3 * Allows to display a flow graph of the currently displayed packets
5 * Copyright 2004, Ericsson , Spain
6 * By Francisco Alcoba <francisco.alcoba@ericsson.com>
8 * Wireshark - Network traffic analyzer
9 * By Gerald Combs <gerald@wireshark.org>
10 * Copyright 1998 Gerald Combs
12 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
13 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
14 * as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
15 * of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
17 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
18 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
19 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
20 * GNU General Public License for more details.
22 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
23 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
24 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
34 #include <epan/epan.h>
35 #include <epan/packet.h>
36 #include <epan/filesystem.h>
37 #include <epan/stat_cmd_args.h>
38 #include <epan/to_str.h>
40 #include <epan/dissectors/packet-tcp.h>
41 #include <epan/strutil.h>
43 #include "../stat_menu.h"
44 #include "../simple_dialog.h"
46 #include "gtk/graph_analysis.h"
47 #include "gtk/gui_stat_menu.h"
48 #include "gtk/dlg_utils.h"
49 #include "gtk/gui_utils.h"
50 #include "gtk/stock_icons.h"
51 #include "gtk/gtkglobals.h"
56 #define TYPE_OF_PACKETS_DISPLAYED 0
57 #define TYPE_OF_PACKETS_ALL 1
59 #define TYPE_OF_FLOW_GENERAL 0
60 #define TYPE_OF_FLOW_TCP 1
62 #define NODE_ADDR_TYPE_SRCDST 0
63 #define NODE_ADDR_TYPE_NET_SRCDST 1
65 static int type_of_packets = TYPE_OF_PACKETS_DISPLAYED;
66 static int type_of_flow = TYPE_OF_FLOW_GENERAL;
67 static int node_addr_type = NODE_ADDR_TYPE_SRCDST;
69 static int tap_identifier;
70 static gboolean have_frame_tap_listener=FALSE;
71 static gboolean have_tcp_tap_listener=FALSE;
72 static graph_analysis_info_t *graph_analysis = NULL;
73 static graph_analysis_data_t *graph_analysis_data = NULL;
75 static GtkWidget *flow_graph_dlg = NULL;
77 static GtkWidget *select_all_rb;
78 static GtkWidget *select_displayed_rb;
79 static GtkWidget *select_general_rb;
80 static GtkWidget *select_tcp_rb;
81 static GtkWidget *src_dst_rb;
82 static GtkWidget *net_src_dst_rb;
84 /****************************************************************************/
85 /* free up memory and initialize the pointers */
88 flow_graph_reset(void *ptr _U_)
90 graph_analysis_item_t *graph_item;
94 if (graph_analysis !=NULL){
96 /* free the graph data items */
97 list = g_list_first(graph_analysis->list);
100 graph_item = list->data;
101 g_free(graph_item->frame_label);
102 g_free(graph_item->comment);
104 list = g_list_next(list);
106 g_list_free(graph_analysis->list);
107 graph_analysis->nconv = 0;
108 graph_analysis->list = NULL;
112 /****************************************************************************/
114 flow_graph_data_init(void) {
115 graph_analysis = g_malloc(sizeof(graph_analysis_info_t));
116 graph_analysis->nconv = 0;
117 graph_analysis->list = NULL;
121 /****************************************************************************/
123 remove_tap_listener_flow_graph(void)
125 protect_thread_critical_region();
126 remove_tap_listener(&(tap_identifier));
127 unprotect_thread_critical_region();
129 have_frame_tap_listener=FALSE;
130 have_tcp_tap_listener=FALSE;
134 /****************************************************************************/
136 /****************************************************************************/
138 flow_graph_on_destroy(GtkObject *object _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
140 /* remove_tap_listeners */
141 remove_tap_listener_flow_graph();
143 /* Clean up memory used by tap */
144 flow_graph_reset(NULL);
146 g_assert(graph_analysis != NULL);
147 g_assert(graph_analysis_data != NULL);
149 g_free(graph_analysis);
150 graph_analysis = NULL;
152 g_free(graph_analysis_data);
153 graph_analysis_data = NULL;
155 /* Note that we no longer have a "Flow Graph" dialog box. */
156 flow_graph_dlg = NULL;
160 /****************************************************************************/
162 toggle_select_all(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
164 /* is the button now active? */
