3 # This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
4 # go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5 # tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
7 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1999-03-22):
8 # A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
9 # Thomas G. Shanks, The International Atlas (4th edition),
10 # San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (1995).
12 # Gwillim Law <LAW@encmail.encompass.com> writes that a good source
13 # for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
14 # Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
15 # published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
16 # of the IATA's data after 1990.
18 # Except where otherwise noted, Shanks is the source for entries through 1990,
19 # and IATA SSIM is the source for entries after 1990.
21 # Other sources occasionally used include:
23 # Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
24 # Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
25 # which I found in the UCLA library.
27 # Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
28 # <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">
29 # History of Summer Time
30 # </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
33 # I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
34 # the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
35 # Corrections are welcome!
39 # -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
40 # -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
41 # 0:00 GMT BST Greenwich, British Summer
42 # 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
43 # 0:00 WET WEST Western Europe
44 # 1:00 CET CEST Central Europe
45 # 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
48 # A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
49 # Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Antique Collectors Club (1997).
51 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-12-04),
52 # The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
53 # Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
54 # Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
55 # Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
56 # Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
57 # Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
58 # entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
59 # on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
60 # referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
61 # Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
63 # Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
64 # I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
66 # There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
67 # A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
68 # national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
69 # different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
73 ###############################################################################
75 # Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
77 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-07-06):
79 # On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
80 # historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
81 # and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
84 # `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
85 # beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
86 # was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
87 # this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
88 # made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
89 # but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
90 # along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
92 # I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
93 # position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
94 # be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
96 # [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
98 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-11-18):
100 # Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
101 # The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
102 # and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
103 # The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828);
104 # it was popularized in 1840 by Capt. Basil Hall, RN (1788-1844),
105 # famed explorer and former Commissioner for Longitude.
106 # The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
107 # in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
108 # (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847 Sep 22 the
109 # Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
110 # adopted at all stations; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists most major
111 # railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
112 # clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the Great Clock
113 # in Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
114 # one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
115 # system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
116 # to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
117 # The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
118 # of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880 Aug 2.
120 # In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
121 # transition date for London, namely 1847 Sep 22. We don't know as much
122 # about Dublin, so we use 1880 Aug 2, the legal transition time.
124 # From Paul Eggert (1999-01-30):
125 # Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
126 # a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
127 # who circulated a pamphlet ``Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
128 # that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
129 # and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
130 # A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
131 # but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
132 # One-hour Summer Time was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
134 # From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
135 # The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
136 # when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
137 # term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
138 # proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
140 # From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
142 # A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
143 # known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
145 # Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
146 # From: Jonathan Leffler <nih-csl!uunet!mcvax!sphinx.co.uk!john>
147 # [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
148 # If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
149 # politics making a fortune, not computing.
151 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-06-14):
152 # I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
153 # acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
154 # time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
155 # if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."
157 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-04-19):
158 # The following list attempts to show the complete history of Summer Time
159 # legislation in the United Kingdom, and has quite a bit to say about
160 # the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
162 # Things that I have not personally seen are marked (???). Things that
163 # I haven't seen but Joseph Myers has are marked (jsm). The problem
164 # with finding old Orders (rather than Acts) is that nobody seems to
165 # keep the actual documents themselves, not even the Government. They
166 # get bound into annual volumes, which are published, but by the time
167 # this happens the Orders are mainly spent as the years they refer
168 # to have come and gone, so they don't get included in the annual
171 # Thanks are due to my learned legal friend Lorna Montgomerie, who dug out
172 # the dusty old statutes, to Melanie Allison of the Ministry of Defence,
173 # who provided the wartime regulations and a snippet of Hansard explaining
174 # why double summer time started on a Monday in 1945 (it was Easter),
175 # and to Joseph Myers <jsm28@cam.ac.uk>, who tracked down the Orders
176 # up to 1945, some of the old Acts, and the first five EC Directives.
180 # Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales
181 # United Kingdom: Great Britain plus Ireland (up to 1922) or Northern
182 # Ireland (since 1922)
183 # S.I.: Statutory Instrument, the modern name for secondary legislation
184 # S.R.&O.: Statutory Rules and Orders, the older name for secondary legislation
186 # Unless otherwise specified, Acts and secondary legislation are assumed
187 # to apply throughout the United Kingdom, but not to the Isle of Man
188 # or the Channel Islands.
190 # Some of the Acts and Orders I found in various libraries, and I don't
191 # have copies. When I looked at them I was looking for dates and not things
192 # like whether they applied to the Bailiwick of Jersey. I will try to
193 # check these documents again.
