sufficiently large slab able to contain
4169 the number of objects indicated. The higher the number
4170 of objects the smaller the overhead of tracking slabs
4171 and the less frequently locks need to be acquired.
4172 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.rst.
4174 slub_min_order= [MM, SLUB]
4175 Determines the minimum page order for slabs. Must be
4176 lower than slub_max_order.
4177 For more information see Documentation/vm/slub.rst.
4179 slub_nomerge [MM, SLUB]
4180 Same with slab_nomerge. This is supported for legacy.
4181 See slab_nomerge for more information.
4184 Format: <io1>[,<io2>[,...,<io8>]]
4186 smsc-ircc2.nopnp [HW] Don't use PNP to discover SMC devices
4187 smsc-ircc2.ircc_cfg= [HW] Device configuration I/O port
4188 smsc-ircc2.ircc_sir= [HW] SIR base I/O port
4189 smsc-ircc2.ircc_fir= [HW] FIR base I/O port
4190 smsc-ircc2.ircc_irq= [HW] IRQ line
4191 smsc-ircc2.ircc_dma= [HW] DMA channel
4192 smsc-ircc2.ircc_transceiver= [HW] Transceiver type:
4193 0: Toshiba Satellite 1800 (GP data pin select)
4194 1: Fast pin select (default)
4197 smt [KNL,S390] Set the maximum number of threads (logical
4198 CPUs) to use per physical CPU on systems capable of
4199 symmetric multithreading (SMT). Will be capped to the
4200 actual hardware limit.
4202 Default: -1 (no limit)
4205 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate panics.
4208 A nonzero value instructs the soft-lockup detector
4209 to panic the machine when a soft-lockup occurs. This
4210 is also controlled by CONFIG_BOOTPARAM_SOFTLOCKUP_PANIC
4211 which is the respective build-time switch to that
4214 softlockup_all_cpu_backtrace=
4215 [KNL] Should the soft-lockup detector generate
4216 backtraces on all cpus.
4219 sonypi.*= [HW] Sony Programmable I/O Control Device driver
4220 See Documentation/laptops/sonypi.txt
4222 spectre_v2= [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
4223 (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability.
4224 The default operation protects the kernel from
4227 on - unconditionally enable, implies
4229 off - unconditionally disable, implies
4231 auto - kernel detects whether your CPU model is
4234 Selecting 'on' will, and 'auto' may, choose a
4235 mitigation method at run time according to the
4236 CPU, the available microcode, the setting of the
4237 CONFIG_RETPOLINE configuration option, and the
4238 compiler with which the kernel was built.
4240 Selecting 'on' will also enable the mitigation
4241 against user space to user space task attacks.
4243 Selecting 'off' will disable both the kernel and
4244 the user space protections.
4246 Specific mitigations can also be selected manually:
4248 retpoline - replace indirect branches
4249 retpoline,generic - google's original retpoline
4250 retpoline,amd - AMD-specific minimal thunk
4252 Not specifying this option is equivalent to
4256 [X86] Control mitigation of Spectre variant 2
4257 (indirect branch speculation) vulnerability between
4260 on - Unconditionally enable mitigations. Is
4261 enforced by spectre_v2=on
4263 off - Unconditionally disable mitigations. Is
4264 enforced by spectre_v2=off
4266 prctl - Indirect branch speculation is enabled,
4267 but mitigation can be enabled via prctl
4268 per thread. The mitigation control state
4269 is inherited on fork.
4272 - Like "prctl" above, but only STIBP is
4273 controlled per thread. IBPB is issued
4274 always when switching between different user
4278 - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp
4279 threads will enable the mitigation unless
4280 they explicitly opt out.
4283 - Like "seccomp" above, but only STIBP is
4284 controlled per thread. IBPB is issued
4285 always when switching between different
4286 user space processes.
4288 auto - Kernel selects the mitigation depending on
4289 the available CPU features and vulnerability.
4292 If CONFIG_SECCOMP=y then "seccomp", otherwise "prctl"
4294 Not specifying this option is equivalent to
4295 spectre_v2_user=auto.
