source4/lib/ldb/tests/python/api.py

   1 #!/usr/bin/python
   2 # Simple tests for the ldb python bindings.
   3 # Copyright (C) 2007 Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
   4
   5 import os, sys
   6 import unittest
   7
   8 # Required for the standalone LDB build
   9 sys.path.append("build/lib.linux-i686-2.4")
  10
  11 import ldb
  12
  13 def filename():
  14     return os.tempnam()
  15
  16 class NoContextTests(unittest.TestCase):
  17
  18     def test_valid_attr_name(self):
  19         self.assertTrue(ldb.valid_attr_name("foo"))
  20         self.assertFalse(ldb.valid_attr_name("24foo"))
  21
  22     def test_timestring(self):
  23         self.assertEquals("19700101000000.0Z", ldb.timestring(0))
  24         self.assertEquals("20071119191012.0Z", ldb.timestring(1195499412))
  25
  26     def test_string_to_time(self):
  27         self.assertEquals(0, ldb.string_to_time("19700101000000.0Z"))
  28         self.assertEquals(1195499412, ldb.string_to_time("20071119191012.0Z"))
  29
  30
  31 class SimpleLdb(unittest.TestCase):
  32
  33     def test_connect(self):
  34         ldb.Ldb(filename())
  35
  36     def test_connect_none(self):
  37         ldb.Ldb()
  38
  39     def test_connect_later(self):
  40         x = ldb.Ldb()
  41         x.connect(filename())
  42
  43     def test_repr(self):
  44         x = ldb.Ldb()
  45         self.assertTrue(repr(x).startswith("<ldb connection"))
  46
  47     def test_set_create_perms(self):
  48         x = ldb.Ldb()
  49         x.set_create_perms(0600)
  50
  51     def test_set_modules_dir(self):
  52         x = ldb.Ldb()
  53         x.set_modules_dir("/tmp")
  54
  55     def test_modules_none(self):
  56         x = ldb.Ldb()
  57         self.assertEquals([], x.modules())
  58
  59     def test_modules_tdb(self):
  60         x = ldb.Ldb("bar.ldb")
  61         self.assertEquals("[<ldb module 'tdb'>]", repr(x.modules()))
  62
  63     def test_search(self):
  64         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  65         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
  66
  67     def test_search_controls(self):
  68         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  69         self.assertEquals(len(l.search(controls=["paged_results:0:5"])), 1)
  70
  71     def test_search_attrs(self):
  72         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  73         self.assertEquals(len(l.search(ldb.Dn(l, ""), ldb.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(dc=*)", ["dc"])), 0)
  74
  75     def test_search_string_dn(self):
  76         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  77         self.assertEquals(len(l.search("", ldb.SCOPE_SUBTREE, "(dc=*)", ["dc"])), 0)
  78
  79     def test_search_attr_string(self):
  80         l = ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb")
  81         self.assertRaises(TypeError, l.search, attrs="dc")
  82
  83     def test_opaque(self):
  84         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  85         l.set_opaque("my_opaque", l)
  86         self.assertTrue(l.get_opaque("my_opaque") is not None)
  87         self.assertEquals(None, l.get_opaque("unknown"))
  88
  89     def test_search_scope_base(self):
  90         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  91         self.assertEquals(len(l.search(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo1"),
  92                           ldb.SCOPE_ONELEVEL)), 0)
  93
  94     def test_delete(self):
  95         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
  96         self.assertRaises(ldb.LdbError, lambda: l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo2")))
  97
  98     def test_contains(self):
  99         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 100         self.assertFalse(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo3") in l)
 101         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 102         m = ldb.Message()
 103         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo3")
 104         m["b"] = ["a"]
 105         l.add(m)
 106         try:
 107             self.assertTrue(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo3") in l)
 108         finally:
 109             l.delete(m.dn)
 110
 111     def test_get_config_basedn(self):
 112         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 113         self.assertEquals(None, l.get_config_basedn())
 114
 115     def test_get_root_basedn(self):
 116         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 117         self.assertEquals(None, l.get_root_basedn())
 118
 119     def test_get_schema_basedn(self):
 120         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 121         self.assertEquals(None, l.get_schema_basedn())
 122
 123     def test_get_default_basedn(self):
 124         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 125         self.assertEquals(None, l.get_default_basedn())
 126
 127     def test_add(self):
 128         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 129         m = ldb.Message()
 130         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo4")
 131         m["bla"] = "bla"