197 # - The Statutes (Definition of Time) Act, 1880 (43 & 44 Vict. c. 9)
199 # Defined Greenwich mean time to be the standard time in Great Britain
200 # and Dublin mean time to be the standard time in Ireland, superseding
201 # various forms of local mean time.
203 # - The Statutory Time Act, 1883 (???)
205 # An Act of Tynwald, the Isle of Man Parliament. It appears to have
206 # defined the standard time on the Isle of Man as GMT but as I haven't
207 # seen it I don't know if it used Greenwich mean time, some other definition,
208 # or just said that Isle of Man time would be the same as in Great Britain.
210 # - The Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914 (4 & 5 Geo. 5. c. 62)
212 # Gives the power, by Order in Council, to extend wartime legislation
213 # to the Isle of Man.
215 # - The Summer Time Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 14)
217 # Introduced Summer Time for the first time, in Great Britain and Ireland.
218 # Specified a one hour offset from GMT (DMT in Ireland), dates of
219 # Sunday 21 May and Sunday 1 October and times of 02:00 (GMT/DMT).
220 # Gave a power to make Orders in subsequent years, for the duration
221 # of the then current war.
223 # - The Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 (6 & 7 Geo. 5. c. 45)
225 # This abolished Dublin mean time at 02:00 DMT on Sunday 1 October 1916,
226 # bringing the whole of the United Kingdom onto GMT. As Ireland was behind
227 # GMT/BST at 02:00 DMT on 1 Oct Great Britain had already put the clocks back.
228 # Using Paul Eggert's suggestion of IST for Irish Summer Time and the figure
229 # derived from Whitman for the offset of IST from GMT (00:34:39) the sequence
232 # 02:34:38 IST 02:59:59 BST
233 # 02:34:39 IST 02:00:00 GMT
234 # 02:59:59 IST 02:25:20 GMT
235 # 02:25:21 GMT 02:25:21 GMT
236 # with the transition 03:00:00 IST -> 02:00:00 DMT -> 02:25:21 GMT all at once.
238 # - S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382
240 # An Order made under the Isle of Man (War Legislation) Act, 1914
241 # extending the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man. Dated
242 # 23 May 1916, two days after the start of Summer Time, but it says that
243 # the Act is deemed to have taken effect in the Isle of Man at the same
244 # time as it took effect in the United Kingdom.
246 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 362
248 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
249 # for Summer Time in 1917 of Sunday 8 April to Monday 17 September,
250 # both at 02:00 GMT. Note that Summer Time ends on a Monday.
252 # - S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
254 # An Order made under the Summer Time (Isle of Man) Act, 1916
255 # (the thing created by S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382) specifying the same
256 # dates of 8 April to 17 September, at 02:00 GMT for the Isle of Man.
258 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
260 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
261 # for Summer Time in 1918 of Sunday 24 March to Monday 30 September,
264 # - S.R.&O. 1918, No. 429
266 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1918 with the same dates and times.
268 # - The Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918
269 # (8 & 9 Geo. 5. c. 59)
271 # This gave power to specify a legal end date for the war just ended,
272 # which would affect things like the Summer Time Act, 1916, which applied
273 # only in wartime. This date was to be close to the date of formal
274 # ratification of the treaty or treaties of peace.
276 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
278 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
279 # for Summer Time in 1919 of Sunday 30 March to Monday 29 September,
282 # - S.R.&O. 1919, No. 366
284 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1919 with the same dates and times.
286 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
288 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 giving dates
289 # for Summer Time in 1920 of Sunday 28 March to Monday 27 September,
292 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573
294 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1920 with the same dates and times.
296 # - S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
298 # An Order modifying both S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458 and S.R.&O. 1920, No. 573 to
299 # change the end date for Summer Time from Monday 27 September to
300 # Monday 25 October (the time remaining 02:00 GMT). The 1989 Green
301 # Paper (Cm 722) says this was done because of a coal strike.
303 # - The War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 (10 Geo. 5. c. 5)
305 # This extends the power to make Orders under the Summer Time Act, 1916
306 # for a period of 12 months after the termination of the war.
307 # Came into force on 31 March 1920. Although the war had been over for more
308 # than 12 months by then the legal end date had not yet been set.
310 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
312 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
313 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
314 # in 1921 of Sunday 3 April to Monday 3 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
316 # - S.R.&O. 1921, No. 364
318 # The matching Isle of Man Order for 1921 with the same dates and times.
