=head1 NAME

Ethereal - Interactively browse network traffic

=head1 SYNOPSYS

B<ethereal>
S<[ B<-B> byte view height ]>
S<[ B<-b> bold font ]>
S<[ B<-c> count ]>
S<[ B<-f> filter expression ]>
S<[ B<-h> ]>
S<[ B<-i> interface ]> 
S<[ B<-k> ]>
S<[ B<-m> font ]>
S<[ B<-n> ]>
S<[ B<-P> packet list height ]>
S<[ B<-Q> ]>
S<[ B<-r> infile ]>
S<[ B<-R> filter expression ]>
S<[ B<-S> ]>
S<[ B<-s> snaplen ]>
S<[ B<-T> tree view height ]>
S<[ B<-t> time stamp format ]>
S<[ B<-v> ]>
S<[ B<-w> savefile]>

=head1 DESCRIPTION

B<Ethereal> is a GUI network protocol analyzer.  It lets you
interactively browse packet data from a live network or from a
previously saved capture file.  B<Ethereal> knows how to read B<libpcap>
capture files, including those of B<tcpdump>.  In addition, B<Ethereal> can
read capture files from B<snoop> (including B<Shomiti>) and B<atmsnoop>,
B<LanAlyzer>, uncompressed B<Sniffer>, Microsoft B<Network Monitor>,
AIX's B<iptrace>, B<NetXray>, B<Sniffer Pro>, B<RADCOM>'s WAN/LAN
analyzer, B<Lucent/Ascend> router debug output, HP-UX's B<nettl>, and
the dump output from B<Toshiba's> ISDN routers.  There is no need to
tell B<Ethereal> what type of file you are reading; it will determine the
file type by itself.  B<Ethereal> is also capable of reading any of these
file formats if they are compressed using gzip.  B<Ethereal> recognizes
this directly from the file; the '.gz' extension is not required for
this purpose.

Like other protocol analyzers, B<Ethereal>'s main window shows 3 views
of a packet.  It shows a summary line, briefly describing what the
packet is.  A protocol tree is shown, allowing you to drill down to
exact protocol or field that you interested in.  Finally, a hex dump
shows you exactly what the packet looks like when it goes over the wire.

In addition, B<Ethereal> has some features that make it unique.  It can
assemble all the packets in a TCP conversation and show you the ASCII
(or EBCDIC) data in that conversation.  Display filters in B<Ethereal>
are very powerful; more fields are filterable in B<Ethereal> than in other
protocol analyzers, and the syntax you can use to create your filters is
richer.  As B<Ethereal> progresses, expect more and more protocol fields to
be allowed in display filters.

Packet capturing is performed with the pcap library.  The capture filter
syntax follows the rules of the pcap library.  This syntax is different
from the display filter syntax.

Compressed file support uses (and therefore requires) the zlib library. 
If the zlib library is not present, B<Ethereal> will compile, but will
be unable to read compressed files.

=head1 OPTIONS

=over 4

=item -B

Sets the initial height of the byte view (bottom) pane.

=item -b

Sets the name of the bold font used for the data in the byte view
pane that corresponds to the field selected in the protocol tree pane.

=item -c

Sets the default number of packets to read when capturing live
data.

=item -f

Sets the capture filter expression.

=item -h

Prints the version and options and exits.

=item -i

Sets the name of the interface to use for live packet capture.  It
should match one of the names listed in "B<netstat -i>" or "B<ifconfig -a>".

=item -k

Starts the capture session immediately; this option requires 
the B<-i> parameter, specifying the interface on which the capture
should be done.

=item -m

Sets the name of the font used by B<Ethereal> for most text.

=item -n

Disables network object name resolution (such as hostname, TCP and UDP port
names).

=item -P

Sets the initial height of the packet list (top) pane.

=item -Q

Causes B<Ethereal> to exit after the end of capture session (useful in
batch mode with B<-c> option for instance); this option requires the
B<-i> and B<-w> parameters.

=item -r

Reads packet data from I<file>.

=item -R

Causes the specified filter (which uses the syntax of display filters,
rather than that of capture filters) to be applied, when a capture file
is read, to all packets read from the capture file; packets not matching
the filter are discarded.

=item -S

Specifies that the live packet capture will be performed in a separate
process, and that the packet display will automatically be updated as
packets are seen.

