See Documentation/filesystems/devpts.rst.
+random
+======
+
+This is a directory, with the following entries:
+
+* ``boot_id``: a UUID generated the first time this is retrieved, and
+ unvarying after that;
+
+* ``entropy_avail``: the pool's entropy count, in bits;
+
+* ``poolsize``: the entropy pool size, in bits;
+
+* ``urandom_min_reseed_secs``: obsolete (used to determine the minimum
+ number of seconds between urandom pool reseeding).
+
+* ``uuid``: a UUID generated every time this is retrieved (this can
+ thus be used to generate UUIDs at will);
+
+* ``write_wakeup_threshold``: when the entropy count drops below this
+ (as a number of bits), processes waiting to write to ``/dev/random``
+ are woken up.
+
+If ``drivers/char/random.c`` is built with ``ADD_INTERRUPT_BENCH``
+defined, these additional entries are present:
+
+* ``add_interrupt_avg_cycles``: the average number of cycles between
+ interrupts used to feed the pool;
+
+* ``add_interrupt_avg_deviation``: the standard deviation seen on the
+ number of cycles between interrupts used to feed the pool.
+
+
randomize_va_space
==================
Getting sparse
--------------
-You can get latest released versions from the Sparse homepage at
-https://sparse.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
+You can get tarballs of the latest released versions from:
+https://www.kernel.org/pub/software/devel/sparse/dist/
Alternatively, you can get snapshots of the latest development version
of sparse using git to clone::
https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/
For active users, you are better off using the klibc git
-repository, at http://git.kernel.org/?p=libs/klibc/klibc.git
+repository, at https://git.kernel.org/?p=libs/klibc/klibc.git
The standalone klibc distribution currently provides three components,
in addition to the klibc library:
custom initramfs images that meet your needs exactly.
For questions and help, you can sign up for the early userspace
-mailing list at http://www.zytor.com/mailman/listinfo/klibc
+mailing list at https://www.zytor.com/mailman/listinfo/klibc
How does it work?
=================
* Pseudo-SRAM devices
GPMC is found on Texas Instruments SoC's (OMAP based)
-IP details: http://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/spruh73 section 7.1
+IP details: https://www.ti.com/lit/pdf/spruh73 section 7.1
GPMC generic timing calculation:
There is one MMC test tools called mmc-utils, which is maintained by Chris Ball,
you can find it at the below public git repository:
- http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/cjb/mmc-utils.git/
+ https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/cjb/mmc-utils.git/
Functions
=========
--------------------
ACPI 6:
- http://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_6.0.pdf
+ https://www.uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/ACPI_6.0.pdf
NVDIMM Namespace:
- http://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_Namespace_Spec.pdf
+ https://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_Namespace_Spec.pdf
DSM Interface Example:
- http://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_DSM_Interface_Example.pdf
+ https://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_DSM_Interface_Example.pdf
Driver Writer's Guide:
- http://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_Driver_Writers_Guide.pdf
+ https://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_Driver_Writers_Guide.pdf
Git Trees
---------
2. The term originated to describe the sub-devices that can be created
within a NVME controller (see the nvme specification:
- http://www.nvmexpress.org/specifications/), and NFIT namespaces are
+ https://www.nvmexpress.org/specifications/), and NFIT namespaces are
meant to parallel the capabilities and configurability of
NVME-namespaces.
LIBNVDIMM/LIBNDCTL: Block Translation Table "btt"
-------------------------------------------------
-A BTT (design document: http://pmem.io/2014/09/23/btt.html) is a stacked
+A BTT (design document: https://pmem.io/2014/09/23/btt.html) is a stacked
block device driver that fronts either the whole block device or a
partition of a block device emitted by either a PMEM or BLK NAMESPACE.
This command is only available when the master security is enabled, indicated
by the extended security status.