320 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
322 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1916 and the War
323 # Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920 giving dates for Summer Time
324 # in 1921 of Sunday 26 March to Sunday 8 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
325 # It also mentions the arrangements for defining the legal end date
326 # for the late war. An Order was made on 10 August 1921, under the
327 # Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act, 1918, setting
328 # a date of 31 August 1921. This means the powers of the Summer Time
329 # Act, 1916 would finally expire on 31 August 1922.
331 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 290 (???)
333 # This is probably the matching Isle of Man Order.
335 # - The Summer Time Act, 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 22)
337 # This specifies an offset of 1 hour and dates of the day after the third
338 # Saturday in April, unless that be Easter, in which case it is the day after
339 # the second Saturday, and the day after the third Saturday in September.
340 # The time is 02:00 GMT. It applied in 1922 and 1923, and longer if Parliament
341 # so approved. It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands as well.
342 # Came into Force on 20 July 1920. Note the reversion to ending on a Sunday.
344 # - S.R.&O. 1922, No. 1205
346 # An Order made under the War Emergency Laws (Continuance) Act, 1920
347 # dated 13 October 1922. It revokes (among other things) the Order extending
348 # the Summer Time Act, 1916 to the Isle of Man.
350 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1923 (13 & 14 Geo. 5. c. 37)
352 # This extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
355 # - The Expiring Laws Continuance Act, 1924 (15 Geo. 5. c. 1) (jsm)
357 # This further extended the Summer Time Act, 1922 (among other things) until
360 # - The Time Act (Northern Ireland), 1924 (14 & 15 Geo. 5. c. 24 (N.I.))
362 # This Act says that while it remains in force, any Act or Order relating
363 # to the time for general purposes in Great Britain shall also apply
364 # in Northern Ireland, and the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916 shall have effect
367 # - The Summer Time Act, 1925 (15 & 16 Geo. 5. c. 64)
369 # This makes the 1922 Act permanent, with a change to the end date to the
370 # day after the first Saturday in October. Came into force on 7 August 1925.
372 # - The Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939 (2 & 3 Geo. 6. c. 62) (???)
374 # I haven't seen this one. It presumably gave the Government powers to
375 # do all manner of things during the newly started war.
377 # - The Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939, S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
379 # These were made under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Act, 1939.
380 # They change the end date to be the day after the third Saturday in November.
382 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172
384 # An Order in Council amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
385 # It changed the start date to the day after the fourth Saturday in February
388 # - S.R.&O. 1940, No. 1883
390 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
391 # This continues summer time throughout the year after it starts in 1940.
393 # - S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
395 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
396 # This introduces double summer time, starting at 01:00 GMT on the day after
397 # the first Saturday in May and ending at 01:00 GMT on the day after the
398 # second Saturday in August, offset another hour from normal summer time,
399 # which continues throughout the rest of the year.
401 # - S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
403 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
404 # This changes the start date of Double Summer Time to the day after the first
405 # Saturday in April, bringing it forward from May.
407 # - S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
409 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
410 # This changed the end date of Double Summer Time to the day after the
411 # third Saturday in September (ie. 17 September 1944).
413 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
415 # Another Order amending the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
416 # This changes the start and end dates of Double Summer Time to the
417 # day after the first Sunday in April and the day after the second Saturday
418 # in July (ie. Mon 2 April to Sun 15 July).
420 # I have this quote from Hansard (the official record of the United Kingdom
421 # Parliament), Oral Answers, 1 March 1945, cols 1559--60, explaining the
422 # unusual start on a Monday:
424 # `58. Major Sir Goronwy Owen asked the Secretary of State for the Home
425 # Department if he is now able to state the Government's proposals
426 # regarding double summer time.
428 # [two other similar questions omitted]
430 # Mr. H. Morrison: The Government, in reviewing the matter, have
431 # considered, [...] the conclusion has been reached that the adoption of
432 # double summer time from the beginning of April is essential to the
433 # maintenance of the war effort. [...] As 1st April is Easter Sunday,
434 # when very early services are held in many churches, it is proposed that
435 # double summer time shall start not in the night preceding Easter
436 # Sunday, but in the night of Sunday-Monday so that it will operate from
437 # Monday, 2nd April.'
439 # - S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
441 # An Order under the Emergency Powers (Defence) Acts, 1939 and 1940 revoking
442 # a long list of things, including the Defence (Summer Time) Regulations, 1939.
443 # This meant that Summer Time reverted to being set by the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
444 # It was made on 28 September, early enough to end Summer Time on the
445 # date defined by the 1925 Act: 7 October.