=item -s

Sets the default snapshot length to use when capturing live data. 
No more than I<snaplen> bytes of each network packet will be read into
memory, or saved to disk.

=item -T

Sets the initial height of the tree view (middle) pane.

=item -t

Sets the format of the packet timestamp displayed in the packet list
window.  The format can be one of 'r' (relative), 'a' (absolute), or 'd'
(delta).  The relative time is the time elapsed between the first packet
and the current packet.  The absolute time is the actual date and time the
packet was captured.  The delta time is the time since the previous packet
was captured.  The default is relative.

=item -v

Prints the version and exits.

=item -w

Sets the default capture file name.

=back

=head1 INTERFACE

=head2 MENU ITEMS

=over 4

=item File:Open, File:Close, File:Reload

Open, close, or reload a capture file.  The I<File:Open> dialog box
allows a filter to be specified; when the capture file is read, the
filter is applied to all packets read from the file, and packets not
matching the filter are discarded.

=item File:Save, File:Save As

Save the current capture, or the packets currently displayed from that
capture, to a file.  A check box lets you select whether to save all
packets, or just those that have passed the current display filter, and
an option menu lets you select (from a list of file formats in which at
particular capture, or the packets currently displayed from that
capture, can be saved), a file format in which to save it.

=item File:Print

Prints, for all the packets in the current capture, either the summary
line for the packet or the protocol tree view of the packet; when
printing the protocol tree view, the hex dump of the packet can be
printed as well.  Printing options can be set with the
I<Edit:Preferences> menu item, or in the dialog box popped up by this
item.

=item File:Print Packet

Print a fully-expanded protocol tree view of the currently-selected
packet.  Printing options can be set with the I<Edit:Preferences> menu
item.

=item File:Quit

Exits the application.

=item Edit:Preferences

Sets the packet printing, column display, TCP stream coloring, and GUI
options (see L<"Preferences"> below).

=item Edit:Filters

Edits the saved list of filters, allowing filters to be added, changed,
or deleted, and lets a selected filter be applied to the current
capture, if any.

=item Capture:Start

Initiates a live packet capture (see L<"Capture Preferences"> below).  A
temporary file will be created to hold the capture.  The location of the
file can be chosen by setting your TMPDIR environment variable before
starting B<Ethereal>.  Otherwise, the default TMPDIR location is
system-dependent, but is likely either /var/tmp or /tmp.

=item Display:Options

Sets the format of the packet timestamp displayed in the packet list
window to relative, absolute, or delta.
Allows you to enable the automatic scrolling of the packet list while a 
live capture is in progress.

=item Display:Match Selected

Creates and applies a display filter based on the data that is currently
highlighted in the protocol tree.  If that data is a field that can be
tested in a display filter expression, the display filter will test that
field; otherwise, the display filter will be based on absolute offset
within the packet, and so could be unreliable if the packet contains
protocols with variable-length headers, such as a source-routed
token-ring packet.

=item Display:Colorize Display

Allows you to change the foreground and background colors of the packet
information in the list of packets, based upon display filters.  The list
of display filters is applied to each packet sequentially. After the first
display filter matches a packet, any additional display filters in the list
are ignored. Therefore, if you are filtering on the existence of protocols,
you should list the higher-level protocols first, and the lower-level
protocols last.

=item Display:Find Frame

Allows you to search forward or backward, starting with the currently
selected packet (or the most recently selected packet, if no packet is
selected), for a packet matching a given display filter.

=item Display:Go To Frame

Allows you to go to a particular numbered packet.

=item Display:Collapse All

Collapses the protocol tree branches.

=item Display:Expand All

Expands all branches of the protocol tree.

=item Tools:Plugins

Allows you to use and configure dynamically loadable modules (see
L<"Plugins"> below).

=item Tools:Follow TCP Stream

If you have a TCP packet selected, it will display the contents of the
data stream for the TCP connection to which that packet belongs, as
text, in a separate window, and will leave the list of packets in a
filtered state, with only those packets that are part of that TCP
connection being displayed.  You can revert to your old view by pressing
ENTER in the display filter text box, thereby invoking your old display
filter (or resetting it back to no display filter).