-[1]: http://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_DSM_Interface-V1.8.pdf
+[1]: https://pmem.io/documents/NVDIMM_DSM_Interface-V1.8.pdf
[2]: http://www.t13.org/documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2006/e05179r4-ACS-SecurityClarifications.pdf
http://www.rapidio.org/education/technology_comparisons/
[3] RapidIO support for Linux.
- http://lwn.net/Articles/139118/
+ https://lwn.net/Articles/139118/
[4] Matt Porter. RapidIO for Linux. Ottawa Linux Symposium, 2005
- http://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2005/ols2005v2-pages-43-56.pdf
+ https://www.kernel.org/doc/ols/2005/ols2005v2-pages-43-56.pdf
inquiries, please ping mupuf on IRC (#nouveau, freenode).
Bug reports should be filled on Freedesktop's bug tracker. Please follow
-http://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/Bugs
+https://nouveau.freedesktop.org/wiki/Bugs
https://lore.kernel.org/linux-usb/
Programming Guide for Linux USB Device Drivers:
-http://lmu.web.psi.ch/docu/manuals/software_manuals/linux_sl/usb_linux_programming_guide.pdf
+https://lmu.web.psi.ch/docu/manuals/software_manuals/linux_sl/usb_linux_programming_guide.pdf
-USB Home Page: http://www.usb.org
+USB Home Page: https://www.usb.org
| openrisc: | TODO |
| parisc: | ok |
| powerpc: | ok |
- | riscv: | TODO |
+ | riscv: | ok |
| s390: | TODO |
| sh: | ok |
| sparc: | ok |
The hfsutils package from Robert Leslie contains a program called
hformat that can be used to create HFS filesystem. See
-<http://www.mars.org/home/rob/proj/hfs/> for details.
+<https://www.mars.org/home/rob/proj/hfs/> for details.
Credits
1998-2004, Mikulas Patocka
:email: mikulas@artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz
-:homepage: http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/vyplody/hpfs/index-e.cgi
+:homepage: https://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/vyplody/hpfs/index-e.cgi
Credits
=======
RPCGSS is specified in a few IETF documents:
- - RFC2203 v1: http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2203.txt
- - RFC5403 v2: http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5403.txt
+ - RFC2203 v1: https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2203.txt
+ - RFC5403 v2: https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc5403.txt
and there is a 3rd version being proposed:
- - http://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-williams-rpcsecgssv3.txt
+ - https://tools.ietf.org/id/draft-williams-rpcsecgssv3.txt
(At draft n. 02 at the time of writing)
Background
exist, it could be "``.``" or "``..``" which are handled quite differently
from other components.
-.. _POSIX: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_12
+.. _POSIX: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_12
If a pathname ends with a slash, such as "``/tmp/foo/``" it might be
tempting to consider that to have an empty final component. In many
Bringing it together with ``struct nameidata``
----------------------------------------------
-.. _First edition Unix: http://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/u2.s
+.. _First edition Unix: https://minnie.tuhs.org/cgi-bin/utree.pl?file=V1/u2.s
Throughout the process of walking a path, the current status is stored
in a ``struct nameidata``, "namei" being the traditional name - dating
and looking up a symlink on the way to some other destination can
update the atime on that symlink.
-.. _clearest statement: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_08
+.. _clearest statement: https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap04.html#tag_04_08
It is not clear why this is the case; POSIX has little to say on the
subject. The `clearest statement`_ is that, if a particular implementation
you need to get a minimal root filesystem up and running, here are some
references:
-- http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/
-- http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html
+- https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Bootdisk-HOWTO/
+- https://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/From-PowerUp-To-Bash-Prompt-HOWTO.html
- http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/view/stable/
-The "klibc" package (http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc) is
+The "klibc" package (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc) is
designed to be a tiny C library to statically link early userspace
code against, along with some related utilities. It is BSD licensed.
-I use uClibc (http://www.uclibc.org) and busybox (http://www.busybox.net)
+I use uClibc (https://www.uclibc.org) and busybox (https://www.busybox.net)
myself. These are LGPL and GPL, respectively. (A self-contained initramfs
package is planned for the busybox 1.3 release.)