447 # - The Summer Time Act, 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 16)
449 # Came into force on 11 March 1947. Amended the Summer Time Acts, 1922 and
450 # 1925 to change the dates of Summer Time and to introduce Double Summer Time
451 # (although it doesn't give this, or any, name for this period of 2 hour
452 # offset from GMT). Dates are given for 1947 only and are: 02:00 GMT Sunday
453 # 16 March, 01:00 GMT Sunday 13 April, 01:00 GMT Sunday 10 August, and 02:00
454 # Sunday 2 November. It gave a power to make Orders for subsequent years,
455 # both to vary the dates and to continue Double Summer Time. It applied
456 # to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
458 # - Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
460 # An Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1948 of
461 # 14 March and 31 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
463 # Although the 1947 Act had legislated for Double Summer Time, this was
464 # not continued after 1947.
466 # - Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
468 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1949
469 # of 3 April and 30 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
471 # - Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
473 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1950
474 # of 16 April and 22 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
476 # - Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
478 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1951
479 # of 15 April and 21 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
481 # - Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
483 # Another Order made under the Summer Time Act, 1947. Gave dates for 1952
484 # of 20 April and 26 October, both at 02:00 GMT.
486 # This is the last of this run of Orders, so for 1953 things reverted
487 # to the 1922 and 1925 Acts.
489 # - The Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland), 1954 (1954 c. 33 (N.I.)) (???)
491 # I presume that section 39 of this Act is similar to section 9 of the
492 # Interpretation Act, 1978 (listed below) in specifying GMT as the
493 # legal time in Northern Ireland, replacing the Time (Ireland) Act, 1916.
495 # - Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
497 # Specified dates of 26 March and 29 October (02:00 GMT) for 1961
499 # - Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
501 # Specified dates of 25 March to 28 October (02:00 GMT) for 1962.
503 # - Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
505 # Specified dates of 31 March to 27 October (02:00 GMT) for 1963.
507 # - Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
509 # Specified dates of 22 March to 25 October (02:00 GMT) for 1964.
511 # - Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
513 # Specified dates for three years (all 02:00 GMT):
514 # 1965: 21 March to 24 October
515 # 1966: 20 March to 23 October
516 # 1967: 19 March to 29 October
518 # - Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
519 # - Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
521 # The first of these specifies dates for 1968 of 18 February for the United
522 # Kingdom but 7 April for the Isle of Man, both ending on 27 October,
523 # all at 02:00 GMT. The second Order changes the Isle of Man start date
524 # to 18 February to match the United Kingdom.
526 # - The British Standard Time Act 1968 (1968 c. 45)
528 # This came into force on 27 October 1968 and continued summer time throughout
529 # the year. It expired at 02:00 GMT on 31 October 1971, as specified in the
530 # Act, as Parliament did not move to make this experment permanent.
531 # It applied to the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands.
533 # Interestingly, it says baldly `This Act shall come into force on
534 # 27 October 1968', without giving a time. As S1 of the Act merely
535 # stated that `The time for general purposes in the United Kingdom
536 # (to be known as British standard time) shall be one hour in
537 # advance of Greenwich mean time throughout the year; ...' you could
538 # possibly argue that the start time of BStandardT was 00:00 1968-10-27,
539 # especially as the Act repealed the Summer Time Acts 1916--1947 in toto,
540 # thereby destroying the authority of the Summer Time Order specifying
541 # summer time in 1968.
543 # - The Manx Time Act 1968
545 # This is an Act of Tynwald (the Isle of Man Parliament) that said that
546 # henceforth Manx time would be the same as the time in Great Britain.
548 # - The Summer Time Act 1972 (1972 c. 6)
550 # This specified a reversion to normal Summer Time behaviour with a start
551 # date of the day after the third Saturday in March, unless that is Easter,
552 # when it is the day after the second Saturday, and an end date of the day
553 # after the fourth Saturday in October. Times are at 02:00 GMT, offset is
554 # 1 hour. It gives the power to make Orders to vary these dates and
555 # times. This Act is still in force and is the legal authority for
556 # implementing the EC Directives in the United Kingdom.
558 # - The Interpretation Act 1978 (1978 c. 30)
560 # Section 9 of this Act replaces section 1 of the Statutes (Definition of
561 # Time) Act, 1880 with very similar wording maintaining GMT as the legal
562 # time in Great Britain. This does not apply in Northern Ireland (it
563 # has its own Interpretation Act listed above).
565 # - Council Directive of 22 July 1980 on summertime arrangements (80/737/EEC)
567 # The first of the European Directives on Summer Time. It specified start
568 # dates for 1981 and 1982. No agreement had been reached on end dates.
569 # Only dates were given, there was no rule like `last Sunday in March'.