The window in which the data stream is displayed lets you select whether
the data being displayed is to be treated as ASCII or EBCDIC text, and
lets you print the text, using the same print options that are used for
the I<File:Print Packet> menu item.

=back

=head2 WINDOWS

=over 4

=item Main Window

The main window is split into three panes.  You can resize each pane using
a "thumb" at the right end of each divider line.  Below the panes is a
strip that shows the file load progress, current filter, and informational
text.

The top pane contains the list of network packets that you can scroll
through and select.  The packet number, packet timestamp, source and
destination addresses, protocol, and description are printed for each
packet.  An effort is made to display information as high up the protocol
stack as possible, e.g. IP addresses are displayed for IP packets, but the
MAC layer address is displayed for unknown packet types.

The middle pane contains a I<protocol tree> for the currently-selected
packet.  The tree displays each field and its value in each protocol header
in the stack.

The lowest pane contains a hex dump of the actual packet data. 
Selecting a field in the I<protocol tree> highlights the corresponding
bytes in this section.

A display filter can be entered into the strip at the bottom. 
A filter for HTTP, HTTPS, and DNS traffic might look like this:

  tcp.port == 80 || tcp.port == 443 || tcp.port == 53

Selecting the I<Filter:> button lets you choose from a list of named
filters that you can optionally save.  Pressing the Return or Enter
keys will cause the filter to be applied to the current list of packets.
Selecting the I<Reset> button clears the display filter so that all
packets are displayed.

=item Preferences

The I<Preferences> dialog lets you control various personal preferences
for the behavior of B<Ethereal>.

=over 6

=item Printing Preferences

The radio buttons at the top of the I<Printing> page allow you choose
between printing packets with the I<File:Print Packet> menu item as text
or PostScript, and sending the output directly to a command or saving it
to a file.  The I<Command:> text entry box is the command to send files
to (usually B<lpr>), and the I<File:> entry box lets you enter the name
of the file you wish to save to.  Additionally, you can select the
I<File:> button to browse the file system for a particular save file.

=item Column Preferences

The I<Columns> page lets you specify the number, title, and format
of each column in the packet list.

The I<Column title> entry is used to specify the title of the column
displayed at the top of the packet list.  The type of data that the column
displays can be specified using the I<Column format> option menu.  The row
of buttons on the left perform the following actions:

=over 6

=item New

Adds a new column to the list.

=item Change

Modifies the currently selected list item.

=item Delete

Deletes the currently selected list item.

=item Up / Down

Moves the selected list item up or down one position.

=item OK

Currently has no effect.

=item Save

Saves the current column format as the default.

=item Cancel

Closes the dialog without making any changes.

=back

=item TCP Stream Preferences

The I<TCP Streams> page can be used to change the color of the text
displayed in the TCP stream window.  To change a color, simply select
an attribute from the "Set:" menu and use the color selector to get the
desired color.  The new text colors are displayed in a sample window.

=item GUI Preferences

The I<GUI> page is used to modify small aspects of the GUI to your own
personal taste. The vertical scrollbars in the three panes can be
set to be either on the left or the right. The selection bar in the
packet list and protocol tree can have either a "browse" or "select"
behavior. If the selection bar has a "browse" behavior, the arrow keys
will move an outline of the selection bar, allowing you to browse
the rest of the list or tree without changing the selection
until you press the space bar. If the selection bar has a "select"
behavior, the arrow keys will move the selection bar and change
the selection to the new item in the packet list or protocol tree.

=back

=item Filters

The I<Filters> dialog lets you create and modify filters, and set the
default filter to use when capturing data or opening a capture file.

The I<Filter name> entry specifies a descriptive name for a filter, e.g.
B<Web and DNS traffic>.  The I<Filter string> entry is the text that
actually describes the filtering action to take, as described above.The
dialog buttons perform the following actions:

=over 6

=item New

If there is text in the two entry boxes, it creates a new associated list
item.

=item Change

Modifies the currently selected list item to match what's in the entry
boxes.

=item Copy

Makes a copy of the currently selected list item.

=item Delete

Deletes the currently selected list item.

=item Apply

Sets the currently selected list item as the active filter, and applies
it to the current capture, if any.
(The currently selected list item must be a display filter, not a
capture filter.)  If nothing is selected, turns filtering off.