4297 spec_store_bypass_disable=
4298 [HW] Control Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) Disable mitigation
4299 (Speculative Store Bypass vulnerability)
4301 Certain CPUs are vulnerable to an exploit against a
4302 a common industry wide performance optimization known
4303 as "Speculative Store Bypass" in which recent stores
4304 to the same memory location may not be observed by
4305 later loads during speculative execution. The idea
4306 is that such stores are unlikely and that they can
4307 be detected prior to instruction retirement at the
4308 end of a particular speculation execution window.
4310 In vulnerable processors, the speculatively forwarded
4311 store can be used in a cache side channel attack, for
4312 example to read memory to which the attacker does not
4313 directly have access (e.g. inside sandboxed code).
4315 This parameter controls whether the Speculative Store
4316 Bypass optimization is used.
4318 On x86 the options are:
4320 on - Unconditionally disable Speculative Store Bypass
4321 off - Unconditionally enable Speculative Store Bypass
4322 auto - Kernel detects whether the CPU model contains an
4323 implementation of Speculative Store Bypass and
4324 picks the most appropriate mitigation. If the
4325 CPU is not vulnerable, "off" is selected. If the
4326 CPU is vulnerable the default mitigation is
4327 architecture and Kconfig dependent. See below.
4328 prctl - Control Speculative Store Bypass per thread
4329 via prctl. Speculative Store Bypass is enabled
4330 for a process by default. The state of the control
4331 is inherited on fork.
4332 seccomp - Same as "prctl" above, but all seccomp threads
4333 will disable SSB unless they explicitly opt out.
4335 Default mitigations:
4336 X86: If CONFIG_SECCOMP=y "seccomp", otherwise "prctl"
4338 On powerpc the options are:
4340 on,auto - On Power8 and Power9 insert a store-forwarding
4341 barrier on kernel entry and exit. On Power7
4342 perform a software flush on kernel entry and
4346 Not specifying this option is equivalent to
4347 spec_store_bypass_disable=auto.
4349 spia_io_base= [HW,MTD]
4354 srcutree.counter_wrap_check [KNL]
4355 Specifies how frequently to check for
4356 grace-period sequence counter wrap for the
4357 srcu_data structure's ->srcu_gp_seq_needed field.
4358 The greater the number of bits set in this kernel
4359 parameter, the less frequently counter wrap will
4360 be checked for. Note that the bottom two bits
4363 srcutree.exp_holdoff [KNL]
4364 Specifies how many nanoseconds must elapse
4365 since the end of the last SRCU grace period for
4366 a given srcu_struct until the next normal SRCU
4367 grace period will be considered for automatic
4368 expediting. Set to zero to disable automatic
4372 Speculative Store Bypass Disable control
4374 On CPUs that are vulnerable to the Speculative
4375 Store Bypass vulnerability and offer a
4376 firmware based mitigation, this parameter
4377 indicates how the mitigation should be used:
4379 force-on: Unconditionally enable mitigation for
4380 for both kernel and userspace
4381 force-off: Unconditionally disable mitigation for
4382 for both kernel and userspace
4383 kernel: Always enable mitigation in the
4384 kernel, and offer a prctl interface
4385 to allow userspace to register its
4386 interest in being mitigated too.
4388 stack_guard_gap= [MM]
4389 override the default stack gap protection. The value
4390 is in page units and it defines how many pages prior
4391 to (for stacks growing down) resp. after (for stacks
4392 growing up) the main stack are reserved for no other
4393 mapping. Default value is 256 pages.
4396 Enabled the stack tracer on boot up.
4398 stacktrace_filter=[function-list]
4399 [FTRACE] Limit the functions that the stack tracer
4400 will trace at boot up. function-list is a comma separated
4401 list of functions. This list can be changed at run
4402 time by the stack_trace_filter file in the debugfs
4403 tracing directory. Note, this enables stack tracing
4404 and the stacktrace above is not needed.
4408 Set the STI (builtin display/keyboard on the HP-PARISC
4409 machines) console (graphic card) which should be used
4410 as the initial boot-console.
4411 See also comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
4414 See comment in drivers/video/console/sticore.c.
4417 Format: bpp:<bpp1>[:<bpp2>[:<bpp3>...]]
4419 sunrpc.min_resvport=
4420 sunrpc.max_resvport=
4422 SunRPC servers often require that client requests
4423 originate from a privileged port (i.e. a port in the
4424 range 0 < portnr < 1024).
4425 An administrator who wishes to reserve some of these
4426 ports for other uses may adjust the range that the
4427 kernel's sunrpc client considers to be privileged
4428 using these two parameters to set the minimum and
4429 maximum port values.
