7 The most current version of this document is available at
8 http://samba.org/ftp/unpacked/samba4/talloc_guide.txt
10 If you are used to talloc from Samba3 then please read this carefully,
11 as talloc has changed a lot.
13 The new talloc is a hierarchical, reference counted memory pool system
14 with destructors. Quite a mounthful really, but not too bad once you
17 Perhaps the biggest change from Samba3 is that there is no distinction
18 between a "talloc context" and a "talloc pointer". Any pointer
19 returned from talloc() is itself a valid talloc context. This means
22 struct foo *X = talloc_p(mem_ctx, struct foo);
23 X->name = talloc_strdup(X, "foo");
25 and the pointer X->name would be a "child" of the talloc context "X"
26 which is itself a child of mem_ctx. So if you do talloc_free(mem_ctx)
27 then it is all destroyed, whereas if you do talloc_free(X) then just X
28 and X->name are destroyed, and if you do talloc_free(X->name) then
29 just the name element of X is destroyed.
31 If you think about this, then what this effectively gives you is an
32 n-ary tree, where you can free any part of the tree with
35 If you find this confusing, then I suggest you run the LOCAL-TALLOC
36 smbtorture test with the --leak-report-full option to watch talloc in
37 action. You may also like to add your own tests to
38 source/torture/local/talloc.c to clarify how some particular situation
45 The following is a complete guide to the talloc API. Read it all at
49 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
50 void *talloc(const void *context, size_t size);
52 The talloc() function is the core of the talloc library. It takes a
53 memory context, and returns a pointer to a new area of memory of the
56 The returned pointer is itself a talloc context, so you can use it as
57 the context argument to more calls to talloc if you wish.
59 The returned pointer is a "child" of the supplied context. This means
60 that if you talloc_free() the context then the new child disappears as
61 well. Alternatively you can free just the child.
63 The context argument to talloc() can be NULL, in which case a new top
64 level context is created.
67 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
68 int talloc_free(void *ptr);
70 The talloc_free() function frees a piece of talloc memory, and all its
71 children. You can call talloc_free() on any pointer returned by
74 The return value of talloc_free() indicates success or failure, with 0
75 returned for success and -1 for failure. The only possible failure
76 condition is if the pointer had a destructor attached to it and the
77 destructor returned -1. See talloc_set_destructor() for details on
80 If this pointer has an additional reference when talloc_free() is
81 called then the memory is not actually released, but instead the
82 reference is destroyed and the memory becomes a child of the
83 referrer. See talloc_reference() for details on establishing
84 additional references.
86 talloc_free() operates recursively on its children.
89 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
90 void *talloc_reference(const void *context, const void *ptr);
92 The talloc_reference() function returns an additional reference to
93 "ptr", and makes this additional reference a child of "context".
95 The return value of talloc_reference() is always the original pointer
96 "ptr", unless talloc ran out of memory in creating the reference in
97 which case it will return NULL (each additional reference consumes
98 around 48 bytes of memory on intel x86 platforms).
100 After creating a reference you can free it in one of the following
103 - you can talloc_free() a parent of the original pointer. That will
104 destroy the reference and make the pointer a child of "context".
106 - you can talloc_free() the pointer itself. That will destroy the
107 reference and make the pointer a child of "context".
109 - you can talloc_free() the context where you placed the
110 reference. That will destroy the reference, and leave the pointer
114 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
115 void talloc_set_destructor(const void *ptr, int (*destructor)(void *));
117 The function talloc_set_destructor() sets the "destructor" for the
118 pointer "ptr". A destructor is a function that is called when the
119 memory used by a pointer is about to be released. The destructor
120 receives the pointer as an argument, and should return 0 for success
123 The destructor can do anything it wants to, including freeing other
124 pieces of memory. A common use for destructors is to clean up
125 operating system resources (such as open file descriptors) contained
126 in the structure the destructor is placed on.
128 You can only place one destructor on a pointer. If you need more than
129 one destructor then you can create a zero-length child of the pointer
130 and place an additional destructor on that.
132 To remove a destructor call talloc_set_destructor() with NULL for the
135 If your destructor attempts to talloc_free() the pointer that it is
136 the destructor for then talloc_free() will return -1 and the free will
137 be ignored. This would be a pointless operation anyway, as the
138 destructor is only called when the memory is just about to go away.
141 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
142 void talloc_increase_ref_count(const void *ptr);
144 The talloc_increase_ref_count(ptr) function is exactly equivalent to:
146 talloc_reference(NULL, ptr);
148 You can use either syntax, depending on which you think is clearer in
152 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
153 void talloc_set_name(const void *ptr, const char *fmt, ...);
155 Each talloc pointer has a "name". The name is used principally for
156 debugging purposes, although it is also possible to set and get the
157 name on a pointer in as a way of "marking" pointers in your code.
159 The main use for names on pointer is for "talloc reports". See
160 talloc_report() and talloc_report_full() for details. Also see
161 talloc_enable_leak_report() and talloc_enable_leak_report_full().
164 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
165 void talloc_set_name_const(const void *ptr, const char *name);
167 The function talloc_set_name_const() is just like talloc_set_name(),
168 but it takes a string constant, and is much faster. It is extensively
169 used by the "auto naming" macros, such as talloc_p().