=item OK

Sets the currently selected list item as the active filter.  If nothing
is selected, turns filtering off.

=item Save

Saves the current filter list in F<$HOME/.ethereal/filters>.

=item Cancel

Closes the dialog without making any changes.

=back

=item Capture Preferences

The I<Capture Preferences> dialog lets you specify various parameters for
capturing live packet data.

The I<Interface:> combo box lets you specify the interface from which to
capture packet data.  The I<Count:> entry specifies the number of packets
to capture.  Entering 0 will capture packets indefinitely.  The I<Filter:>
entry lets you specify the capture filter using a tcpdump-style filter
string as described above.  The I<File:> entry specifies the file to save
to, as in the I<Printer Options> dialog above.  You can specify the
maximum number of bytes to capture per packet with the I<Capture length>
entry, and can specify that the display should be updated as packets are
captured with the I<Update list of packets in real time> check box.

=item Display Options

The I<Display Options> dialog lets you specify the format of the time stamp
in the packet list.  You can select "Time of day" for absolute time stamps,
"Seconds since beginning of capture" for relative time stamps, or
"Seconds since previous frame" for delta time stamps.  You can also
specify whether, when the display is updated as packets are captured,
the list should automatically scroll to show the most recently captured
packets or not.

=item Plugins

The I<Plugins> dialog lets you view and configure the plugins available
on your system.

The I<Plugins List> shows the name, description, version and state
(enabled or not) of each plugin found on your system. The plugins are
searched in the following directories : B</usr/share/ethereal/plugins>,
B</usr/local/share/ethereal/plugins> and B<~/.ethereal/plugins>

A plugin must be activated using the I<Enable> button in order to use it
to dissect packets. It can also be deactivated with the I<Disable> button.

The I<Filter> button shows the filter used to select packets which should
be dissected by a plugin (see L<"DISPLAY FILTER SYNTAX"> below). This
filter can be modified.

=head1 CAPTURE FILTER SYNTAX

See manual page of tcpdump(8).

=head1 DISPLAY FILTER SYNTAX

Display filters help you remove the noise from a packet trace and let
you see only the packets that interest you.  If a packet meets the
requirements expressed in your display filter, then it is displayed in
the list of packets.  Display filters let you compare the fields within
a protocol against a specific value, compare fields against fields, and
to check the existence of specified fields or protocols.

The simplest display filter allows you to check for the existence of a
protocol or field.  If you want to see all packets which contain the IPX
protocol, the filter would be "ipx".  (Without the quotation marks) To
see all packets that contain a Token-Ring RIF field, use "tr.rif".

Fields can also be compared against values.  The comparison operators
can be expressed either through C-like symbols, or through English-like
abbreviations:

    eq, ==    Equal
    ne, !=    Not equal
    gt, >     Greater than
    lt, <     Less Than
    ge, >=    Greater than or Equal to
    le, <=    Less than or Equal to

Furthermore, each protocol field is typed. The types are:

    Unsigned integer (either 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit)
    Signed integer (either 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit, or 32-bit)
    Boolean
    Ethernet address (6 bytes)
    Byte string (n-number of bytes)
    IPv4 address
    IPv6 address
    IPX network number
    String (text)
    Double-precision floating point number

An integer may be expressed in decimal, octal, or hexadecimal notation. 
The following three display filters are equivalent:

    frame.pkt_len > 10
    frame.pkt_len > 012
    frame.pkt_len > 0xa

Boolean values are either true or false.  However, a boolean field is
present in a protocol decode only if its value is true.  If the value is
false, the field is not presence.  You can therefore check the truth
value of a boolean field by simply checking for its existence, that is,
by naming the field.  For example, a token-ring packet's source route
field is boolean.  To find any source-routed packets, the display filter
is simply:

    tr.sr

Non source-routed packets can be found with the negation of that filter:

    ! tr.sr

Ethernet addresses, as well as a string of bytes, are represented in hex
digits.  The hex digits may be separated by colons, periods, or hyphens:

    fddi.dst eq ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    ipx.srcnode == 0.0.0.0.0.1
    eth.src == aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa

If a string of bytes contains only one byte, then it is represented as
an unsigned integer.  That is, if you are testing for hex value 'ff' in
a one-byte byte-string, you must compare it agains '0xff' and not 'ff'. 