4431 sunrpc.svc_rpc_per_connection_limit=
4433 Limit the number of requests that the server will
4434 process in parallel from a single connection.
4435 The default value is 0 (no limit).
4439 Control how the NFS server code allocates CPUs to
4440 service thread pools. Depending on how many NICs
4441 you have and where their interrupts are bound, this
4442 option will affect which CPUs will do NFS serving.
4443 Note: this parameter cannot be changed while the
4444 NFS server is running.
4446 auto the server chooses an appropriate mode
4447 automatically using heuristics
4448 global a single global pool contains all CPUs
4449 percpu one pool for each CPU
4450 pernode one pool for each NUMA node (equivalent
4451 to global on non-NUMA machines)
4453 sunrpc.tcp_slot_table_entries=
4454 sunrpc.udp_slot_table_entries=
4456 Sets the upper limit on the number of simultaneous
4457 RPC calls that can be sent from the client to a
4458 server. Increasing these values may allow you to
4459 improve throughput, but will also increase the
4460 amount of memory reserved for use by the client.
4462 suspend.pm_test_delay=
4464 Sets the number of seconds to remain in a suspend test
4465 mode before resuming the system (see
4466 /sys/power/pm_test). Only available when CONFIG_PM_DEBUG
4467 is set. Default value is 5.
4470 [KNL] Enable accounting of swap in memory resource
4471 controller if no parameter or 1 is given or disable
4472 it if 0 is given (See Documentation/cgroup-v1/memory.txt)
4474 swiotlb= [ARM,IA-64,PPC,MIPS,X86]
4475 Format: { <int> | force | noforce }
4476 <int> -- Number of I/O TLB slabs
4477 force -- force using of bounce buffers even if they
4478 wouldn't be automatically used by the kernel
4479 noforce -- Never use bounce buffers (for debugging)
4483 sysfs.deprecated=0|1 [KNL]
4484 Enable/disable old style sysfs layout for old udev
4485 on older distributions. When this option is enabled
4486 very new udev will not work anymore. When this option
4487 is disabled (or CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED not compiled)
4488 in older udev will not work anymore.
4489 Default depends on CONFIG_SYSFS_DEPRECATED_V2 set in
4490 the kernel configuration.
4492 sysrq_always_enabled
4494 Ignore sysrq setting - this boot parameter will
4495 neutralize any effect of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq.
4496 Useful for debugging.
4498 tcpmhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4499 Set the number of tcp_metrics_hash slots.
4500 Default value is 8192 or 16384 depending on total
4501 ram pages. This is used to specify the TCP metrics
4502 cache size. See Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
4503 "tcp_no_metrics_save" section for more details.
4507 test_suspend= [SUSPEND][,N]
4508 Specify "mem" (for Suspend-to-RAM) or "standby" (for
4509 standby suspend) or "freeze" (for suspend type freeze)
4510 as the system sleep state during system startup with
4511 the optional capability to repeat N number of times.
4512 The system is woken from this state using a
4513 wakeup-capable RTC alarm.
4515 thash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4516 Set number of hash buckets for TCP connection
4518 thermal.act= [HW,ACPI]
4519 -1: disable all active trip points in all thermal zones
4520 <degrees C>: override all lowest active trip points
4522 thermal.crt= [HW,ACPI]
4523 -1: disable all critical trip points in all thermal zones
4524 <degrees C>: override all critical trip points
4526 thermal.nocrt= [HW,ACPI]
4527 Set to disable actions on ACPI thermal zone
4528 critical and hot trip points.
4530 thermal.off= [HW,ACPI]
4531 1: disable ACPI thermal control
4533 thermal.psv= [HW,ACPI]
4534 -1: disable all passive trip points
4535 <degrees C>: override all passive trip points to this
4538 thermal.tzp= [HW,ACPI]
4539 Specify global default ACPI thermal zone polling rate
4540 <deci-seconds>: poll all this frequency
4541 0: no polling (default)
4544 Force threading of all interrupt handlers except those
4545 marked explicitly IRQF_NO_THREAD.