 132         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
 133         l.add(m)
 134         try:
 135             self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 136         finally:
 137             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo4"))
 138
 139     def test_add_dict(self):
 140         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 141         m = {"dn": ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo5"),
 142              "bla": "bla"}
 143         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
 144         l.add(m)
 145         try:
 146             self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 147         finally:
 148             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo5"))
 149
 150     def test_add_dict_string_dn(self):
 151         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 152         m = {"dn": "dc=foo6", "bla": "bla"}
 153         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
 154         l.add(m)
 155         try:
 156             self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 157         finally:
 158             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo6"))
 159
 160     def test_rename(self):
 161         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 162         m = ldb.Message()
 163         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo7")
 164         m["bla"] = "bla"
 165         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
 166         l.add(m)
 167         try:
 168             l.rename(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo7"), ldb.Dn(l, "dc=bar"))
 169             self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 170         finally:
 171             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=bar"))
 172
 173     def test_rename_string_dns(self):
 174         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 175         m = ldb.Message()
 176         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo8")
 177         m["bla"] = "bla"
 178         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 1)
 179         l.add(m)
 180         self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 181         try:
 182             l.rename("dc=foo8", "dc=bar")
 183             self.assertEquals(len(l.search()), 2)
 184         finally:
 185             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=bar"))
 186
 187     def test_modify_delete(self):
 188         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 189         m = ldb.Message()
 190         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modifydelete")
 191         m["bla"] = ["1234"]
 192         l.add(m)
 193         rm = l.search(m.dn)[0]
 194         self.assertEquals(["1234"], list(rm["bla"]))
 195         try:
 196             m = ldb.Message()
 197             m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modifydelete")
 198             m["bla"] = ldb.MessageElement([], ldb.FLAG_MOD_DELETE, "bla")
 199             self.assertEquals(ldb.FLAG_MOD_DELETE, m["bla"].flags())
 200             l.modify(m)
 201             rm = l.search(m.dn)[0]
 202             self.assertEquals(1, len(rm))
 203             rm = l.search(m.dn, attrs=["bla"])[0]
 204             self.assertEquals(0, len(rm))
 205         finally:
 206             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modifydelete"))
 207
 208     def test_modify_add(self):
 209         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 210         m = ldb.Message()
 211         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add")
 212         m["bla"] = ["1234"]
 213         l.add(m)
 214         try:
 215             m = ldb.Message()
 216             m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add")
 217             m["bla"] = ldb.MessageElement(["456"], ldb.FLAG_MOD_ADD, "bla")
 218             self.assertEquals(ldb.FLAG_MOD_ADD, m["bla"].flags())
 219             l.modify(m)
 220             rm = l.search(m.dn)[0]
 221             self.assertEquals(2, len(rm))
 222             self.assertEquals(["1234", "456"], list(rm["bla"]))
 223         finally:
 224             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add"))
 225
 226     def test_modify_replace(self):
 227         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 228         m = ldb.Message()
 229         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modify2")
 230         m["bla"] = ["1234", "456"]
 231         l.add(m)
 232         try:
 233             m = ldb.Message()
 234             m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modify2")
 235             m["bla"] = ldb.MessageElement(["789"], ldb.FLAG_MOD_REPLACE, "bla")
 236             self.assertEquals(ldb.FLAG_MOD_REPLACE, m["bla"].flags())
 237             l.modify(m)
 238             rm = l.search(m.dn)[0]
 239             self.assertEquals(2, len(rm))
 240             self.assertEquals(["789"], list(rm["bla"]))
 241             rm = l.search(m.dn, attrs=["bla"])[0]
 242             self.assertEquals(1, len(rm))
 243         finally:
 244             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=modify2"))
 245
 246     def test_modify_flags_change(self):
 247         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 248         m = ldb.Message()
 249         m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add")
 250         m["bla"] = ["1234"]
 251         l.add(m)
 252         try:
 253             m = ldb.Message()
 254             m.dn = ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add")
 255             m["bla"] = ldb.MessageElement(["456"], ldb.FLAG_MOD_ADD, "bla")
 256             self.assertEquals(ldb.FLAG_MOD_ADD, m["bla"].flags())
 257             l.modify(m)
 258             rm = l.search(m.dn)[0]
 259             self.assertEquals(2, len(rm))
 260             self.assertEquals(["1234", "456"], list(rm["bla"]))
 261
 262             #Now create another modify, but switch the flags before we do it
 263             m["bla"] = ldb.MessageElement(["456"], ldb.FLAG_MOD_ADD, "bla")
 264             m["bla"].set_flags(ldb.FLAG_MOD_DELETE)
 265             l.modify(m)
 266             rm = l.search(m.dn, attrs=["bla"])[0]
 267             self.assertEquals(1, len(rm))
 268             self.assertEquals(["1234"], list(rm["bla"]))
 269
 270         finally:
 271             l.delete(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=add"))
 272
 273     def test_transaction_commit(self):
 274         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 275         l.transaction_start()
 276         m = ldb.Message(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo9"))
 277         m["foo"] = ["bar"]
 278         l.add(m)
 279         l.transaction_commit()
 280         l.delete(m.dn)
 281
 282     def test_transaction_cancel(self):
 283         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 284         l.transaction_start()
 285         m = ldb.Message(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo10"))
 286         m["foo"] = ["bar"]
 287         l.add(m)
 288         l.transaction_cancel()
 289         self.assertEquals(0, len(l.search(ldb.Dn(l, "dc=foo10"))))
 290
 291     def test_set_debug(self):
 292         def my_report_fn(level, text):
 293             pass
 294         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 295         l.set_debug(my_report_fn)
 296
 297     def test_zero_byte_string(self):
 298         """Testing we do not get trapped in the \0 byte in a property string."""
 299         l = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 300         l.add({
 301             "dn" : "dc=somedn",
 302             "objectclass" : "user",
 303             "cN" : "LDAPtestUSER",
 304             "givenname" : "ldap",
 305             "displayname" : "foo\0bar",
 306         })
 307         res = l.search(expression="(dn=dc=somedn)")
 308         self.assertEquals("foo\0bar", res[0]["displayname"][0])
 309
 310
 311 class DnTests(unittest.TestCase):
 312
 313     def setUp(self):
 314         self.ldb = ldb.Ldb(filename())
 315
 316     def test_set_dn_invalid(self):
 317         x = ldb.Message()
 318         def assign():
 319             x.dn = "astring"
 320         self.assertRaises(TypeError, assign)
 321
 322     def test_eq(self):
 323         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo11,bar=bloe")
 324         y = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo11,bar=bloe")
 325         self.assertEquals(x, y)
 326
 327     def test_str(self):
 328         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo12,bar=bloe")
 329         self.assertEquals(x.__str__(), "dc=foo12,bar=bloe")
 330
 331     def test_repr(self):
 332         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo13,bla=blie")
 333         self.assertEquals(x.__repr__(), "Dn('dc=foo13,bla=blie')")
 334
 335     def test_get_casefold(self):
 336         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo14,bar=bloe")
 337         self.assertEquals(x.get_casefold(), "DC=FOO14,BAR=bloe")
 338
 339     def test_validate(self):
 340         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo15,bar=bloe")
 341         self.assertTrue(x.validate())
 342
 343     def test_parent(self):
 344         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo16,bar=bloe")
 345         self.assertEquals("bar=bloe", x.parent().__str__())
 346
 347     def test_parent_nonexistant(self):
 348         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "@BLA")
 349         self.assertEquals(None, x.parent())
 350
 351     def test_compare(self):
 352         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo17,bar=bloe")
 353         y = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo17,bar=bloe")
 354         self.assertEquals(x, y)
 355         z = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo17,bar=blie")
 356         self.assertNotEquals(z, y)
 357
 358     def test_is_valid(self):
 359         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo18,dc=bloe")
 360         self.assertTrue(x.is_valid())
 361         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "")
 362         # is_valid()'s return values appears to be a side effect of
 363         # some other ldb functions. yuck.