570 # The main change for the United Kingdom was a move to a 01:00 GMT change
575 # - Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
577 # Specified dates for 1981 and 1982, with the start dates as in the
578 # EC Directive and all times 01:00 GMT:
579 # 1981: 29 March to 25 October
580 # 1982: 28 March to 24 October
582 # - Second Council Directive of 10 June 1982 on summertime arrangements
585 # The next European Directive. Specified dates for three years, 1983 to 1985.
586 # Agreement still hadn't been reached on a common end date, and wouldn't
587 # be until 1994 with the appeareance of the seventh Directive with a common
588 # date for 1996 and beyond, but this time the Directive gave two sets of
589 # end dates. The start date was specified by rule: the last Sunday in March.
590 # All times were 01:00 GMT. The end dates were given without rule, as:
591 # 1983: 25 September or 23 October
592 # 1984: 30 September or 28 october
593 # 1985: 29 September or 27 October
595 # - Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
597 # Implemented the second EC Directive, using the October end dates.
598 # 1983: 27 March to 23 October
599 # 1984: 25 March to 28 october
600 # 1985: 31 March to 27 October
602 # - Third Council Directive of 12 December 1984 on summertime arrangements
605 # Specified start dates of the last Sunday in March and two sets of end
606 # dates, last Sunday in September and fourth Sunday in October, all at
607 # 01:00 GMT. The end dates were also specified as dates:
608 # 1986: 28 September or 26 October
609 # 1987: 27 September or 25 October
610 # 1988: 25 September or 23 October
612 # - Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
614 # Implemented the third EC Directive, using the October end dates.
615 # 1986: 30 March to 26 October
616 # 1987: 29 March to 25 October
617 # 1988: 27 March to 23 October
619 # - Council Directive of 20 December 1985 amending Directive 84/634/EEC
620 # on summertime arrangements (85/582/EEC)
622 # This was to do with the accession of Spain and Portugal to the EEC.
623 # The previous directve had used wording like `Member States belonging
624 # to the zero (Greenwich) time zone' when refering to the different
625 # sets of end dates. Portugal was in that time zone but was not going
626 # to follow the United Kingdom and Ireland dates, so the text was reworded
627 # without any change to the dates themselves.
629 # - Fourth Council Directive of 22 December 1987 on summertime arrangements
632 # This Directive covered only a single year: 1989. My guess is that
633 # this was because 1989 was one of the years when the historic United Kingdom
634 # end date of the Sunday after the fourth Saturday in October differed from
635 # the rule in the previous Directive of the fourth Sunday in October.
636 # All times are 01:00 GMT. No rule was specified, specific dates were given:
637 # 1989: 26 March to 24 September or 29 October
639 # - Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
641 # Implemented the dates of 26 March to 29 October for 1989.
643 # - Fifth Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on summertime arrangements
646 # Covered the three years 1990 to 1992. All times are 01:00 GMT. Gave both
647 # rules (last Sunday in March, last Sunday in September or fourth Sunday
648 # in October) and specific dates:
649 # 1990: 25 March to 30 September or 28 October
650 # 1991: 31 March to 29 September or 27 October
651 # 1992: 29 March to 27 September or 25 October
653 # - Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
655 # Implemented the fifth Directive using the October end dates.
657 # - Sixth Council Directive 92/20/EEC of 26 March 1992 on summertime
660 # Covered the two years 1993 and 1994. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specified
661 # both rules (same as the fifth Directive) and specific dates:
662 # 1993: 28 March to 26 September or 24 October
663 # 1994: 27 March to 25 September or 23 October
665 # - Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
667 # Implemented the sixth Directive using the October end dates.
669 # - Seventh Directive 94/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
670 # of 30 May 1994 on summer-time arrangements
672 # Covered the three years 1995 to 1997. Agreement had finally been reached
673 # on a common end date, to start in 1996. Both rules and dates were given.
674 # The rules were the same last Sunday in March to last Sunday in September
675 # or fourth Sunday in October for 1995, with the end rule changing to the
676 # last Sunday in October for 1996 and 1997. The year 1995 was another of
677 # the tricky ones where the EC and traditional United Kingdom rules differed
678 # but this time the UK changed on the fourth Sunday, 22 October, earlier
679 # than usual. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specific dates were also given:
680 # 1995: 26 March to 24 September or 22 October
681 # 1996: 31 March to 27 October
682 # 1997: 30 March to 26 October
684 # - Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
686 # Implements the seventh Directive using the October end date in 1995.