4548 Enable the Transcendent memory driver if built-in.
4550 tmem.cleancache=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4551 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the cleancache
4552 API to send anonymous pages to the hypervisor.
4554 tmem.frontswap=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4555 Default is on (1). Disable the usage of the frontswap
4556 API to send swap pages to the hypervisor. If disabled
4557 the selfballooning and selfshrinking are force disabled.
4559 tmem.selfballooning=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4560 Default is on (1). Disable the driving of swap pages
4563 tmem.selfshrinking=0|1 [KNL, XEN]
4564 Default is on (1). Partial swapoff that immediately
4565 transfers pages from Xen hypervisor back to the
4566 kernel based on different criteria.
4570 Specify if the kernel should make use of the cpu
4571 topology information if the hardware supports this.
4572 The scheduler will make use of this information and
4573 e.g. base its process migration decisions on it.
4576 topology_updates= [KNL, PPC, NUMA]
4578 Specify if the kernel should ignore (off)
4579 topology updates sent by the hypervisor to this
4584 tpm_suspend_pcr=[HW,TPM]
4585 Format: integer pcr id
4586 Specify that at suspend time, the tpm driver
4587 should extend the specified pcr with zeros,
4588 as a workaround for some chips which fail to
4589 flush the last written pcr on TPM_SaveState.
4590 This will guarantee that all the other pcrs
4593 trace_buf_size=nn[KMG]
4594 [FTRACE] will set tracing buffer size on each cpu.
4596 trace_event=[event-list]
4597 [FTRACE] Set and start specified trace events in order
4598 to facilitate early boot debugging. The event-list is a
4599 comma separated list of trace events to enable. See
4600 also Documentation/trace/events.rst
4602 trace_options=[option-list]
4603 [FTRACE] Enable or disable tracer options at boot.
4604 The option-list is a comma delimited list of options
4605 that can be enabled or disabled just as if you were
4606 to echo the option name into
4608 /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace_options
4610 For example, to enable stacktrace option (to dump the
4611 stack trace of each event), add to the command line:
4613 trace_options=stacktrace
4615 See also Documentation/trace/ftrace.rst "trace options"
4619 Have the tracepoints sent to printk as well as the
4620 tracing ring buffer. This is useful for early boot up
4621 where the system hangs or reboots and does not give the
4622 option for reading the tracing buffer or performing a
4623 ftrace_dump_on_oops.
4625 To turn off having tracepoints sent to printk,
4626 echo 0 > /proc/sys/kernel/tracepoint_printk
4627 Note, echoing 1 into this file without the
4628 tracepoint_printk kernel cmdline option has no effect.
4632 Having tracepoints sent to printk() and activating high
4633 frequency tracepoints such as irq or sched, can cause
4634 the system to live lock.
4637 [FTRACE] enable this option to disable tracing when a
4638 warning is hit. This turns off "tracing_on". Tracing can
4639 be enabled again by echoing '1' into the "tracing_on"
4640 file located in /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/
4642 This option is useful, as it disables the trace before
4643 the WARNING dump is called, which prevents the trace to
4644 be filled with content caused by the warning output.
4646 This option can also be set at run time via the sysctl
4647 option: kernel/traceoff_on_warning
4649 transparent_hugepage=
4651 Format: [always|madvise|never]
4652 Can be used to control the default behavior of the system
4653 with respect to transparent hugepages.
4654 See Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst
4657 tsc= Disable clocksource stability checks for TSC.
4659 [x86] reliable: mark tsc clocksource as reliable, this
4660 disables clocksource verification at runtime, as well
4661 as the stability checks done at bootup. Used to enable
4662 high-resolution timer mode on older hardware, and in
4663 virtualized environment.
4664 [x86] noirqtime: Do not use TSC to do irq accounting.
4665 Used to run time disable IRQ_TIME_ACCOUNTING on any
4666 platforms where RDTSC is slow and this accounting
4668 [x86] unstable: mark the TSC clocksource as unstable, this
4669 marks the TSC unconditionally unstable at bootup and
4670 avoids any further wobbles once the TSC watchdog notices.
4672 turbografx.map[2|3]= [HW,JOY]
4673 TurboGraFX parallel port interface
4675 <port#>,<js1>,<js2>,<js3>,<js4>,<js5>,<js6>,<js7>
4676 See also Documentation/input/devices/joystick-parport.rst
4678 udbg-immortal [PPC] When debugging early kernel crashes that
4679 happen after console_init() and before a proper
4680 console driver takes over, this boot options might
4681 help "seeing" what's going on.