IPv4 addresses can be represented in either dotted decimal notation, or
by using the hostname:

    ip.dst eq www.mit.edu
    ip.src == 192.168.1.1

IPv4 address can be compared with the same logical relations as numbers:
eq, ne, gt, ge, lt, and le.  The IPv4 address is stored in host order,
so you do not have to worry about how the endianness of an IPv4 address
when using it in a display filter.

Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) notation can be used to test if an
IPv4 address is in a certain subnet.  For example, this display filter
will find all packets in the 129.111 Class-B network:

    ip.addr == 129.111.0.0/16

Remember, the number after the slash represents the number of bits used
to represent the network.  CIDR notation can also be used with
hostnames, in this example of finding IP addresses on the same Class C
network as 'sneezy':

    ip.addr eq sneezy/24

The CIDR notation can only be used on IP addresses or hostnames, not in
variable names.  So, a display filter like "ip.src/24 == ip.dst/24" is
not valid.  (yet)

IPX networks are represented by unsigned 32-bit integers.  Most likely
you will be using hexadecimal when testing for IPX network values:

    ipx.srcnet == 0xc0a82c00

A substring operator also exists.  You can check the substring
(byte-string) of any protocol or field.  For example, you can filter on
the vendor portion of an ethernet address (the first three bytes) like
this:

    eth.src[0:3] == 00:00:83

Or more simply, since the number of bytes is inherent in the byte-string
you provide, you can provide just the offset.  The previous example can
be stated like this:

    eth.src[0] == 00:00:83

In fact, the only time you need to explicitly provide a length is when
you don't provide a byte-string, and are comparing fields against
fields:

    fddi.src[0:3] == fddi.dst[0:3]

If the length of your byte-string is only one byte, then it must be
represented in the same way as an unsigned 8-bit integer:

    llc[3] == 0xaa

You can use the substring operator on a protocol name, too.  And
remember, the "frame" protocol encompasses the entire packet, allowing
you to look at the nth byte of a packet regardless of its frame type
(Ethernet, token-ring, etc.).

    token[0:5] ne 0.0.0.1.1
    ipx[0:2] == ff:ff
    llc[3:1] eq 0xaa

Offsets for byte-strings can also be negative, in which case the
negative number indicates the number of bytes from the end of the field
or protocol that you are testing.  Here's how to check the last 4 bytes
of a frame:

    frame[-4] == 0.1.2.3

or

    frame[-4:4] == 0.1.2.3

All the above tests can be combined together with logical expressions. 
These too are expressable in C-like syntax or with English-like
abbreviations:

    and, &&   Logical AND
    or, ||    Logical OR
    xor, ^^   Logical XOR
    not, !    Logical NOT

Expressions can be grouped by parentheses as well.  The following are
all valid display filter expression:

    tcp.port == 80 and ip.src == 192.168.2.1
    not llc
    (ipx.srcnet == 0xbad && ipx.srnode == 0.0.0.0.0.1) || ip
    tr.dst[0:3] == 0.6.29 xor tr.src[0:3] == 0.6.29

A special caveat must be given regarding fields that occur more than
once per packet.  "ip.addr" occurs twice per IP packet, once for the
source address, and once for the destination address.  Likewise,
tr.rif.ring fields can occur more than once per packet.  The following
two expressions are not equivalent:

        ip.addr ne 192.168.4.1
    not ip.addr eq 192.168.4.1

The first filter says "show me all packets where an ip.addr exists that
does not equal 192.168.4.1".  That is, as long as one ip.addr in the
packet does not equal 192.168.44.1, the packet passes the display
filter.  The second filter "don't show me any packets that have at least
one ip.addr field equal to 192.168.4.1".  If one ip.addr is 192.168.4.1,
the packet does not pass.  If B<neither> ip.addr fields is 192.168.4.1,
then the packet passes.

It is easy to think of the 'ne' and 'eq' operators as having an implict
"exists" modifier when dealing with multiply-recurring fields.  "ip.addr
ne 192.168.4.1" can be thought of as "there exists an ip.addr that does
not equal 192.168.4.1".

Be careful with multiply-recurring fields; they can be confusing.

The following is a table of protocol and protocol fields that are
filterable in B<Ethereal>.  The abbreviation of the protocol or field is
given.  This abbreviation is what you use in the display filter.  The
type of the field is also given.

