Merge tag 'irqchip-fixes-5.4-1' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git...

[sfrench/cifs-2.6.git] / Documentation / admin-guide / cifs / usage.rst

=====
Usage
=====

This module supports the SMB3 family of advanced network protocols (as well
as older dialects, originally called "CIFS" or SMB1).

The CIFS VFS module for Linux supports many advanced network filesystem
features such as hierarchical DFS like namespace, hardlinks, locking and more.
It was designed to comply with the SNIA CIFS Technical Reference (which
supersedes the 1992 X/Open SMB Standard) as well as to perform best practice
practical interoperability with Windows 2000, Windows XP, Samba and equivalent
servers.  This code was developed in participation with the Protocol Freedom
Information Foundation.  CIFS and now SMB3 has now become a defacto
standard for interoperating between Macs and Windows and major NAS appliances.

Please see
MS-SMB2 (for detailed SMB2/SMB3/SMB3.1.1 protocol specification)
http://protocolfreedom.org/ and
http://samba.org/samba/PFIF/
for more details.


For questions or bug reports please contact:

    smfrench@gmail.com

See the project page at: https://wiki.samba.org/index.php/LinuxCIFS_utils

Build instructions
==================

For Linux:

1) Download the kernel (e.g. from http://www.kernel.org)
   and change directory into the top of the kernel directory tree
   (e.g. /usr/src/linux-2.5.73)
2) make menuconfig (or make xconfig)
3) select cifs from within the network filesystem choices
4) save and exit
5) make


Installation instructions
=========================

If you have built the CIFS vfs as module (successfully) simply
type ``make modules_install`` (or if you prefer, manually copy the file to
the modules directory e.g. /lib/modules/2.4.10-4GB/kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko).

If you have built the CIFS vfs into the kernel itself, follow the instructions
for your distribution on how to install a new kernel (usually you
would simply type ``make install``).

If you do not have the utility mount.cifs (in the Samba 4.x source tree and on
the CIFS VFS web site) copy it to the same directory in which mount helpers
reside (usually /sbin).  Although the helper software is not
required, mount.cifs is recommended.  Most distros include a ``cifs-utils``
package that includes this utility so it is recommended to install this.

Note that running the Winbind pam/nss module (logon service) on all of your
Linux clients is useful in mapping Uids and Gids consistently across the
domain to the proper network user.  The mount.cifs mount helper can be
found at cifs-utils.git on git.samba.org

If cifs is built as a module, then the size and number of network buffers
and maximum number of simultaneous requests to one server can be configured.
Changing these from their defaults is not recommended. By executing modinfo::

        modinfo kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko

on kernel/fs/cifs/cifs.ko the list of configuration changes that can be made
at module initialization time (by running insmod cifs.ko) can be seen.

Recommendations
===============

To improve security the SMB2.1 dialect or later (usually will get SMB3) is now
the new default. To use old dialects (e.g. to mount Windows XP) use "vers=1.0"
on mount (or vers=2.0 for Windows Vista).  Note that the CIFS (vers=1.0) is
much older and less secure than the default dialect SMB3 which includes
many advanced security features such as downgrade attack detection
and encrypted shares and stronger signing and authentication algorithms.
There are additional mount options that may be helpful for SMB3 to get
improved POSIX behavior (NB: can use vers=3.0 to force only SMB3, never 2.1):

     ``mfsymlinks`` and ``cifsacl`` and ``idsfromsid``

Allowing User Mounts
====================

To permit users to mount and unmount over directories they own is possible
with the cifs vfs.  A way to enable such mounting is to mark the mount.cifs
utility as suid (e.g. ``chmod +s /sbin/mount.cifs``). To enable users to
umount shares they mount requires

1) mount.cifs version 1.4 or later
2) an entry for the share in /etc/fstab indicating that a user may
   unmount it e.g.::

     //server/usersharename  /mnt/username cifs user 0 0

Note that when the mount.cifs utility is run suid (allowing user mounts),
in order to reduce risks, the ``nosuid`` mount flag is passed in on mount to
disallow execution of an suid program mounted on the remote target.
When mount is executed as root, nosuid is not passed in by default,
and execution of suid programs on the remote target would be enabled
by default. This can be changed, as with nfs and other filesystems,
by simply specifying ``nosuid`` among the mount options. For user mounts
though to be able to pass the suid flag to mount requires rebuilding
mount.cifs with the following flag: CIFS_ALLOW_USR_SUID