4683 uhash_entries= [KNL,NET]
4684 Set number of hash buckets for UDP/UDP-Lite connections
4687 [USB] Ignore overcurrent events (default N).
4688 Some badly-designed motherboards generate lots of
4689 bogus events, for ports that aren't wired to
4690 anything. Set this parameter to avoid log spamming.
4691 Note that genuine overcurrent events won't be
4695 [X86] Cause panic on unknown NMI.
4697 usbcore.authorized_default=
4698 [USB] Default USB device authorization:
4699 (default -1 = authorized except for wireless USB,
4700 0 = not authorized, 1 = authorized)
4702 usbcore.autosuspend=
4703 [USB] The autosuspend time delay (in seconds) used
4704 for newly-detected USB devices (default 2). This
4705 is the time required before an idle device will be
4706 autosuspended. Devices for which the delay is set
4707 to a negative value won't be autosuspended at all.
4709 usbcore.usbfs_snoop=
4710 [USB] Set to log all usbfs traffic (default 0 = off).
4712 usbcore.usbfs_snoop_max=
4713 [USB] Maximum number of bytes to snoop in each URB
4716 usbcore.blinkenlights=
4717 [USB] Set to cycle leds on hubs (default 0 = off).
4719 usbcore.old_scheme_first=
4720 [USB] Start with the old device initialization
4721 scheme, applies only to low and full-speed devices
4724 usbcore.usbfs_memory_mb=
4725 [USB] Memory limit (in MB) for buffers allocated by
4726 usbfs (default = 16, 0 = max = 2047).
4728 usbcore.use_both_schemes=
4729 [USB] Try the other device initialization scheme
4730 if the first one fails (default 1 = enabled).
4732 usbcore.initial_descriptor_timeout=
4733 [USB] Specifies timeout for the initial 64-byte
4734 USB_REQ_GET_DESCRIPTOR request in milliseconds
4735 (default 5000 = 5.0 seconds).
4737 usbcore.nousb [USB] Disable the USB subsystem
4740 [USB] A list of quirk entries to augment the built-in
4741 usb core quirk list. List entries are separated by
4742 commas. Each entry has the form
4743 VendorID:ProductID:Flags. The IDs are 4-digit hex
4744 numbers and Flags is a set of letters. Each letter
4745 will change the built-in quirk; setting it if it is
4746 clear and clearing it if it is set. The letters have
4747 the following meanings:
4748 a = USB_QUIRK_STRING_FETCH_255 (string
4749 descriptors must not be fetched using
4751 b = USB_QUIRK_RESET_RESUME (device can't resume
4752 correctly so reset it instead);
4753 c = USB_QUIRK_NO_SET_INTF (device can't handle
4754 Set-Interface requests);
4755 d = USB_QUIRK_CONFIG_INTF_STRINGS (device can't
4756 handle its Configuration or Interface
4758 e = USB_QUIRK_RESET (device can't be reset
4759 (e.g morph devices), don't use reset);
4760 f = USB_QUIRK_HONOR_BNUMINTERFACES (device has
4761 more interface descriptions than the
4762 bNumInterfaces count, and can't handle
4763 talking to these interfaces);
4764 g = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_INIT (device needs a pause
4765 during initialization, after we read
4766 the device descriptor);
4767 h = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_UFRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL (For
4768 high speed and super speed interrupt
4769 endpoints, the USB 2.0 and USB 3.0 spec
4770 require the interval in microframes (1
4771 microframe = 125 microseconds) to be
4772 calculated as interval = 2 ^
4774 Devices with this quirk report their
4775 bInterval as the result of this
4776 calculation instead of the exponent
4777 variable used in the calculation);
4778 i = USB_QUIRK_DEVICE_QUALIFIER (device can't
4779 handle device_qualifier descriptor
4781 j = USB_QUIRK_IGNORE_REMOTE_WAKEUP (device
4782 generates spurious wakeup, ignore
4783 remote wakeup capability);
4784 k = USB_QUIRK_NO_LPM (device can't handle Link
4786 l = USB_QUIRK_LINEAR_FRAME_INTR_BINTERVAL
4787 (Device reports its bInterval as linear
4788 frames instead of the USB 2.0
4790 m = USB_QUIRK_DISCONNECT_SUSPEND (Device needs
4791 to be disconnected before suspend to
4792 prevent spurious wakeup);
4793 n = USB_QUIRK_DELAY_CTRL_MSG (Device needs a
4794 pause after every control message);
4795 o = USB_QUIRK_HUB_SLOW_RESET (Hub needs extra
4796 delay after resetting its port);
4797 Example: quirks=0781:5580:bk,0a5c:5834:gij
4800 [USBHID] The interval which mice are to be polled at.