687 # Applies also to the Bailiwick of Guernsey but not to the Bailiwick of
688 # Jersey or the Isle of Man, which have their own (unspecified) legislation
691 # - Eighth Directive 97/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
692 # of 22 July 1997 on summer-time arrangements
694 # Covers four years: 1998 to 2001. All times are 01:00 GMT. Specifies both
695 # rules, last Sunday in March and last Sunday in October, and specific dates:
696 # 1998: 29 March to 25 October
697 # 1999: 28 March to 31 October
698 # 2000: 26 March to 29 October
699 # 2001: 25 March to 28 October
701 # <a href="http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1997/97298201.htm">
702 # - Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
705 # Implements the eighth Directive. Has the same text about the Isle of Man,
706 # Guernsey and Jersey as the 1994 Order.
708 # From Joseph S. Myers <jsm28@hermes.cam.ac.uk> (1998-01-06):
710 # The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
711 # see Lord Tanlaw's speech
712 # <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">
713 # (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
716 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-06-12):
718 # The date `20 April 1924' in the table of ``Summer Time: A
719 # Consultation Document'' (Cm 722, 1989) table is a transcription error;
720 # 20 April was an Easter Sunday. Shanks has 13 April, the correct date.
721 # Also, the table is not quite right for 1925 through 1938; the correct rules
722 # (which Shanks uses) are given in the Summer Time Acts of 1922 and 1925.
723 # Shanks and the UK Government paper disagree about the Apr 1956 transition;
724 # since we have no other data, and since Shanks was correct in the other
725 # points of disagreement about London, we'll believe Shanks for now.
726 # Also, for lack of other data, we'll follow Shanks for Eire in 1940-1948.
728 # Given Peter Ilieve's comments, the following claims by Shanks are incorrect:
729 # * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
730 # 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
731 # Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
732 # * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
733 # It actually just had one transition.
734 # * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
735 # Actually, it conformed to Britain.
736 # * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
737 # Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
738 # Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
740 # The following claims by Shanks are possible though doubtful;
741 # we'll ignore them for now.
742 # * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
743 # to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
744 # conform with Great Britain.
745 # * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
748 # Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than Shanks.
750 # From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
751 # Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
752 # reports that Cheriton Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time (CT),
753 # equivalent to French civil time.
754 # Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
755 # trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility just outside Cheriton)
756 # and Frethun run in CT.
757 # My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
758 # the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
759 # and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
760 # If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
761 # I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.
762 # This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST for Cheriton.
764 # From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
765 # The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
766 # which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
767 # Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
768 # regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
769 # Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
770 # "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
772 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
773 # Summer Time Act, 1916
774 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
775 Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
776 # S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358
777 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
778 Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
779 # S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274
780 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
781 Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
782 # S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297
783 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
784 Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
785 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458
786 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
787 # S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844
788 Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
789 # S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363
790 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
791 Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
792 # S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264
793 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
794 # The Summer Time Act, 1922
795 Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
796 Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
797 Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
798 Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
799 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
800 # The Summer Time Act, 1925
801 Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
802 Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
803 Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
804 Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
805 Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
806 Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
807 Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
808 Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
809 Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
810 Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
811 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
812 # S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379
813 Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
814 # S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
815 Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
816 # S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476
817 Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
818 Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
819 # S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506
820 Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
821 # S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932
822 Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
823 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312
824 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
825 Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
826 # S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208
827 Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
828 Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
829 # The Summer Time Act, 1947
830 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
831 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
832 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
833 Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
834 # Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)
835 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
836 Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
837 # Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)
838 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
839 Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
840 # Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)
841 # Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)
842 # Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)
843 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
844 Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
845 # revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
846 Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
847 Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
848 Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
849 Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
850 Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
851 Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
852 Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
853 # Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)
854 # Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)
855 # Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)
856 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
857 Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
858 # Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)
859 # Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)
860 # Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)
861 Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
862 # Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)
863 Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
864 # The British Standard Time Act, 1968
866 # The Summer Time Act, 1972
867 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
868 Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
869 # Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)
870 # Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)
871 # Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)
872 # Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)
873 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
874 Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
875 # Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)
876 # Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)
877 # Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)
878 Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
879 # Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)
880 # See EU for rules starting in 1996.
882 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
883 Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Sep 22
884 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
885 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
888 Zone Europe/Belfast -0:23:40 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
889 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
890 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s # Irish Summer Time
891 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
892 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
895 Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:21 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
896 -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00 # Dublin MT
897 -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
898 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
899 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00
900 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
901 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
902 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
903 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
904 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27
905 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
906 0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996
909 ###############################################################################
913 # EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
914 # Common Market, etc.