There is a corresponding manual page for cifs mounting in the Samba 3.0 and
later source tree in docs/manpages/mount.cifs.8

Allowing User Unmounts
======================

To permit users to ummount directories that they have user mounted (see above),
the utility umount.cifs may be used.  It may be invoked directly, or if
umount.cifs is placed in /sbin, umount can invoke the cifs umount helper
(at least for most versions of the umount utility) for umount of cifs
mounts, unless umount is invoked with -i (which will avoid invoking a umount
helper). As with mount.cifs, to enable user unmounts umount.cifs must be marked
as suid (e.g. ``chmod +s /sbin/umount.cifs``) or equivalent (some distributions
allow adding entries to a file to the /etc/permissions file to achieve the
equivalent suid effect).  For this utility to succeed the target path
must be a cifs mount, and the uid of the current user must match the uid
of the user who mounted the resource.

Also note that the customary way of allowing user mounts and unmounts is
(instead of using mount.cifs and unmount.cifs as suid) to add a line
to the file /etc/fstab for each //server/share you wish to mount, but
this can become unwieldy when potential mount targets include many
or  unpredictable UNC names.

Samba Considerations
====================

Most current servers support SMB2.1 and SMB3 which are more secure,
but there are useful protocol extensions for the older less secure CIFS
dialect, so to get the maximum benefit if mounting using the older dialect
(CIFS/SMB1), we recommend using a server that supports the SNIA CIFS
Unix Extensions standard (e.g. almost any  version of Samba ie version
2.2.5 or later) but the CIFS vfs works fine with a wide variety of CIFS servers.
Note that uid, gid and file permissions will display default values if you do
not have a server that supports the Unix extensions for CIFS (such as Samba
2.2.5 or later).  To enable the Unix CIFS Extensions in the Samba server, add
the line::

        unix extensions = yes

to your smb.conf file on the server.  Note that the following smb.conf settings
are also useful (on the Samba server) when the majority of clients are Unix or
Linux::

        case sensitive = yes
        delete readonly = yes
        ea support = yes

Note that server ea support is required for supporting xattrs from the Linux
cifs client, and that EA support is present in later versions of Samba (e.g.
3.0.6 and later (also EA support works in all versions of Windows, at least to
shares on NTFS filesystems).  Extended Attribute (xattr) support is an optional
feature of most Linux filesystems which may require enabling via
make menuconfig. Client support for extended attributes (user xattr) can be
disabled on a per-mount basis by specifying ``nouser_xattr`` on mount.

The CIFS client can get and set POSIX ACLs (getfacl, setfacl) to Samba servers
version 3.10 and later.  Setting POSIX ACLs requires enabling both XATTR and
then POSIX support in the CIFS configuration options when building the cifs
module.  POSIX ACL support can be disabled on a per mount basic by specifying
``noacl`` on mount.

Some administrators may want to change Samba's smb.conf ``map archive`` and
``create mask`` parameters from the default.  Unless the create mask is changed
newly created files can end up with an unnecessarily restrictive default mode,
which may not be what you want, although if the CIFS Unix extensions are
enabled on the server and client, subsequent setattr calls (e.g. chmod) can
fix the mode.  Note that creating special devices (mknod) remotely
may require specifying a mkdev function to Samba if you are not using
Samba 3.0.6 or later.  For more information on these see the manual pages
(``man smb.conf``) on the Samba server system.  Note that the cifs vfs,
unlike the smbfs vfs, does not read the smb.conf on the client system
(the few optional settings are passed in on mount via -o parameters instead).
Note that Samba 2.2.7 or later includes a fix that allows the CIFS VFS to delete
open files (required for strict POSIX compliance).  Windows Servers already
supported this feature. Samba server does not allow symlinks that refer to files
outside of the share, so in Samba versions prior to 3.0.6, most symlinks to
files with absolute paths (ie beginning with slash) such as::

         ln -s /mnt/foo bar

would be forbidden. Samba 3.0.6 server or later includes the ability to create
such symlinks safely by converting unsafe symlinks (ie symlinks to server
files that are outside of the share) to a samba specific format on the server
that is ignored by local server applications and non-cifs clients and that will
not be traversed by the Samba server).  This is opaque to the Linux client
application using the cifs vfs. Absolute symlinks will work to Samba 3.0.5 or
later, but only for remote clients using the CIFS Unix extensions, and will
be invisbile to Windows clients and typically will not affect local
applications running on the same server as Samba.