References
==========
-[CRYPTSETUP2] http://www.saout.de/pipermail/dm-crypt/2017-November/005745.html
+[CRYPTSETUP2] https://www.saout.de/pipermail/dm-crypt/2017-November/005745.html
-[DMC-CBC-ATTACK] http://www.jakoblell.com/blog/2013/12/22/practical-malleability-attack-against-cbc-encrypted-luks-partitions/
+[DMC-CBC-ATTACK] https://www.jakoblell.com/blog/2013/12/22/practical-malleability-attack-against-cbc-encrypted-luks-partitions/
[DM-INTEGRITY] https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/device-mapper/dm-integrity.rst
version.)
Creating Linux virtual filesystems. 2002
- <http://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
+ <https://lwn.net/Articles/13325/>
The Linux Virtual File-system Layer by Neil Brown. 1999
<http://www.cse.unsw.edu.au/~neilb/oss/linux-commentary/vfs.html>
A tour of the Linux VFS by Michael K. Johnson. 1996
- <http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
+ <https://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/fs/vfstour.html>
A small trail through the Linux kernel by Andries Brouwer. 2001
- <http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>
+ <https://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/vfs/trail.html>
The current -mm patch is available in the "mmotm" (-mm of the moment)
directory at:
- http://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/mmotm/
+ https://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/mmotm/
Use of the MMOTM tree is likely to be a frustrating experience, though;
there is a definite chance that it will not even compile.
Linux-next trees are announced on the linux-kernel and linux-next mailing
lists when they are assembled; they can be downloaded from:
- http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/next/
+ https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/next/
Linux-next has become an integral part of the kernel development process;
all patches merged during a given merge window should really have found
Git is now packaged by almost all Linux distributions. There is a home
page at:
- http://git-scm.com/
+ https://git-scm.com/
That page has pointers to documentation and tutorials.
Among the kernel developers who do not use git, the most popular choice is
almost certainly Mercurial:
- http://www.selenic.com/mercurial/
+ https://www.selenic.com/mercurial/
Mercurial shares many features with git, but it provides an interface which
many find easier to use.
The other tool worth knowing about is Quilt:
- http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt/
+ https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt/
Quilt is a patch management system, rather than a source code management
system. It does not track history over time; it is, instead, oriented
with others on getting things fixed up (this can require
persistence!) but that's fine - it's a part of kernel development.
-(http://lwn.net/Articles/283982/).
+(https://lwn.net/Articles/283982/).
In the absence of obvious problems to fix, developers are advised to look
at the current lists of regressions and open bugs in general. There is
progress at all. Is it two steps forwards, one step back, or one
step forward and two steps back?
-(http://lwn.net/Articles/243460/).
+(https://lwn.net/Articles/243460/).
An especially unwelcome type of regression is any sort of change to the
user-space ABI. Once an interface has been exported to user space, it must
Blackfin development board handy, you can still perform the compilation
step. A large set of cross compilers for x86 systems can be found at
- http://www.kernel.org/pub/tools/crosstool/
+ https://www.kernel.org/pub/tools/crosstool/
Some time spent installing and using these compilers will help avoid
embarrassment later.
(How to avoid) Botching up ioctls
=================================
-From: http://blog.ffwll.ch/2013/11/botching-up-ioctls.html
+From: https://blog.ffwll.ch/2013/11/botching-up-ioctls.html
By: Daniel Vetter, Copyright © 2013 Intel Corporation
---------------------
DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
-(http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
+(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)
32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!
udev
----
-- <http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
+- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>
FUSE
----
Sphinx
------
-- <http://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
+- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
your repositories. Otherwise, you can either download pre-built
LLVM/clang binaries or build the source code from:
- http://releases.llvm.org/download.html
+ https://releases.llvm.org/download.html
See more information about the tool at:
ISBN 0-201-61586-X.