916 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
917 Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
918 Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
919 Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
920 Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
921 Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
922 Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
924 # W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
925 Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
926 Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
927 Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
928 Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
929 Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
930 Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
932 # Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
933 # From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
934 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
935 Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
936 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
937 Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
938 Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
939 Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
940 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
941 Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
942 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
943 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
944 Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
945 Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
946 Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
947 Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
948 Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
949 Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
950 Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
952 # E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
953 Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
954 Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
955 Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
956 Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
957 Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
958 Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
960 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
961 Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
962 Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
963 Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
964 Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 MST
965 Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
966 Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
967 Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
968 Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
969 # Shanks gives 1921 Mar 21 for the following transition.
970 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@astral.msk.su> (1993-11-12):
971 # My sources says, that it is Mar 20, not 21.
972 Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
973 Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
974 Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
975 # Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
976 Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
977 Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
978 # Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
979 # Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
980 Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
981 Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
983 Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
984 Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
985 Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
986 Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
987 Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
989 # These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
991 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
992 Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
993 Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
994 Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
995 Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
997 # Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
998 # for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
1000 # From Markus Kuhn <mskuhn@unrza3.dialin.rrze.uni-erlangen.de> (1996-07-12):
1001 # The official German names ... are
1003 # Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
1004 # Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
1006 # as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
1007 # 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
1008 # I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
1010 # Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
1011 # Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
1013 # D-38023 Braunschweig
1014 # phone: +49 531 592-0
1016 # ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
1017 # department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
1018 # PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
1020 # Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
1021 # Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
1025 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1026 Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
1027 Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1028 Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
1029 Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
1030 Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1031 Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1032 Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
1033 Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1034 Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1035 Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1036 Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
1037 Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
1038 Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
1039 Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1040 Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
1041 Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1042 Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
1043 Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1044 Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
1045 Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
1046 Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
1047 Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1048 Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1049 Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1050 Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1051 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1052 Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914
1053 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
1054 # The following transition is from Shanks's 4th edition (1995).
1055 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
1059 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1060 Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901
1061 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
1062 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
1066 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1067 Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
1068 Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
1069 Rule Austria 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1070 Rule Austria 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1071 Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1072 Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1073 Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1074 Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1075 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1076 Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr
1077 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Jun 16 3:00
1078 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00
1079 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1080 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
1084 # Transitions before 1991 are from Shanks (1995).
1085 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1086 Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880
1087 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
1088 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1089 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
1090 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
1091 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1092 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1093 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
1094 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 2:00s
1099 # From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
1100 # Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
1101 # Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
1102 # Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
1103 # (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
1105 # LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
1106 # Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
1107 # Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie <pascal@belnet.be> for these references.
1108 # The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
1109 # Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
1111 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1112 Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
1113 Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1114 Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1115 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1116 Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1117 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1118 Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1119 Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1120 Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1121 Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
1122 Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1123 Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1124 # DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
1125 # Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
1126 # to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
1127 # changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
1128 Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1129 Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1130 Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1131 Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1132 Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
1133 Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
1134 Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1135 Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
1136 Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
1137 Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1138 Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1139 Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1140 Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1141 Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
1142 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
1143 Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
1144 Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1145 Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
1146 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1147 Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1148 Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
1149 Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1150 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1151 Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880
1152 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
1153 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
1154 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
1155 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
1156 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
1157 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
1158 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1161 # Bosnia and Herzegovina
1165 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1166 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
1167 Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1168 Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat<=7 23:00 1:00 S
1169 Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
1170 Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
1171 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1172 Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880
1173 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
1174 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
1175 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 3:00
1176 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
1177 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
1178 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
1185 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1186 Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
1187 Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1188 Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1189 Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1190 Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
1191 Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1192 Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1193 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1194 Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850
1195 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
1196 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
1197 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
1200 # Denmark, Faeroe Islands, and Greenland
1201 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1202 Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1203 Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
1204 Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
1205 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1206 Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
1207 Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
1208 Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
1209 Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
1210 Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
1211 Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
1212 Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
1213 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 to 1949 Oct 1, and disagrees in minor ways
1214 # about many of the above dates; go with Shanks.
1216 # For 1894, Shanks says Jan, Whitman Apr; go with Whitman.
1217 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1218 Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890
1219 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Apr # Copenhagen Mean Time
1220 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1221 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1222 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
1224 Zone Atlantic/Faeroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn
1228 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1229 # Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
1230 # and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
1231 # rules at least through 1984. Shanks says Scoresbysund and Godthab
1232 # used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
1233 # rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
1236 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1237 Rule Thule 1993 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
1238 Rule Thule 1993 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
1240 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1241 Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:29:00 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormit
1242 -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1243 -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
1245 Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk
1246 -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
1248 Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik
1252 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@memex.co.uk> (1994-10-15):
1253 # A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
1254 # [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
1255 # a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
1257 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1996-10-28):
1258 # [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
1259 # but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
1260 # ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
1261 # (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
1262 # conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
1263 # A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
1264 # human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
1265 # summer time next spring.''