Use instructions
================

Once the CIFS VFS support is built into the kernel or installed as a module
(cifs.ko), you can use mount syntax like the following to access Samba or
Mac or Windows servers::

  mount -t cifs //9.53.216.11/e$ /mnt -o username=myname,password=mypassword

Before -o the option -v may be specified to make the mount.cifs
mount helper display the mount steps more verbosely.
After -o the following commonly used cifs vfs specific options
are supported::

  username=<username>
  password=<password>
  domain=<domain name>

Other cifs mount options are described below.  Use of TCP names (in addition to
ip addresses) is available if the mount helper (mount.cifs) is installed. If
you do not trust the server to which are mounted, or if you do not have
cifs signing enabled (and the physical network is insecure), consider use
of the standard mount options ``noexec`` and ``nosuid`` to reduce the risk of
running an altered binary on your local system (downloaded from a hostile server
or altered by a hostile router).

Although mounting using format corresponding to the CIFS URL specification is
not possible in mount.cifs yet, it is possible to use an alternate format
for the server and sharename (which is somewhat similar to NFS style mount
syntax) instead of the more widely used UNC format (i.e. \\server\share)::

  mount -t cifs tcp_name_of_server:share_name /mnt -o user=myname,pass=mypasswd

When using the mount helper mount.cifs, passwords may be specified via alternate
mechanisms, instead of specifying it after -o using the normal ``pass=`` syntax
on the command line:
1) By including it in a credential file. Specify credentials=filename as one
of the mount options. Credential files contain two lines::

        username=someuser
        password=your_password

2) By specifying the password in the PASSWD environment variable (similarly
   the user name can be taken from the USER environment variable).
3) By specifying the password in a file by name via PASSWD_FILE
4) By specifying the password in a file by file descriptor via PASSWD_FD

If no password is provided, mount.cifs will prompt for password entry

Restrictions
============

Servers must support either "pure-TCP" (port 445 TCP/IP CIFS connections) or RFC
1001/1002 support for "Netbios-Over-TCP/IP." This is not likely to be a
problem as most servers support this.

Valid filenames differ between Windows and Linux.  Windows typically restricts
filenames which contain certain reserved characters (e.g.the character :
which is used to delimit the beginning of a stream name by Windows), while
Linux allows a slightly wider set of valid characters in filenames. Windows
servers can remap such characters when an explicit mapping is specified in
the Server's registry.  Samba starting with version 3.10 will allow such
filenames (ie those which contain valid Linux characters, which normally
would be forbidden for Windows/CIFS semantics) as long as the server is
configured for Unix Extensions (and the client has not disabled
/proc/fs/cifs/LinuxExtensionsEnabled). In addition the mount option
``mapposix`` can be used on CIFS (vers=1.0) to force the mapping of
illegal Windows/NTFS/SMB characters to a remap range (this mount parm
is the default for SMB3). This remap (``mapposix``) range is also
compatible with Mac (and "Services for Mac" on some older Windows).

CIFS VFS Mount Options
======================
A partial list of the supported mount options follows:

  username
                The user name to use when trying to establish
                the CIFS session.
  password
                The user password.  If the mount helper is
                installed, the user will be prompted for password
                if not supplied.
  ip
                The ip address of the target server
  unc
                The target server Universal Network Name (export) to
                mount.
  domain
                Set the SMB/CIFS workgroup name prepended to the
                username during CIFS session establishment
  forceuid
                Set the default uid for inodes to the uid
                passed in on mount. For mounts to servers
                which do support the CIFS Unix extensions, such as a
                properly configured Samba server, the server provides
                the uid, gid and mode so this parameter should not be
                specified unless the server and clients uid and gid
                numbering differ.  If the server and client are in the
                same domain (e.g. running winbind or nss_ldap) and
                the server supports the Unix Extensions then the uid
                and gid can be retrieved from the server (and uid
                and gid would not have to be specified on the mount.
                For servers which do not support the CIFS Unix
                extensions, the default uid (and gid) returned on lookup
                of existing files will be the uid (gid) of the person
                who executed the mount (root, except when mount.cifs
                is configured setuid for user mounts) unless the ``uid=``
                (gid) mount option is specified. Also note that permission
                checks (authorization checks) on accesses to a file occur
                at the server, but there are cases in which an administrator
                may want to restrict at the client as well.  For those
                servers which do not report a uid/gid owner
                (such as Windows), permissions can also be checked at the
                client, and a crude form of client side permission checking
                can be enabled by specifying file_mode and dir_mode on
                the client.  (default)
  forcegid
                (similar to above but for the groupid instead of uid) (default)
  noforceuid
                Fill in file owner information (uid) by requesting it from
                the server if possible. With this option, the value given in
                the uid= option (on mount) will only be used if the server
                can not support returning uids on inodes.
  noforcegid
                (similar to above but for the group owner, gid, instead of uid)
  uid
                Set the default uid for inodes, and indicate to the
                cifs kernel driver which local user mounted. If the server
                supports the unix extensions the default uid is
                not used to fill in the owner fields of inodes (files)
                unless the ``forceuid`` parameter is specified.
  gid
                Set the default gid for inodes (similar to above).
  file_mode
                If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
                this overrides the default mode for file inodes.
  fsc
                Enable local disk caching using FS-Cache (off by default). This
                option could be useful to improve performance on a slow link,
                heavily loaded server and/or network where reading from the
                disk is faster than reading from the server (over the network).
                This could also impact scalability positively as the
                number of calls to the server are reduced. However, local
                caching is not suitable for all workloads for e.g. read-once
                type workloads. So, you need to consider carefully your
                workload/scenario before using this option. Currently, local
                disk caching is functional for CIFS files opened as read-only.
  dir_mode
                If CIFS Unix extensions are not supported by the server
                this overrides the default mode for directory inodes.
  port
                attempt to contact the server on this tcp port, before
                trying the usual ports (port 445, then 139).
  iocharset
                Codepage used to convert local path names to and from
                Unicode. Unicode is used by default for network path
                names if the server supports it.  If iocharset is
                not specified then the nls_default specified
                during the local client kernel build will be used.
                If server does not support Unicode, this parameter is
                unused.
  rsize
                default read size (usually 16K). The client currently
                can not use rsize larger than CIFSMaxBufSize. CIFSMaxBufSize
                defaults to 16K and may be changed (from 8K to the maximum
                kmalloc size allowed by your kernel) at module install time
                for cifs.ko. Setting CIFSMaxBufSize to a very large value
                will cause cifs to use more memory and may reduce performance
                in some cases.  To use rsize greater than 127K (the original
                cifs protocol maximum) also requires that the server support
                a new Unix Capability flag (for very large read) which some
                newer servers (e.g. Samba 3.0.26 or later) do. rsize can be
                set from a minimum of 2048 to a maximum of 130048 (127K or
                CIFSMaxBufSize, whichever is smaller)
  wsize
                default write size (default 57344)
                maximum wsize currently allowed by CIFS is 57344 (fourteen
                4096 byte pages)
  actimeo=n
                attribute cache timeout in seconds (default 1 second).
                After this timeout, the cifs client requests fresh attribute
                information from the server. This option allows to tune the
                attribute cache timeout to suit the workload needs. Shorter
                timeouts mean better the cache coherency, but increased number
                of calls to the server. Longer timeouts mean reduced number
                of calls to the server at the expense of less stricter cache
                coherency checks (i.e. incorrect attribute cache for a short
                period of time).
  rw
                mount the network share read-write (note that the
                server may still consider the share read-only)
  ro
                mount network share read-only
  version
                used to distinguish different versions of the
                mount helper utility (not typically needed)
  sep
                if first mount option (after the -o), overrides
                the comma as the separator between the mount
                parms. e.g.::

                        -o user=myname,password=mypassword,domain=mydom

                could be passed instead with period as the separator by::