4803 [USBHID] The interval which joysticks are to be polled at.
4806 [USBHID] The interval which keyboards are to be polled at.
4808 usb-storage.delay_use=
4809 [UMS] The delay in seconds before a new device is
4810 scanned for Logical Units (default 1).
4813 [UMS] A list of quirks entries to supplement or
4814 override the built-in unusual_devs list. List
4815 entries are separated by commas. Each entry has
4816 the form VID:PID:Flags where VID and PID are Vendor
4817 and Product ID values (4-digit hex numbers) and
4818 Flags is a set of characters, each corresponding
4819 to a common usb-storage quirk flag as follows:
4820 a = SANE_SENSE (collect more than 18 bytes
4822 b = BAD_SENSE (don't collect more than 18
4823 bytes of sense data);
4824 c = FIX_CAPACITY (decrease the reported
4825 device capacity by one sector);
4826 d = NO_READ_DISC_INFO (don't use
4827 READ_DISC_INFO command);
4828 e = NO_READ_CAPACITY_16 (don't use
4829 READ_CAPACITY_16 command);
4830 f = NO_REPORT_OPCODES (don't use report opcodes
4832 g = MAX_SECTORS_240 (don't transfer more than
4833 240 sectors at a time, uas only);
4834 h = CAPACITY_HEURISTICS (decrease the
4835 reported device capacity by one
4836 sector if the number is odd);
4837 i = IGNORE_DEVICE (don't bind to this
4839 j = NO_REPORT_LUNS (don't use report luns
4841 l = NOT_LOCKABLE (don't try to lock and
4842 unlock ejectable media);
4843 m = MAX_SECTORS_64 (don't transfer more
4844 than 64 sectors = 32 KB at a time);
4845 n = INITIAL_READ10 (force a retry of the
4846 initial READ(10) command);
4847 o = CAPACITY_OK (accept the capacity
4848 reported by the device);
4849 p = WRITE_CACHE (the device cache is ON
4851 r = IGNORE_RESIDUE (the device reports
4852 bogus residue values);
4853 s = SINGLE_LUN (the device has only one
4855 t = NO_ATA_1X (don't allow ATA(12) and ATA(16)
4856 commands, uas only);
4857 u = IGNORE_UAS (don't bind to the uas driver);
4858 w = NO_WP_DETECT (don't test whether the
4859 medium is write-protected).
4860 y = ALWAYS_SYNC (issue a SYNCHRONIZE_CACHE
4861 even if the device claims no cache)
4862 Example: quirks=0419:aaf5:rl,0421:0433:rc
4864 user_debug= [KNL,ARM]
4866 See arch/arm/Kconfig.debug help text.
4867 1 - undefined instruction events
4869 4 - invalid data aborts
4872 Example: user_debug=31
4875 [X86] Flags controlling user PTE allocations.
4877 nohigh = do not allocate PTE pages in
4878 HIGHMEM regardless of setting
4882 On X86_32, this is an alias for vdso32=. Otherwise:
4884 vdso=1: enable VDSO (the default)
4885 vdso=0: disable VDSO mapping
4887 vdso32= [X86] Control the 32-bit vDSO
4888 vdso32=1: enable 32-bit VDSO
4889 vdso32=0 or vdso32=2: disable 32-bit VDSO
4891 See the help text for CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO for more
4892 details. If CONFIG_COMPAT_VDSO is set, the default is
4893 vdso32=0; otherwise, the default is vdso32=1.
4895 For compatibility with older kernels, vdso32=2 is an
4898 Try vdso32=0 if you encounter an error that says:
4899 dl_main: Assertion `(void *) ph->p_vaddr == _rtld_local._dl_sysinfo_dso' failed!