GNU manuals - where in compliance with K&R and this text - for cpp, gcc,
-gcc internals and indent, all available from http://www.gnu.org/manual/
+gcc internals and indent, all available from https://www.gnu.org/manual/
WG14 is the international standardization working group for the programming
language C, URL: http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG14/
ChangeLog section of the document:
"The Perfect Patch"
- http://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
+ https://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt
All of these things are sometimes very hard to do. It can take years to
* Title: **Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition**
:Author: Jonathan Corbet, Alessandro Rubini, Greg Kroah-Hartman
- :URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
+ :URL: https://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
:Date: 2005
:Description: A 600-page book covering the (2.6.10) driver
programming API and kernel hacking in general. Available under the
* Title: **Linux Kernel Module Programming Guide**
:Author: Ori Pomerantz.
- :URL: http://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html
+ :URL: https://tldp.org/LDP/lkmpg/2.6/html/index.html
:Date: 2001
:Keywords: modules, GPL book, /proc, ioctls, system calls,
interrupt handlers .
* Title: **I/O Event Handling Under Linux**
:Author: Richard Gooch.
- :URL: http://web.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/io-events.html
+ :URL: https://web.mit.edu/~yandros/doc/io-events.html
:Date: 1999
:Keywords: IO, I/O, select(2), poll(2), FDs, aio_read(2), readiness
event queues.
* Title: **Design and Implementation of the Second Extended Filesystem**
:Author: Rémy Card, Theodore Ts'o, Stephen Tweedie.
- :URL: http://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
+ :URL: https://web.mit.edu/tytso/www/linux/ext2intro.html
:Date: 1998
:Keywords: ext2, linux fs history, inode, directory, link, devices,
VFS, physical structure, performance, benchmarks, ext2fs library,
* Title: **Linux Kernel Hackers' Guide**
:Author: Michael K. Johnson.
- :URL: http://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html
+ :URL: https://www.tldp.org/LDP/khg/HyperNews/get/khg.html
:Date: 1997
:Keywords: device drivers, files, VFS, kernel interface, character vs
block devices, hardware interrupts, scsi, DMA, access to user memory,
* Title: **Dissecting Interrupts and Browsing DMA**
:Author: Alessandro Rubini and Georg v. Zezschwitz.
- :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222
+ :URL: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1222
:Date: 1996
:Keywords: interrupts, irqs, DMA, bottom halves, task queues.
:Description: Linux Journal Kernel Korner article.
* Title: **Device Drivers Concluded**
:Author: Georg v. Zezschwitz.
- :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287
+ :URL: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1287
:Date: 1996
:Keywords: address spaces, pages, pagination, page management,
demand loading, swapping, memory protection, memory mapping, mmap,
* Title: **Network Buffers And Memory Management**
:Author: Alan Cox.
- :URL: http://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312
+ :URL: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article.php?sid=1312
:Date: 1996
:Keywords: sk_buffs, network devices, protocol/link layer
variables, network devices flags, transmit, receive,
* Title: **Analysis of the Ext2fs structure**
:Author: Louis-Dominique Dubeau.
- :URL: http://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/fs-ext2/
+ :URL: https://teaching.csse.uwa.edu.au/units/CITS2002/fs-ext2/
:Date: 1994
:Keywords: ext2, filesystem, ext2fs.
:Description: Description of ext2's blocks, directories, inodes,
:ISBN: 0-596-00590-3
:Notes: Further information in
http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/linuxdrive3/
- PDF format, URL: http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
+ PDF format, URL: https://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/
* Title: **Linux Kernel Internals**
* Name: **Linux Weekly News**
- :URL: http://lwn.net
+ :URL: https://lwn.net
:Keywords: latest kernel news.
:Description: The title says it all. There's a fixed kernel section
summarizing developers' work, bug fixes, new features and versions
* Name: **The home page of Linux-MM**
:Author: The Linux-MM team.
- :URL: http://linux-mm.org/
+ :URL: https://linux-mm.org/
:Keywords: memory management, Linux-MM, mm patches, TODO, docs,
mailing list.
:Description: Site devoted to Linux Memory Management development.