165 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_all_rb))) {
166 type_of_packets = TYPE_OF_PACKETS_ALL;
170 /****************************************************************************/
172 toggle_select_displayed(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
174 /* is the button now active? */
175 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_displayed_rb))) {
176 type_of_packets = TYPE_OF_PACKETS_DISPLAYED;
180 /****************************************************************************/
182 toggle_select_general(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
184 /* is the button now active? */
185 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_general_rb))) {
186 type_of_flow = TYPE_OF_FLOW_GENERAL;
190 /****************************************************************************/
192 toggle_select_tcp(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
194 /* is the button now active? */
195 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_tcp_rb))) {
196 type_of_flow = TYPE_OF_FLOW_TCP;
200 /****************************************************************************/
202 toggle_select_srcdst(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
204 /* is the button now active? */
205 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(src_dst_rb))) {
206 node_addr_type = NODE_ADDR_TYPE_SRCDST;
210 /****************************************************************************/
212 toggle_select_netsrcdst(GtkWidget *widget _U_, gpointer user_data _U_)
214 /* is the button now active? */
215 if (gtk_toggle_button_get_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(net_src_dst_rb))) {
216 node_addr_type = NODE_ADDR_TYPE_NET_SRCDST;
220 /****************************************************************************/
221 /* Add a new frame into the graph */
223 flow_graph_frame_add_to_graph(packet_info *pinfo)
225 graph_analysis_item_t *gai;
233 if (node_addr_type == NODE_ADDR_TYPE_NET_SRCDST) {
234 if (pinfo->net_src.type!=AT_NONE && pinfo->net_dst.type!=AT_NONE) {
235 gai = g_malloc(sizeof(graph_analysis_item_t));
236 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->src_addr),&(pinfo->net_src));
237 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->dst_addr),&(pinfo->net_dst));
242 if (pinfo->src.type!=AT_NONE && pinfo->dst.type!=AT_NONE) {
243 gai = g_malloc(sizeof(graph_analysis_item_t));
244 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->src_addr),&(pinfo->src));
245 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->dst_addr),&(pinfo->dst));
250 gai->frame_num = pinfo->fd->num;
251 gai->time= nstime_to_sec(&pinfo->fd->rel_ts);
253 gai->port_src=pinfo->srcport;
254 gai->port_dst=pinfo->destport;
256 gai->frame_label=NULL;
258 /* this code doesn't make sense.
259 g_free(gai->comment);
260 g_free(gai->frame_label);
264 if (pinfo->cinfo->col_first[COL_INFO]>=0){
266 for (i = pinfo->cinfo->col_first[COL_INFO]; i <= pinfo->cinfo->col_last[COL_INFO]; i++) {
267 if (pinfo->cinfo->fmt_matx[i][COL_INFO]) {
268 colinfo = g_strdup(pinfo->cinfo->col_data[i]);
269 /* break; ? or g_free(colinfo); before g_strdup() */
274 if (pinfo->cinfo->col_first[COL_PROTOCOL]>=0){
276 for (i = pinfo->cinfo->col_first[COL_PROTOCOL]; i <= pinfo->cinfo->col_last[COL_PROTOCOL]; i++) {
277 if (pinfo->cinfo->fmt_matx[i][COL_PROTOCOL]) {
278 protocol = g_strdup(pinfo->cinfo->col_data[i]);
279 /* break; ? or g_free(protocol); before g_strdup() */
285 if (colinfo != NULL) {
286 if (protocol != NULL) {
287 gai->frame_label = g_strdup_printf("%.19s", colinfo);
288 gai->comment = g_strdup_printf("%s: %s", protocol, colinfo);
290 gai->frame_label = g_strdup_printf("%.19s", colinfo);
291 gai->comment = g_strdup_printf("%s", colinfo);
294 /* This will probably never happen...*/
295 if (protocol != NULL) {
296 gai->frame_label = g_strdup_printf("%.19s", protocol);
297 gai->comment = g_strdup_printf("%s", protocol);
308 graph_analysis->list = g_list_append(graph_analysis->list, gai);
313 /****************************************************************************/
314 /* Add a new tcp frame into the graph */
316 flow_graph_tcp_add_to_graph(packet_info *pinfo, const struct tcpheader *tcph)
318 graph_analysis_item_t *gai;
319 /* copied from packet-tcp */
320 const gchar *fstr[] = {"FIN", "SYN", "RST", "PSH", "ACK", "URG", "ECN", "CWR" };