 364         # self.assertFalse(x.is_valid())
 365
 366     def test_is_special(self):
 367         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo19,bar=bloe")
 368         self.assertFalse(x.is_special())
 369         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "@FOOBAR")
 370         self.assertTrue(x.is_special())
 371
 372     def test_check_special(self):
 373         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo20,bar=bloe")
 374         self.assertFalse(x.check_special("FOOBAR"))
 375         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "@FOOBAR")
 376         self.assertTrue(x.check_special("@FOOBAR"))
 377
 378     def test_len(self):
 379         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo21,bar=bloe")
 380         self.assertEquals(2, len(x))
 381         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo21")
 382         self.assertEquals(1, len(x))
 383
 384     def test_add_child(self):
 385         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo22,bar=bloe")
 386         self.assertTrue(x.add_child(ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "bla=bloe")))
 387         self.assertEquals("bla=bloe,dc=foo22,bar=bloe", x.__str__())
 388
 389     def test_add_base(self):
 390         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo23,bar=bloe")
 391         base = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "bla=bloe")
 392         self.assertTrue(x.add_base(base))
 393         self.assertEquals("dc=foo23,bar=bloe,bla=bloe", x.__str__())
 394
 395     def test_add(self):
 396         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo24")
 397         y = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "bar=bla")
 398         self.assertEquals("dc=foo24,bar=bla", str(y + x))
 399
 400     def test_parse_ldif(self):
 401         msgs = self.ldb.parse_ldif("dn: foo=bar\n")
 402         msg = msgs.next()
 403         self.assertEquals("foo=bar", str(msg[1].dn))
 404         self.assertTrue(isinstance(msg[1], ldb.Message))
 405         ldif = self.ldb.write_ldif(msg[1], ldb.CHANGETYPE_NONE)
 406         self.assertEquals("dn: foo=bar\n\n", ldif)
 407
 408     def test_parse_ldif_more(self):
 409         msgs = self.ldb.parse_ldif("dn: foo=bar\n\n\ndn: bar=bar")
 410         msg = msgs.next()
 411         self.assertEquals("foo=bar", str(msg[1].dn))
 412         msg = msgs.next()
 413         self.assertEquals("bar=bar", str(msg[1].dn))
 414
 415     def test_canonical_string(self):
 416         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo25,bar=bloe")
 417         self.assertEquals("/bloe/foo25", x.canonical_str())
 418
 419     def test_canonical_ex_string(self):
 420         x = ldb.Dn(self.ldb, "dc=foo26,bar=bloe")
 421         self.assertEquals("/bloe\nfoo26", x.canonical_ex_str())
 422
 423
 424 class LdbMsgTests(unittest.TestCase):
 425
 426     def setUp(self):
 427         self.msg = ldb.Message()
 428
 429     def test_init_dn(self):
 430         self.msg = ldb.Message(ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb(), "dc=foo27"))
 431         self.assertEquals("dc=foo27", str(self.msg.dn))
 432
 433     def test_iter_items(self):
 434         self.assertEquals(0, len(self.msg.items()))
 435         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb"), "dc=foo28")
 436         self.assertEquals(1, len(self.msg.items()))
 437
 438     def test_repr(self):
 439         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb"), "dc=foo29")
 440         self.msg["dc"] = "foo"
 441         self.assertEquals("Message({'dn': Dn('dc=foo29'), 'dc': MessageElement(['foo'])})", repr(self.msg))
 442
 443     def test_len(self):
 444         self.assertEquals(0, len(self.msg))
 445
 446     def test_notpresent(self):
 447         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: self.msg["foo"])
 448
 449     def test_del(self):
 450         del self.msg["foo"]
 451
 452     def test_add_value(self):
 453         self.assertEquals(0, len(self.msg))
 454         self.msg["foo"] = ["foo"]
 455         self.assertEquals(1, len(self.msg))
 456
 457     def test_add_value_multiple(self):
 458         self.assertEquals(0, len(self.msg))
 459         self.msg["foo"] = ["foo", "bla"]
 460         self.assertEquals(1, len(self.msg))
 461         self.assertEquals(["foo", "bla"], list(self.msg["foo"]))
 462
 463     def test_set_value(self):
 464         self.msg["foo"] = ["fool"]