4902 vector=percpu: enable percpu vector domain
4904 video= [FB] Frame buffer configuration
4905 See Documentation/fb/modedb.txt.
4907 video.brightness_switch_enabled= [0,1]
4908 If set to 1, on receiving an ACPI notify event
4909 generated by hotkey, video driver will adjust brightness
4910 level and then send out the event to user space through
4911 the allocated input device; If set to 0, video driver
4912 will only send out the event without touching backlight
4917 [VMMIO] Memory mapped virtio (platform) device.
4919 <size>@<baseaddr>:<irq>[:<id>]
4921 <size> := size (can use standard suffixes
4923 <baseaddr> := physical base address
4924 <irq> := interrupt number (as passed to
4926 <id> := (optional) platform device id
4928 virtio_mmio.device=1K@0x100b0000:48:7
4930 Can be used multiple times for multiple devices.
4932 vga= [BOOT,X86-32] Select a particular video mode
4933 See Documentation/x86/boot.txt and
4934 Documentation/svga.txt.
4935 Use vga=ask for menu.
4936 This is actually a boot loader parameter; the value is
4937 passed to the kernel using a special protocol.
4939 vm_debug[=options] [KNL] Available with CONFIG_DEBUG_VM=y.
4940 May slow down system boot speed, especially when
4941 enabled on systems with a large amount of memory.
4942 All options are enabled by default, and this
4943 interface is meant to allow for selectively
4944 enabling or disabling specific virtual memory
4947 Available options are:
4948 P Enable page structure init time poisoning
4949 - Disable all of the above options
4951 vmalloc=nn[KMG] [KNL,BOOT] Forces the vmalloc area to have an exact
4952 size of <nn>. This can be used to increase the
4953 minimum size (128MB on x86). It can also be used to
4954 decrease the size and leave more room for directly
4957 vmcp_cma=nn[MG] [KNL,S390]
4958 Sets the memory size reserved for contiguous memory
4959 allocations for the vmcp device driver.
4961 vmhalt= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after system halt.
4964 vmpanic= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after kernel panic.
4967 vmpoff= [KNL,S390] Perform z/VM CP command after power off.
4971 Controls the behavior of vsyscalls (i.e. calls to
4972 fixed addresses of 0xffffffffff600x00 from legacy
4973 code). Most statically-linked binaries and older
4974 versions of glibc use these calls. Because these
4975 functions are at fixed addresses, they make nice
4976 targets for exploits that can control RIP.
4978 emulate [default] Vsyscalls turn into traps and are
4979 emulated reasonably safely.
4981 native Vsyscalls are native syscall instructions.
4982 This is a little bit faster than trapping
4983 and makes a few dynamic recompilers work
4984 better than they would in emulation mode.
4985 It also makes exploits much easier to write.
4987 none Vsyscalls don't work at all. This makes
4988 them quite hard to use for exploits but
4989 might break your system.
4991 vt.color= [VT] Default text color.
4992 Format: 0xYX, X = foreground, Y = background.
4993 Default: 0x07 = light gray on black.
4995 vt.cur_default= [VT] Default cursor shape.
4996 Format: 0xCCBBAA, where AA, BB, and CC are the same as
4997 the parameters of the <Esc>[?A;B;Cc escape sequence;
4998 see VGA-softcursor.txt. Default: 2 = underline.
5000 vt.default_blu= [VT]
5001 Format: <blue0>,<blue1>,<blue2>,...,<blue15>
5002 Change the default blue palette of the console.
5003 This is a 16-member array composed of values
5006 vt.default_grn= [VT]
5007 Format: <green0>,<green1>,<green2>,...,<green15>
5008 Change the default green palette of the console.
5009 This is a 16-member array composed of values
5012 vt.default_red= [VT]
5013 Format: <red0>,<red1>,<red2>,...,<red15>
5014 Change the default red palette of the console.
5015 This is a 16-member array composed of values
5021 Set system-wide default UTF-8 mode for all tty's.
5022 Default is 1, i.e. UTF-8 mode is enabled for all
5023 newly opened terminals.
5025 vt.global_cursor_default=
5028 Set system-wide default for whether a cursor
5029 is shown on new VTs. Default is -1,
5030 i.e. cursors will be created by default unless
5031 overridden by individual drivers. 0 will hide
5032 cursors, 1 will display them.
5034 vt.italic= [VT] Default color for italic text; 0-15.
5037 vt.underline= [VT] Default color for underlined text; 0-15.