* Name: **Kernel Newbies IRC Channel and Website**
- :URL: http://www.kernelnewbies.org
+ :URL: https://www.kernelnewbies.org
:Keywords: IRC, newbies, channel, asking doubts.
:Description: #kernelnewbies on irc.oftc.net.
#kernelnewbies is an IRC network dedicated to the 'newbie'
Document last updated on Tue 2016-Sep-20
This document is based on:
- http://www.dit.upm.es/~jmseyas/linux/kernel/hackers-docs.html
+ https://www.dit.upm.es/~jmseyas/linux/kernel/hackers-docs.html
.. _`Nitrokey Start`: https://shop.nitrokey.com/shop/product/nitrokey-start-6
.. _`Nitrokey Pro 2`: https://shop.nitrokey.com/shop/product/nitrokey-pro-2-3
.. _`Yubikey 5`: https://www.yubico.com/products/yubikey-5-overview/
-.. _Gnuk: http://www.fsij.org/doc-gnuk/
+.. _Gnuk: https://www.fsij.org/doc-gnuk/
.. _`LWN has a good review`: https://lwn.net/Articles/736231/
.. _`qualify for a free Nitrokey Start`: https://www.kernel.org/nitrokey-digital-tokens-for-kernel-developers.html
This document is intended to explain how to submit device drivers to the
various kernel trees. Note that if you are interested in video card drivers
-you should probably talk to XFree86 (http://www.xfree86.org/) and/or X.Org
-(http://x.org/) instead.
+you should probably talk to XFree86 (https://www.xfree86.org/) and/or X.Org
+(https://x.org/) instead.
.. note::
Major and minor numbers for block and character devices are allocated
by the Linux assigned name and number authority (currently this is
-Torben Mathiasen). The site is http://www.lanana.org/. This
+Torben Mathiasen). The site is https://www.lanana.org/. This
also deals with allocating numbers for devices that are not going to
be submitted to the mainstream kernel.
See :ref:`Documentation/admin-guide/devices.rst <admin_devices>`
where *country_code* == your country code, such as
**us**, **uk**, **fr**, etc.
- http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
+ https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
Linux kernel mailing list:
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
[mail majordomo@vger.kernel.org to subscribe]
Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition (covers 2.6.10):
- http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ (free version)
+ https://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ (free version)
LWN.net:
- Weekly summary of kernel development activity - http://lwn.net/
+ Weekly summary of kernel development activity - https://lwn.net/
2.6 API changes:
- http://lwn.net/Articles/2.6-kernel-api/
+ https://lwn.net/Articles/2.6-kernel-api/
Porting drivers from prior kernels to 2.6:
- http://lwn.net/Articles/driver-porting/
+ https://lwn.net/Articles/driver-porting/
KernelNewbies:
Documentation and assistance for new kernel programmers
- http://kernelnewbies.org/
+ https://kernelnewbies.org/
Linux USB project:
http://www.linux-usb.org/
http://www.fenrus.org/how-to-not-write-a-device-driver-paper.pdf
Kernel Janitor:
- http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelJanitors
+ https://kernelnewbies.org/KernelJanitors
GIT, Fast Version Control System:
- http://git-scm.com/
+ https://git-scm.com/
very important if you want your patch accepted.
If you're using ``git``, ``git rebase -i`` can help you with this process. If
-you're not using ``git``, ``quilt`` <http://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt>
+you're not using ``git``, ``quilt`` <https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/quilt>
is another popular alternative.
.. _describe_changes:
----------
Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
- <http://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt>
+ <https://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt>
Jeff Garzik, "Linux kernel patch submission format".
<https://web.archive.org/web/20180829112450/http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html>
Copyright (c) 2016 by Mauro Carvalho Chehab <mchehab+samsung@kernel.org>.
-License GPLv2: GNU GPL version 2 <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
+License GPLv2: GNU GPL version 2 <https://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
git.samba.org / sfrench / cifs-2.6.git / commitdiff