 465         self.assertEquals(["fool"], list(self.msg["foo"]))
 466         self.msg["foo"] = ["bar"]
 467         self.assertEquals(["bar"], list(self.msg["foo"]))
 468
 469     def test_keys(self):
 470         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb"), "@BASEINFO")
 471         self.msg["foo"] = ["bla"]
 472         self.msg["bar"] = ["bla"]
 473         self.assertEquals(["dn", "foo", "bar"], self.msg.keys())
 474
 475     def test_dn(self):
 476         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb(filename()), "@BASEINFO")
 477         self.assertEquals("@BASEINFO", self.msg.dn.__str__())
 478
 479     def test_get_dn(self):
 480         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb"), "@BASEINFO")
 481         self.assertEquals("@BASEINFO", self.msg.get("dn").__str__())
 482
 483     def test_get_invalid(self):
 484         self.msg.dn = ldb.Dn(ldb.Ldb("foo.tdb"), "@BASEINFO")
 485         self.assertRaises(TypeError, self.msg.get, 42)
 486
 487     def test_get_other(self):
 488         self.msg["foo"] = ["bar"]
 489         self.assertEquals("bar", self.msg.get("foo")[0])
 490
 491     def test_get_unknown(self):
 492         self.assertEquals(None, self.msg.get("lalalala"))
 493
 494     def test_msg_diff(self):
 495         l = ldb.Ldb()
 496         msgs = l.parse_ldif("dn: foo=bar\nfoo: bar\nbaz: do\n\ndn: foo=bar\nfoo: bar\nbaz: dont\n")
 497         msg1 = msgs.next()[1]
 498         msg2 = msgs.next()[1]
 499         msgdiff = l.msg_diff(msg1, msg2)
 500         self.assertEquals("foo=bar", msgdiff.get("dn").__str__())
 501         self.assertRaises(KeyError, lambda: msgdiff["foo"])
 502         self.assertEquals(1, len(msgdiff))
 503
 504
 505
 506 class MessageElementTests(unittest.TestCase):
 507
 508     def test_cmp_element(self):
 509         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 510         y = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 511         z = ldb.MessageElement(["bzr"])
 512         self.assertEquals(x, y)
 513         self.assertNotEquals(x, z)
 514
 515     def test_create_iterable(self):
 516         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 517         self.assertEquals(["foo"], list(x))
 518
 519     def test_repr(self):
 520         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 521         self.assertEquals("MessageElement(['foo'])", repr(x))
 522         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo", "bla"])
 523         self.assertEquals(2, len(x))
 524         self.assertEquals("MessageElement(['foo','bla'])", repr(x))
 525
 526     def test_get_item(self):
 527         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo", "bar"])
 528         self.assertEquals("foo", x[0])
 529         self.assertEquals("bar", x[1])
 530         self.assertEquals("bar", x[-1])
 531         self.assertRaises(IndexError, lambda: x[45])
 532
 533     def test_len(self):
 534         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo", "bar"])
 535         self.assertEquals(2, len(x))
 536
 537     def test_eq(self):
 538         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo", "bar"])
 539         y = ldb.MessageElement(["foo", "bar"])
 540         self.assertEquals(y, x)
 541         x = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 542         self.assertNotEquals(y, x)
 543         y = ldb.MessageElement(["foo"])
 544         self.assertEquals(y, x)
 545
 546
 547 class ModuleTests(unittest.TestCase):
 548
 549     def test_register_module(self):
 550         class ExampleModule:
 551             name = "example"
 552         ldb.register_module(ExampleModule)
 553
 554     def test_use_module(self):
 555         ops = []
 556         class ExampleModule:
 557             name = "bla"
 558
 559             def __init__(self, ldb, next):
 560                 ops.append("init")
 561                 self.next = next
 562
 563             def search(self, *args, **kwargs):
 564                 return self.next.search(*args, **kwargs)
 565
 566         ldb.register_module(ExampleModule)
 567         if os.path.exists("usemodule.ldb"):
 568             os.unlink("usemodule.ldb")
 569         l = ldb.Ldb("usemodule.ldb")
 570         l.add({"dn": "@MODULES", "@LIST": "bla"})
 571         self.assertEquals([], ops)
 572         l = ldb.Ldb("usemodule.ldb")
 573         self.assertEquals(["init"], ops)
 574
 575
 576 if __name__ == '__main__':
 577     import unittest
 578     unittest.TestProgram()