322 gboolean flags_found = FALSE;
325 gai = g_malloc(sizeof(graph_analysis_item_t));
326 gai->frame_num = pinfo->fd->num;
327 gai->time= nstime_to_sec(&pinfo->fd->rel_ts);
328 if (node_addr_type == NODE_ADDR_TYPE_NET_SRCDST) {
329 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->src_addr),&(pinfo->net_src));
330 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->dst_addr),&(pinfo->net_dst));
332 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->src_addr),&(pinfo->src));
333 COPY_ADDRESS(&(gai->dst_addr),&(pinfo->dst));
335 gai->port_src=pinfo->srcport;
336 gai->port_dst=pinfo->destport;
339 for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
341 if (tcph->th_flags & bpos) {
343 g_strlcat(flags, ", ", sizeof(flags));
345 g_strlcat(flags, fstr[i], sizeof(flags));
349 if (flags[0] == '\0') {
350 g_snprintf (flags, sizeof(flags), "<None>");
353 if ((tcph->th_have_seglen)&&(tcph->th_seglen!=0)){
354 gai->frame_label = g_strdup_printf("%s - Len: %u",flags, tcph->th_seglen);
357 gai->frame_label = g_strdup(flags);
360 if (tcph->th_flags & TH_ACK)
361 gai->comment = g_strdup_printf("Seq = %u Ack = %u",tcph->th_seq, tcph->th_ack);
363 gai->comment = g_strdup_printf("Seq = %u",tcph->th_seq);
369 graph_analysis->list = g_list_append(graph_analysis->list, gai);
376 /****************************************************************************/
377 /* whenever a frame packet is seen by the tap listener */
379 flow_graph_frame_packet( void *ptr _U_, packet_info *pinfo, epan_dissect_t *edt _U_, const void *dummy _U_)
381 if ((type_of_packets == TYPE_OF_PACKETS_ALL)||(pinfo->fd->flags.passed_dfilter==1)){
382 flow_graph_frame_add_to_graph(pinfo);
388 /****************************************************************************/
389 /* whenever a TCP packet is seen by the tap listener */
391 flow_graph_tcp_packet( void *ptr _U_, packet_info *pinfo, epan_dissect_t *edt _U_, const void *tcp_info)
393 const struct tcpheader *tcph = tcp_info;
395 if ((type_of_packets == TYPE_OF_PACKETS_ALL)||(pinfo->fd->flags.passed_dfilter==1)){
396 flow_graph_tcp_add_to_graph(pinfo,tcph);
404 flow_graph_packet_draw(void *prs _U_)
409 /****************************************************************************/
411 flow_graph_on_ok (GtkButton *button _U_,
414 if ((have_frame_tap_listener==TRUE)
415 ||(have_tcp_tap_listener==TRUE))
417 /* remove_tap_listeners */
418 remove_tap_listener_flow_graph();
421 /* Scan for displayed packets (retap all packets) */
423 if (type_of_flow == TYPE_OF_FLOW_GENERAL){
424 /* Register the tap listener */
426 if(have_frame_tap_listener==FALSE)
428 /* don't register tap listener, if we have it already */
429 register_tap_listener("frame", &tap_identifier, NULL,
432 flow_graph_frame_packet,
433 flow_graph_packet_draw
435 have_frame_tap_listener=TRUE;
438 cf_retap_packets(&cfile);
440 else if (type_of_flow == TYPE_OF_FLOW_TCP){
441 /* Register the tap listener */
443 if(have_tcp_tap_listener==FALSE)
445 /* don't register tap listener, if we have it already */
446 register_tap_listener("tcp", &tap_identifier, NULL,
449 flow_graph_tcp_packet,
450 flow_graph_packet_draw
452 have_tcp_tap_listener=TRUE;
455 cf_retap_packets(&cfile);
458 if (graph_analysis_data->dlg.window != NULL){ /* if we still have a window */
459 graph_analysis_update(graph_analysis_data); /* refresh it xxx */
462 graph_analysis_data->dlg.parent_w = user_data;
463 graph_analysis_create(graph_analysis_data);
468 /****************************************************************************/
470 /****************************************************************************/
473 flow_graph_dlg_create (void)
475 GtkWidget *flow_graph_dlg_w;
477 GtkWidget *hbuttonbox;
478 GtkWidget *bt_cancel, *bt_ok;
480 GtkWidget *top_label = NULL;
482 GtkWidget *flow_type_fr, *range_fr, *range_tb, *flow_type_tb, *node_addr_fr, *node_addr_tb;
485 GtkTooltips *tooltips = gtk_tooltips_new();
487 flow_graph_dlg_w = dlg_window_new("Wireshark: Flow Graph"); /* transient_for top_level */
488 gtk_window_set_destroy_with_parent (GTK_WINDOW(flow_graph_dlg_w), TRUE);
490 gtk_window_set_default_size(GTK_WINDOW(flow_graph_dlg_w), 250, 150);
492 main_vb = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);