=insert_dfilter_table

=head1 FILES

B</etc/ethers> is consulted to correlate 6-byte hardware addresses to
names.  If an address is not found in B</etc/ethers>, the
B<$HOME/.ethereal/ethers> file is consulted next.  Each line contains
one hardware address and name, separated by whitespace.  The digits of
the hardware address are separated by either a colon (:), a dash (-), or
a period (.).  The following three lines are valid lines of an ethers
file:

  ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff          Broadcast
  c0-00-ff-ff-ff-ff          TR_broadcast
  00.00.00.00.00.00          Zero_broadcast

B</usr/local/etc/manuf> matches the 3-byte vendor portion of a 6-byte
hardware address with the manufacturer's name.  The format of the file
is the same as the B</etc/ethers> file, except that each address is
three bytes instead of six.

B</etc/ipxnets> and B<$HOME/.ethereal/ipxnets> correlate 4-byte IPX
network numbers to names.  The format is the same as the B</etc/ethers>
file, except that each address if four bytes instead of six. 
Additionally, the address can be represented a single hexadecimal
number, as is more common in the IPX world, rather than four hex octets. 
For example, these four lines are valid lines of an ipxnets file.

  C0.A8.2C.00              HR
  c0-a8-1c-00              CEO
  00:00:BE:EF              IT_Server1
  110f                     FileServer3

=head1 SEE ALSO

L<tcpdump(8)>, L<pcap(3)>

=head1 NOTES

The latest version of B<Ethereal> can be found at
B<http://ethereal.zing.org>.

=head1 AUTHORS

  Original Author
  -------- ------
  Gerald Combs  <gerald@zing.org>


  Contributors
  ------------
  Gilbert Ramirez          <gramirez@tivoli.com>
  Hannes R. Boehm          <hannes@boehm.org>
  Mike Hall                <mlh@io.com>
  Bobo Rajec               <bobo@bsp-consulting.sk>
  Laurent Deniel           <deniel@worldnet.fr>
  Don Lafontaine           <lafont02@cn.ca>
  Guy Harris               <guy@alum.mit.edu>
  Simon Wilkinson          <sxw@dcs.ed.ac.uk>
  Joerg Mayer              <jmayer@telemation.de>
  Martin Maciaszek         <fastjack@i-s-o.net>
  Didier Jorand            <Didier.Jorand@alcatel.fr>
  Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino <itojun@iijlab.net>
  Richard Sharpe           <sharpe@ns.aus.com>
  John McDermott           <jjm@jkintl.com> 
  Jeff Jahr                <jjahr@shastanets.com>
  Brad Robel-Forrest       <bradr@watchguard.com>
  Ashok Narayanan          <ashokn@cisco.com>
  Aaron Hillegass          <aaron@classmax.com>
  Jason Lango              <jal@netapp.com>
  Johan Feyaerts           <Johan.Feyaerts@siemens.atea.be>
  Olivier Abad             <abad@daba.dhis.net>
  Thierry Andry            <Thierry.Andry@advalvas.be>
  Jeff Foster              <jjfoste@woodward.com>
  Peter Torvals            <petertv@xoommail.com>
  Christophe Tronche       <ch.tronche@computer.org>
  Nathan Neulinger         <nneul@umr.edu>
  Tomislav Vujec           <tvujec@carnet.hr>
  Kojak                    <kojak@bigwig.net>
  Uwe Girlich              <Uwe.Girlich@philosys.de>
  Warren Young             <tangent@mail.com>
  Heikki Vatiainen         <hessu@cs.tut.fi>
  Greg Hankins             <gregh@twoguys.org>
  Jerry Talkington         <jerryt@netapp.com>
  Dave Chapeskie           <dchapes@ddm.on.ca>
  James Coe                <jammer@cin.net>
  Bert Driehuis            <driehuis@playbeing.org>
  Stuart Stanley           <stuarts@mxmail.net>
  John Thomas              <john@ensemblecom.com>

Alain Magloire <alainm@rcsm.ece.mcgill.ca> was kind enough to give his
permission to use his version of snprintf.c.

Dan Lasley <dlasley@promus.com> gave permission for his dumpit() hex-dump
routine to be used.