                        -o sep=.user=myname.password=mypassword.domain=mydom

                this might be useful when comma is contained within username
                or password or domain. This option is less important
                when the cifs mount helper cifs.mount (version 1.1 or later)
                is used.
  nosuid
                Do not allow remote executables with the suid bit
                program to be executed.  This is only meaningful for mounts
                to servers such as Samba which support the CIFS Unix Extensions.
                If you do not trust the servers in your network (your mount
                targets) it is recommended that you specify this option for
                greater security.
  exec
                Permit execution of binaries on the mount.
  noexec
                Do not permit execution of binaries on the mount.
  dev
                Recognize block devices on the remote mount.
  nodev
                Do not recognize devices on the remote mount.
  suid
                Allow remote files on this mountpoint with suid enabled to
                be executed (default for mounts when executed as root,
                nosuid is default for user mounts).
  credentials
                Although ignored by the cifs kernel component, it is used by
                the mount helper, mount.cifs. When mount.cifs is installed it
                opens and reads the credential file specified in order
                to obtain the userid and password arguments which are passed to
                the cifs vfs.
  guest
                Although ignored by the kernel component, the mount.cifs
                mount helper will not prompt the user for a password
                if guest is specified on the mount options.  If no
                password is specified a null password will be used.
  perm
                Client does permission checks (vfs_permission check of uid
                and gid of the file against the mode and desired operation),
                Note that this is in addition to the normal ACL check on the
                target machine done by the server software.
                Client permission checking is enabled by default.
  noperm
                Client does not do permission checks.  This can expose
                files on this mount to access by other users on the local
                client system. It is typically only needed when the server
                supports the CIFS Unix Extensions but the UIDs/GIDs on the
                client and server system do not match closely enough to allow
                access by the user doing the mount, but it may be useful with
                non CIFS Unix Extension mounts for cases in which the default
                mode is specified on the mount but is not to be enforced on the
                client (e.g. perhaps when MultiUserMount is enabled)
                Note that this does not affect the normal ACL check on the
                target machine done by the server software (of the server
                ACL against the user name provided at mount time).
  serverino
                Use server's inode numbers instead of generating automatically
                incrementing inode numbers on the client.  Although this will
                make it easier to spot hardlinked files (as they will have
                the same inode numbers) and inode numbers may be persistent,
                note that the server does not guarantee that the inode numbers
                are unique if multiple server side mounts are exported under a
                single share (since inode numbers on the servers might not
                be unique if multiple filesystems are mounted under the same
                shared higher level directory).  Note that some older
                (e.g. pre-Windows 2000) do not support returning UniqueIDs
                or the CIFS Unix Extensions equivalent and for those
                this mount option will have no effect.  Exporting cifs mounts
                under nfsd requires this mount option on the cifs mount.
                This is now the default if server supports the
                required network operation.
  noserverino
                Client generates inode numbers (rather than using the actual one
                from the server). These inode numbers will vary after
                unmount or reboot which can confuse some applications,
                but not all server filesystems support unique inode
                numbers.
  setuids
                If the CIFS Unix extensions are negotiated with the server
                the client will attempt to set the effective uid and gid of
                the local process on newly created files, directories, and
                devices (create, mkdir, mknod).  If the CIFS Unix Extensions
                are not negotiated, for newly created files and directories
                instead of using the default uid and gid specified on
                the mount, cache the new file's uid and gid locally which means
                that the uid for the file can change when the inode is
                reloaded (or the user remounts the share).
  nosetuids
                The client will not attempt to set the uid and gid on
                on newly created files, directories, and devices (create,
                mkdir, mknod) which will result in the server setting the
                uid and gid to the default (usually the server uid of the
                user who mounted the share).  Letting the server (rather than
                the client) set the uid and gid is the default. If the CIFS
                Unix Extensions are not negotiated then the uid and gid for
                new files will appear to be the uid (gid) of the mounter or the
                uid (gid) parameter specified on the mount.
  netbiosname
                When mounting to servers via port 139, specifies the RFC1001
                source name to use to represent the client netbios machine
                name when doing the RFC1001 netbios session initialize.
  direct
                Do not do inode data caching on files opened on this mount.
                This precludes mmapping files on this mount. In some cases
                with fast networks and little or no caching benefits on the
                client (e.g. when the application is doing large sequential
                reads bigger than page size without rereading the same data)
                this can provide better performance than the default
                behavior which caches reads (readahead) and writes
                (writebehind) through the local Linux client pagecache
                if oplock (caching token) is granted and held. Note that
                direct allows write operations larger than page size
                to be sent to the server.
  strictcache
                Use for switching on strict cache mode. In this mode the
                client read from the cache all the time it has Oplock Level II,
                otherwise - read from the server. All written data are stored
                in the cache, but if the client doesn't have Exclusive Oplock,
                it writes the data to the server.
  rwpidforward
                Forward pid of a process who opened a file to any read or write
                operation on that file. This prevent applications like WINE
                from failing on read and write if we use mandatory brlock style.
  acl
                Allow setfacl and getfacl to manage posix ACLs if server
                supports them.  (default)
  noacl
                Do not allow setfacl and getfacl calls on this mount
  user_xattr
                Allow getting and setting user xattrs (those attributes whose
                name begins with ``user.`` or ``os2.``) as OS/2 EAs (extended
                attributes) to the server.  This allows support of the
                setfattr and getfattr utilities. (default)
  nouser_xattr
                Do not allow getfattr/setfattr to get/set/list xattrs
  mapchars
                Translate six of the seven reserved characters (not backslash)::