493 gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(flow_graph_dlg_w), main_vb);
494 gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (main_vb), 7);
497 top_label = gtk_label_new ("Choose packets to include in the graph");
498 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vb), top_label, FALSE, FALSE, 8);
501 gtk_widget_show(flow_graph_dlg_w);
503 /*** Packet range frame ***/
504 range_fr = gtk_frame_new("Choose packets");
505 gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(main_vb), range_fr, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
507 range_tb = gtk_table_new(4, 4, FALSE);
508 gtk_container_set_border_width(GTK_CONTAINER(range_tb), 5);
509 gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(range_fr), range_tb);
511 /* Process all packets */
512 select_all_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(NULL, "_All packets");
513 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, select_all_rb,
514 ("Process all packets"), NULL);
515 g_signal_connect(select_all_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_all), NULL);
516 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(range_tb), select_all_rb, 0, 1, 0, 1);
517 if (type_of_packets == TYPE_OF_PACKETS_ALL) {
518 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_all_rb),TRUE);
520 gtk_widget_show(select_all_rb);
522 /* Process displayed packets */
523 select_displayed_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(GTK_RADIO_BUTTON(select_all_rb),
524 "_Displayed packets");
525 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, select_displayed_rb,
526 ("Process displayed packets"), NULL);
527 g_signal_connect(select_displayed_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_displayed), NULL);
528 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(range_tb), select_displayed_rb, 0, 1, 1, 2);
529 if (type_of_packets == TYPE_OF_PACKETS_DISPLAYED) {
530 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_displayed_rb),TRUE);
532 gtk_widget_show(select_displayed_rb);
534 gtk_widget_show(range_tb);
535 gtk_widget_show(range_fr);
537 /*** Flow type frame ***/
538 flow_type_fr = gtk_frame_new("Choose flow type");
539 gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(main_vb), flow_type_fr, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
541 flow_type_tb = gtk_table_new(4, 4, FALSE);
542 gtk_container_set_border_width(GTK_CONTAINER(flow_type_tb), 5);
543 gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(flow_type_fr), flow_type_tb);
545 /* General information */
546 select_general_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(NULL, "_General flow");
547 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, select_general_rb,
548 ("Show all packets, with general information"), NULL);
549 g_signal_connect(select_general_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_general), NULL);
550 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(flow_type_tb), select_general_rb, 0, 1, 0, 1);
551 if (type_of_flow == TYPE_OF_FLOW_GENERAL) {
552 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_general_rb),TRUE);
554 gtk_widget_show(select_general_rb);
556 /* TCP specific information */
557 select_tcp_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(GTK_RADIO_BUTTON(select_general_rb),
559 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, select_tcp_rb,
560 ("Show only TCP packets, with TCP specific information"), NULL);
561 g_signal_connect(select_tcp_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_tcp), NULL);
562 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(flow_type_tb), select_tcp_rb, 0, 1, 1, 2);
563 if (type_of_flow == TYPE_OF_FLOW_TCP) {
564 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(select_tcp_rb),TRUE);
566 gtk_widget_show(select_tcp_rb);
568 gtk_widget_show(flow_type_tb);
569 gtk_widget_show(flow_type_fr);
571 /*** Node address type frame ***/
572 node_addr_fr = gtk_frame_new("Choose node address type");
573 gtk_box_pack_start(GTK_BOX(main_vb), node_addr_fr, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
575 node_addr_tb = gtk_table_new(4, 4, FALSE);
576 gtk_container_set_border_width(GTK_CONTAINER(node_addr_tb), 5);
577 gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(node_addr_fr), node_addr_tb);
579 /* Source / Dest address */