172 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
173 void *talloc_named(const void *context, size_t size, const char *fmt, ...);
175 The talloc_named() function creates a named talloc pointer. It is
178 ptr = talloc(context, size);
179 talloc_set_name(ptr, fmt, ....);
182 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
183 void *talloc_named_const(const void *context, size_t size, const char *name);
185 This is equivalent to:
187 ptr = talloc(context, size);
188 talloc_set_name_const(ptr, name);
191 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
192 const char *talloc_get_name(const void *ptr);
194 This returns the current name for the given talloc pointer. See
195 talloc_set_name() for details.
198 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
199 void *talloc_init(const char *fmt, ...);
201 This function creates a zero length named talloc context as a top
202 level context. It is equivalent to:
204 talloc_named(NULL, 0, fmt, ...);
207 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
208 void *talloc_realloc(const void *context, void *ptr, size_t size);
210 The talloc_realloc() function changes the size of a talloc
211 pointer. It has the following equivalences:
213 talloc_realloc(context, NULL, size) ==> talloc(context, size);
214 talloc_realloc(context, ptr, 0) ==> talloc_free(ptr);
216 The "context" argument is only used if "ptr" is not NULL, otherwise it
219 talloc_realloc() returns the new pointer, or NULL on failure. The call
220 will fail either due to a lack of memory, or because the pointer has
221 an reference (see talloc_reference()).
224 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
225 void *talloc_steal(const void *new_ctx, const void *ptr);
227 The talloc_steal() function changes the parent context of a talloc
228 pointer. It is typically used when the context that the pointer is
229 currently a child of is going to be freed and you wish to keep the
230 memory for a longer time.
232 The talloc_steal() function returns the pointer that you pass it. It
233 does not have any failure modes.
235 NOTE: It is possible to produce loops in the parent/child relationship
236 if you are not careful with talloc_steal(). No guarantees are provided
237 as to your sanity or the safety of your data if you do this.
240 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
241 off_t talloc_total_size(const void *ptr);
243 The talloc_total_size() function returns the total size in bytes used
244 by this pointer and all child pointers. Mostly useful for debugging.
247 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
248 void talloc_report(const void *ptr, FILE *f);
250 The talloc_report() function prints a summary report of all memory
251 used by ptr. One line of report is printed for each immediate child of
252 ptr, showing the total memory and number of blocks used by that child.
254 You can pass NULL for the pointer, in which case a report is printed
255 for the top level memory context.
258 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
259 void talloc_report_full(const void *ptr, FILE *f);
261 This provides a more detailed report than talloc_report(). It will
262 recursively print the ensire tree of memory referenced by the
263 pointer. References in the tree are shown by giving the name of the
264 pointer that is referenced.
266 You can pass NULL for the pointer, in which case a report is printed
267 for the top level memory context.
270 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
271 void talloc_enable_leak_report(void);
273 This enables calling of talloc_report(NULL, stderr) when the program
274 exits. In Samba4 this is enabled by using the --leak-report command
278 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
279 void talloc_enable_leak_report_full(void);
281 This enables calling of talloc_report_full(NULL, stderr) when the
282 program exits. In Samba4 this is enabled by using the
283 --leak-report-full command line option.
286 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
287 void *talloc_zero(const void *ctx, size_t size);
289 The talloc_zero() function is equivalent to:
291 ptr = talloc(ctx, size);
292 if (ptr) memset(ptr, 0, size);
295 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
296 void *talloc_memdup(const void *ctx, const void *p, size_t size);
298 The talloc_memdup() function is equivalent to:
300 ptr = talloc(ctx, size);
301 if (ptr) memcpy(ptr, p, size);
304 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
305 char *talloc_strdup(const void *ctx, const char *p);
307 The talloc_strdup() function is equivalent to:
309 ptr = talloc(ctx, strlen(p)+1);
310 if (ptr) memcpy(ptr, p, strlen(p)+1);
313 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
314 char *talloc_strndup(const void *t, const char *p, size_t n);
316 The talloc_strndup() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
317 library function strndup()
320 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
321 char *talloc_vasprintf(const void *t, const char *fmt, va_list ap);
323 The talloc_vasprintf() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
324 library function vasprintf()
327 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
328 char *talloc_asprintf(const void *t, const char *fmt, ...);
330 The talloc_asprintf() function is the talloc equivalent of the C
331 library function asprintf()
334 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
335 char *talloc_asprintf_append(char *s, const char *fmt, ...);
337 The talloc_asprintf_append() function appends the given formatted
338 string to the given string.
341 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
342 void *talloc_array_p(const void *ctx, type, uint_t count);
344 The talloc_array_p() macro is equivalent to:
346 (type *)talloc(ctx, sizeof(type) * count);
348 except that it provides integer overflow protection for the multiply,
349 returning NULL if the multiply overflows.
352 =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
353 void *talloc_realloc_p(const void *ctx, void *ptr, type, uint_t count);
355 The talloc_realloc_p() macro is equivalent to:
357 (type *)talloc_realloc(ctx, ptr, sizeof(type) * count);
359 except that it provides integer overflow protection for the multiply,
360 returning NULL if the multiply overflows.