                        *?<>|:

                to the remap range (above 0xF000), which also
                allows the CIFS client to recognize files created with
                such characters by Windows's POSIX emulation. This can
                also be useful when mounting to most versions of Samba
                (which also forbids creating and opening files
                whose names contain any of these seven characters).
                This has no effect if the server does not support
                Unicode on the wire.
  nomapchars
                Do not translate any of these seven characters (default).
  nocase
                Request case insensitive path name matching (case
                sensitive is the default if the server supports it).
                (mount option ``ignorecase`` is identical to ``nocase``)
  posixpaths
                If CIFS Unix extensions are supported, attempt to
                negotiate posix path name support which allows certain
                characters forbidden in typical CIFS filenames, without
                requiring remapping. (default)
  noposixpaths
                If CIFS Unix extensions are supported, do not request
                posix path name support (this may cause servers to
                reject creatingfile with certain reserved characters).
  nounix
                Disable the CIFS Unix Extensions for this mount (tree
                connection). This is rarely needed, but it may be useful
                in order to turn off multiple settings all at once (ie
                posix acls, posix locks, posix paths, symlink support
                and retrieving uids/gids/mode from the server) or to
                work around a bug in server which implement the Unix
                Extensions.
  nobrl
                Do not send byte range lock requests to the server.
                This is necessary for certain applications that break
                with cifs style mandatory byte range locks (and most
                cifs servers do not yet support requesting advisory
                byte range locks).
  forcemandatorylock
                Even if the server supports posix (advisory) byte range
                locking, send only mandatory lock requests.  For some
                (presumably rare) applications, originally coded for
                DOS/Windows, which require Windows style mandatory byte range
                locking, they may be able to take advantage of this option,
                forcing the cifs client to only send mandatory locks
                even if the cifs server would support posix advisory locks.
                ``forcemand`` is accepted as a shorter form of this mount
                option.
  nostrictsync
                If this mount option is set, when an application does an
                fsync call then the cifs client does not send an SMB Flush
                to the server (to force the server to write all dirty data
                for this file immediately to disk), although cifs still sends
                all dirty (cached) file data to the server and waits for the
                server to respond to the write.  Since SMB Flush can be
                very slow, and some servers may be reliable enough (to risk
                delaying slightly flushing the data to disk on the server),
                turning on this option may be useful to improve performance for
                applications that fsync too much, at a small risk of server
                crash.  If this mount option is not set, by default cifs will
                send an SMB flush request (and wait for a response) on every
                fsync call.
  nodfs
                Disable DFS (global name space support) even if the
                server claims to support it.  This can help work around
                a problem with parsing of DFS paths with Samba server
                versions 3.0.24 and 3.0.25.
  remount
                remount the share (often used to change from ro to rw mounts
                or vice versa)
  cifsacl
                Report mode bits (e.g. on stat) based on the Windows ACL for
                the file. (EXPERIMENTAL)
  servern
                Specify the server 's netbios name (RFC1001 name) to use
                when attempting to setup a session to the server.
                This is needed for mounting to some older servers (such
                as OS/2 or Windows 98 and Windows ME) since they do not
                support a default server name.  A server name can be up
                to 15 characters long and is usually uppercased.
  sfu
                When the CIFS Unix Extensions are not negotiated, attempt to
                create device files and fifos in a format compatible with
                Services for Unix (SFU).  In addition retrieve bits 10-12
                of the mode via the SETFILEBITS extended attribute (as
                SFU does).  In the future the bottom 9 bits of the
                mode also will be emulated using queries of the security
                descriptor (ACL).
  mfsymlinks
                Enable support for Minshall+French symlinks
                (see http://wiki.samba.org/index.php/UNIX_Extensions#Minshall.2BFrench_symlinks)
                This option is ignored when specified together with the
                'sfu' option. Minshall+French symlinks are used even if
                the server supports the CIFS Unix Extensions.
  sign
                Must use packet signing (helps avoid unwanted data modification
                by intermediate systems in the route).  Note that signing
                does not work with lanman or plaintext authentication.
  seal
                Must seal (encrypt) all data on this mounted share before
                sending on the network.  Requires support for Unix Extensions.
                Note that this differs from the sign mount option in that it
                causes encryption of data sent over this mounted share but other
                shares mounted to the same server are unaffected.
  locallease
                This option is rarely needed. Fcntl F_SETLEASE is
                used by some applications such as Samba and NFSv4 server to
                check to see whether a file is cacheable.  CIFS has no way
                to explicitly request a lease, but can check whether a file
                is cacheable (oplocked).  Unfortunately, even if a file
                is not oplocked, it could still be cacheable (ie cifs client
                could grant fcntl leases if no other local processes are using
                the file) for cases for example such as when the server does not
                support oplocks and the user is sure that the only updates to
                the file will be from this client. Specifying this mount option
                will allow the cifs client to check for leases (only) locally
                for files which are not oplocked instead of denying leases
                in that case. (EXPERIMENTAL)
  sec
                Security mode.  Allowed values are:

                        none
                                attempt to connection as a null user (no name)
                        krb5
                                Use Kerberos version 5 authentication
                        krb5i
                                Use Kerberos authentication and packet signing
                        ntlm
                                Use NTLM password hashing (default)
                        ntlmi
                                Use NTLM password hashing with signing (if
                                /proc/fs/cifs/PacketSigningEnabled on or if
                                server requires signing also can be the default)
                        ntlmv2
                                Use NTLMv2 password hashing
                        ntlmv2i
                                Use NTLMv2 password hashing with packet signing
                        lanman
                                (if configured in kernel config) use older
                                lanman hash
  hard
                Retry file operations if server is not responding
  soft
                Limit retries to unresponsive servers (usually only
                one retry) before returning an error.  (default)

The mount.cifs mount helper also accepts a few mount options before -o
including:

=============== ===============================================================
        -S      take password from stdin (equivalent to setting the environment
                variable ``PASSWD_FD=0``
        -V      print mount.cifs version
        -?      display simple usage information
=============== ===============================================================

With most 2.6 kernel versions of modutils, the version of the cifs kernel
module can be displayed via modinfo.

Misc /proc/fs/cifs Flags and Debug Info
=======================================

Informational pseudo-files:

======================= =======================================================
DebugData               Displays information about active CIFS sessions and
                        shares, features enabled as well as the cifs.ko
                        version.
Stats                   Lists summary resource usage information as well as per
                        share statistics.
======================= =======================================================

Configuration pseudo-files:

======================= =======================================================
SecurityFlags           Flags which control security negotiation and
                        also packet signing. Authentication (may/must)
                        flags (e.g. for NTLM and/or NTLMv2) may be combined with
                        the signing flags.  Specifying two different password
                        hashing mechanisms (as "must use") on the other hand
                        does not make much sense. Default flags are::

                                0x07007

                        (NTLM, NTLMv2 and packet signing allowed).  The maximum
                        allowable flags if you want to allow mounts to servers
                        using weaker password hashes is 0x37037 (lanman,
                        plaintext, ntlm, ntlmv2, signing allowed).  Some
                        SecurityFlags require the corresponding menuconfig
                        options to be enabled (lanman and plaintext require
                        CONFIG_CIFS_WEAK_PW_HASH for example).  Enabling
                        plaintext authentication currently requires also
                        enabling lanman authentication in the security flags
                        because the cifs module only supports sending
                        laintext passwords using the older lanman dialect
                        form of the session setup SMB.  (e.g. for authentication
                        using plain text passwords, set the SecurityFlags
                        to 0x30030)::

                          may use packet signing                        0x00001
                          must use packet signing                       0x01001
                          may use NTLM (most common password hash)      0x00002
                          must use NTLM                                 0x02002
                          may use NTLMv2                                0x00004
                          must use NTLMv2                               0x04004
                          may use Kerberos security                     0x00008
                          must use Kerberos                             0x08008
                          may use lanman (weak) password hash           0x00010
                          must use lanman password hash                 0x10010
                          may use plaintext passwords                   0x00020
                          must use plaintext passwords                  0x20020
                          (reserved for future packet encryption)       0x00040

cifsFYI                 If set to non-zero value, additional debug information
                        will be logged to the system error log.  This field
                        contains three flags controlling different classes of
                        debugging entries.  The maximum value it can be set
                        to is 7 which enables all debugging points (default 0).
                        Some debugging statements are not compiled into the
                        cifs kernel unless CONFIG_CIFS_DEBUG2 is enabled in the
                        kernel configuration. cifsFYI may be set to one or
                        nore of the following flags (7 sets them all)::