5040 watchdog timers [HW,WDT] For information on watchdog timers,
5041 see Documentation/watchdog/watchdog-parameters.txt
5042 or other driver-specific files in the
5043 Documentation/watchdog/ directory.
5045 workqueue.watchdog_thresh=
5046 If CONFIG_WQ_WATCHDOG is configured, workqueue can
5047 warn stall conditions and dump internal state to
5048 help debugging. 0 disables workqueue stall
5049 detection; otherwise, it's the stall threshold
5050 duration in seconds. The default value is 30 and
5051 it can be updated at runtime by writing to the
5052 corresponding sysfs file.
5054 workqueue.disable_numa
5055 By default, all work items queued to unbound
5056 workqueues are affine to the NUMA nodes they're
5057 issued on, which results in better behavior in
5058 general. If NUMA affinity needs to be disabled for
5059 whatever reason, this option can be used. Note
5060 that this also can be controlled per-workqueue for
5061 workqueues visible under /sys/bus/workqueue/.
5063 workqueue.power_efficient
5064 Per-cpu workqueues are generally preferred because
5065 they show better performance thanks to cache
5066 locality; unfortunately, per-cpu workqueues tend to
5067 be more power hungry than unbound workqueues.
5069 Enabling this makes the per-cpu workqueues which
5070 were observed to contribute significantly to power
5071 consumption unbound, leading to measurably lower
5072 power usage at the cost of small performance
5075 The default value of this parameter is determined by
5076 the config option CONFIG_WQ_POWER_EFFICIENT_DEFAULT.
5078 workqueue.debug_force_rr_cpu
5079 Workqueue used to implicitly guarantee that work
5080 items queued without explicit CPU specified are put
5081 on the local CPU. This guarantee is no longer true
5082 and while local CPU is still preferred work items
5083 may be put on foreign CPUs. This debug option
5084 forces round-robin CPU selection to flush out
5085 usages which depend on the now broken guarantee.
5086 When enabled, memory and cache locality will be
5089 x2apic_phys [X86-64,APIC] Use x2apic physical mode instead of
5090 default x2apic cluster mode on platforms
5093 x86_intel_mid_timer= [X86-32,APBT]
5094 Choose timer option for x86 Intel MID platform.
5095 Two valid options are apbt timer only and lapic timer
5096 plus one apbt timer for broadcast timer.
5097 x86_intel_mid_timer=apbt_only | lapic_and_apbt
5099 xen_512gb_limit [KNL,X86-64,XEN]
5100 Restricts the kernel running paravirtualized under Xen
5101 to use only up to 512 GB of RAM. The reason to do so is
5102 crash analysis tools and Xen tools for doing domain
5103 save/restore/migration must be enabled to handle larger
5106 xen_emul_unplug= [HW,X86,XEN]
5107 Unplug Xen emulated devices
5108 Format: [unplug0,][unplug1]
5109 ide-disks -- unplug primary master IDE devices
5110 aux-ide-disks -- unplug non-primary-master IDE devices
5111 nics -- unplug network devices
5112 all -- unplug all emulated devices (NICs and IDE disks)
5113 unnecessary -- unplugging emulated devices is
5114 unnecessary even if the host did not respond to
5116 never -- do not unplug even if version check succeeds
5118 xen_nopvspin [X86,XEN]
5119 Disables the ticketlock slowpath using Xen PV
5123 Disables the PV optimizations forcing the HVM guest to
5124 run as generic HVM guest with no PV drivers.
5126 xen_scrub_pages= [XEN]
5127 Boolean option to control scrubbing pages before giving them back
5128 to Xen, for use by other domains. Can be also changed at runtime
5129 with /sys/devices/system/xen_memory/xen_memory0/scrub_pages.
5130 Default value controlled with CONFIG_XEN_SCRUB_PAGES_DEFAULT.
5132 xirc2ps_cs= [NET,PCMCIA]
5134 <irq>,<irq_mask>,<io>,<full_duplex>,<do_sound>,<lockup_hack>[,<irq2>[,<irq3>[,<irq4>]]]
5136 xhci-hcd.quirks [USB,KNL]
5137 A hex value specifying bitmask with supplemental xhci
5138 host controller quirks. Meaning of each bit can be
5139 consulted in header drivers/usb/host/xhci.h.
git.samba.org / sfrench / cifs-2.6.git / blob