580 src_dst_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(NULL, "_Standard source/destination addresses");
581 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, src_dst_rb,
582 ("Nodes in the diagram are identified with source and destination addresses"), NULL);
583 g_signal_connect(src_dst_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_srcdst), NULL);
584 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(node_addr_tb), src_dst_rb, 0, 1, 0, 1);
585 if (node_addr_type == NODE_ADDR_TYPE_SRCDST) {
586 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(src_dst_rb),TRUE);
588 gtk_widget_show(src_dst_rb);
590 /* Network source / dest address */
591 net_src_dst_rb = gtk_radio_button_new_with_mnemonic_from_widget(GTK_RADIO_BUTTON(src_dst_rb),
592 "_Network source/destination addresses");
593 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, net_src_dst_rb,
594 ("Nodes in the diagram are identified with network source and destination addresses"), NULL);
595 g_signal_connect(net_src_dst_rb, "toggled", G_CALLBACK(toggle_select_netsrcdst), NULL);
596 gtk_table_attach_defaults(GTK_TABLE(node_addr_tb), net_src_dst_rb, 0, 1, 1, 2);
597 if (node_addr_type == NODE_ADDR_TYPE_NET_SRCDST) {
598 gtk_toggle_button_set_active(GTK_TOGGLE_BUTTON(net_src_dst_rb),TRUE);
600 gtk_widget_show(net_src_dst_rb);
602 gtk_widget_show(node_addr_tb);
603 gtk_widget_show(node_addr_fr);
606 hbuttonbox = gtk_hbutton_box_new ();
607 gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (main_vb), hbuttonbox, FALSE, FALSE, 5);
608 gtk_button_box_set_layout (GTK_BUTTON_BOX (hbuttonbox), GTK_BUTTONBOX_SPREAD);
609 gtk_box_set_spacing (GTK_BOX (hbuttonbox), 30);
611 bt_ok = gtk_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_OK);
612 gtk_container_add(GTK_CONTAINER(hbuttonbox), bt_ok);
613 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, bt_ok, "Show the flow graph", NULL);
614 g_signal_connect(bt_ok, "clicked", G_CALLBACK(flow_graph_on_ok), flow_graph_dlg_w);
615 gtk_widget_show(bt_ok);
617 bt_cancel = gtk_button_new_from_stock(GTK_STOCK_CANCEL);
618 gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (hbuttonbox), bt_cancel);
619 GTK_WIDGET_SET_FLAGS(bt_cancel, GTK_CAN_DEFAULT);
620 gtk_tooltips_set_tip (tooltips, bt_cancel, "Cancel this dialog", NULL);
621 window_set_cancel_button(flow_graph_dlg_w, bt_cancel, window_cancel_button_cb);
623 g_signal_connect(flow_graph_dlg_w, "delete_event", G_CALLBACK(window_delete_event_cb), NULL);
624 g_signal_connect(flow_graph_dlg_w, "destroy", G_CALLBACK(flow_graph_on_destroy), NULL);
626 gtk_widget_show_all(flow_graph_dlg_w);
627 window_present(flow_graph_dlg_w);
629 flow_graph_dlg = flow_graph_dlg_w;
632 /****************************************************************************/
634 /****************************************************************************/
636 /* init function for tap */
638 flow_graph_init_tap(const char *dummy _U_, void* userdata _U_)
640 /* The storage allocated by flow_graph_data_init() and graph_analysis_init() */
641 /* will be considered to be "associated with" the flow_graph_dlg dialog box. */
642 /* It will be freed when the flow_graph_dlg dialog box is destroyed. */
643 if (flow_graph_dlg != NULL) {
644 g_assert(graph_analysis != NULL);
645 g_assert(graph_analysis_data != NULL);
646 /* There's already a dialog box; reactivate it. */
647 reactivate_window(flow_graph_dlg);
649 g_assert(graph_analysis == NULL);
650 g_assert(graph_analysis_data == NULL);
652 /* initialize graph items store */
653 flow_graph_data_init();
655 /* init the Graph Analysis */
656 graph_analysis_data = graph_analysis_init();
657 graph_analysis_data->graph_info = graph_analysis;
659 flow_graph_dlg_create();
664 /****************************************************************************/
665 /* entry point when called via the GTK menu */
667 flow_graph_launch(GtkWidget *w _U_, gpointer data _U_)
669 flow_graph_init_tap("",NULL);
672 /****************************************************************************/
674 register_tap_listener_flow_graph(void)
676 register_stat_cmd_arg("flow_graph",flow_graph_init_tap,NULL);
677 register_stat_menu_item_stock("Flo_w Graph...",
678 REGISTER_STAT_GROUP_UNSORTED, WIRESHARK_STOCK_FLOW_GRAPH,
679 flow_graph_launch, NULL, NULL, NULL);