                          +-----------------------------------------------+------+
                          | log cifs informational messages               | 0x01 |
                          +-----------------------------------------------+------+
                          | log return codes from cifs entry points       | 0x02 |
                          +-----------------------------------------------+------+
                          | log slow responses                            | 0x04 |
                          | (ie which take longer than 1 second)          |      |
                          |                                               |      |
                          | CONFIG_CIFS_STATS2 must be enabled in .config |      |
                          +-----------------------------------------------+------+

traceSMB                If set to one, debug information is logged to the
                        system error log with the start of smb requests
                        and responses (default 0)
LookupCacheEnable       If set to one, inode information is kept cached
                        for one second improving performance of lookups
                        (default 1)
LinuxExtensionsEnabled  If set to one then the client will attempt to
                        use the CIFS "UNIX" extensions which are optional
                        protocol enhancements that allow CIFS servers
                        to return accurate UID/GID information as well
                        as support symbolic links. If you use servers
                        such as Samba that support the CIFS Unix
                        extensions but do not want to use symbolic link
                        support and want to map the uid and gid fields
                        to values supplied at mount (rather than the
                        actual values, then set this to zero. (default 1)
======================= =======================================================

These experimental features and tracing can be enabled by changing flags in
/proc/fs/cifs (after the cifs module has been installed or built into the
kernel, e.g.  insmod cifs).  To enable a feature set it to 1 e.g.  to enable
tracing to the kernel message log type::

        echo 7 > /proc/fs/cifs/cifsFYI

cifsFYI functions as a bit mask. Setting it to 1 enables additional kernel
logging of various informational messages.  2 enables logging of non-zero
SMB return codes while 4 enables logging of requests that take longer
than one second to complete (except for byte range lock requests).
Setting it to 4 requires CONFIG_CIFS_STATS2 to be set in kernel configuration
(.config). Setting it to seven enables all three.  Finally, tracing
the start of smb requests and responses can be enabled via::

        echo 1 > /proc/fs/cifs/traceSMB

Per share (per client mount) statistics are available in /proc/fs/cifs/Stats.
Additional information is available if CONFIG_CIFS_STATS2 is enabled in the
kernel configuration (.config).  The statistics returned include counters which
represent the number of attempted and failed (ie non-zero return code from the
server) SMB3 (or cifs) requests grouped by request type (read, write, close etc.).
Also recorded is the total bytes read and bytes written to the server for
that share.  Note that due to client caching effects this can be less than the
number of bytes read and written by the application running on the client.
Statistics can be reset to zero by ``echo 0 > /proc/fs/cifs/Stats`` which may be
useful if comparing performance of two different scenarios.

Also note that ``cat /proc/fs/cifs/DebugData`` will display information about
the active sessions and the shares that are mounted.

Enabling Kerberos (extended security) works but requires version 1.2 or later
of the helper program cifs.upcall to be present and to be configured in the
/etc/request-key.conf file.  The cifs.upcall helper program is from the Samba
project(http://www.samba.org). NTLM and NTLMv2 and LANMAN support do not
require this helper. Note that NTLMv2 security (which does not require the
cifs.upcall helper program), instead of using Kerberos, is sufficient for
some use cases.

DFS support allows transparent redirection to shares in an MS-DFS name space.
In addition, DFS support for target shares which are specified as UNC
names which begin with host names (rather than IP addresses) requires
a user space helper (such as cifs.upcall) to be present in order to
translate host names to ip address, and the user space helper must also
be configured in the file /etc/request-key.conf.  Samba, Windows servers and
many NAS appliances support DFS as a way of constructing a global name
space to ease network configuration and improve reliability.

To use cifs Kerberos and DFS support, the Linux keyutils package should be
installed and something like the following lines should be added to the
/etc/request-key.conf file::

  create cifs.spnego * * /usr/local/sbin/cifs.upcall %k
  create dns_resolver * * /usr/local/sbin/cifs.upcall %k

CIFS kernel module parameters
=============================
These module parameters can be specified or modified either during the time of
module loading or during the runtime by using the interface::

        /proc/module/cifs/parameters/<param>

i.e.::

    echo "value" > /sys/module/cifs/parameters/<param>

================= ==========================================================
1. enable_oplocks Enable or disable oplocks. Oplocks are enabled by default.
                  [Y/y/1]. To disable use any of [N/n/0].
================= ==========================================================