1267 # From Peter Ilieve <peter@aldie.co.uk> (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
1268 # <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">
1269 # The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
1271 # refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
1272 # the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
1274 # I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
1275 # for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
1276 # (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
1278 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1279 Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880
1280 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
1281 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
1282 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
1283 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
1284 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
1285 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
1286 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s
1287 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
1288 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
1293 # From Hannu Strang <chs@apu.fi> (25 Sep 1994 06:03:37 UTC):
1294 # Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
1295 # and it's supposed to change at 4am...
1297 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (25 Sep 1994):
1298 # Shanks says Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time since 1981.
1299 # Go with Strang instead.
1301 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1302 Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
1303 Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1304 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1305 Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31
1306 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
1307 2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00
1312 # Shanks seems to use `24:00' ambiguously; we resolve it with Whitman.
1313 # From Shanks (1991):
1314 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1315 Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1316 Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
1317 Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1318 Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1319 Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1320 Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1321 Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
1322 Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1323 Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
1324 Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1325 # DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
1326 # Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
1327 # were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks.
1328 Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1329 Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1330 Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1331 Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
1332 Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1333 Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1334 Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1335 Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1336 Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
1337 Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1338 Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1339 Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
1340 Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1341 Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1342 Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1343 Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1344 Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1345 Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1346 Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1347 Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1348 # The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris,
1349 # but were used in other places (e.g. Monaco).
1350 Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1351 # Shanks says this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
1352 # but go with Denis.Excoffier@ens.fr (1997-12-12),
1353 # who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
1354 # as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
1355 Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
1356 Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
1357 Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
1358 Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
1359 Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
1360 Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
1361 Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
1362 Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
1363 Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
1364 # Shanks gives Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
1365 # go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
1366 Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
1367 Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
1368 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman gives 0:09:05,
1369 # but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
1370 # Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
1371 # on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
1372 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1373 Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
1374 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1375 # Shanks gives 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier's 14/6/40 22hUT.
1376 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
1377 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
1378 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1379 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1384 # From Markus Kuhn <Markus.Kuhn@cl.cam.ac.uk> (1998-09-29):
1385 # The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
1386 # Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
1388 # <a href="http://www.ptb.de/english/org/4/43/432/lega.htm">
1389 # Realisation of Legal Time in Germany
1392 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1393 Rule Germany 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1394 # Shanks says 05-24 2:00 to 09-24 3:00 for DDST; go with the PTB, who quotes
1395 # the Archiv fuer publizist. Arbeit (Munzinger-Archiv) 652 (Zeitsystem)
1396 # (1961-11-25), which gives dates only. Guess 3:00 transition times.
1397 Rule Germany 1945 only - May 31 3:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
1398 Rule Germany 1945 only - Sep 23 3:00 1:00 S
1399 Rule Germany 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
1400 Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
1401 # Shanks gives 1946-10-06; go with the PTB.
1402 Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
1403 Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1404 Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
1405 # The PTB gives 3:00 CET and 3:00 CEST for the midsummer transition times;
1407 Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
1408 Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
1409 Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
1410 Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
1411 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1412 Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr
1413 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1414 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
1418 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1419 Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2
1420 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
1425 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1426 # Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks.
1427 Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
1428 Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
1429 # Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks.
1430 Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
1431 # Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks.
1432 Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
1433 Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
1434 Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
1435 # Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1436 Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1437 Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
1438 Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
1439 Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
1440 Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
1441 Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
1442 Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1443 Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
1444 Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
1445 Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
1446 Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
1447 Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
1448 Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
1449 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1450 Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14
1451 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
1452 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
1453 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
1454 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
1455 # Shanks says they switched to C-Eur in 1981;
1456 # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
1460 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1461 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
1462 Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
1463 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
1464 Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
1465 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
1466 Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
1467 Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
1468 Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
1469 Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
1470 Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1471 Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
1472 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1473 Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
1474 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
1475 Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
1476 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
1477 Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1478 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
1479 Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
1480 Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
1481 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1482 Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct
1483 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
1484 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
1485 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 1 23:00
1486 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
1491 # From Adam David <adam@veda.is> (1993-11-06):
1492 # The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
1495 # This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
1498 # From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
1499 # behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
1500 # of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
1501 # was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
1503 # "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
1504 # of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
1505 # time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
1506 # Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
1509 # I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
1510 # beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
1511 # to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.
1512 # the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
1513 # (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
1514 # St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
1515 # might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
1516 # might mean something else (???).
1518 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1993-12-09):
1519 # The Iceland Almanak, Shanks and Whitman disagree on many points.
1520 # We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks, namely that
1521 # Reykavik was -1:28 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
1523 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1524 Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
1525 Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
1526 Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
1527 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
1528 Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
1529 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
1530 Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
1531 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1532 Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
1533 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
1534 Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
1535 # 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
1536 Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1537 Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1538 # 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
1539 Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
1540 # 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
1541 Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
1542 Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
1543 Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
1544 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1545 Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837
1546 -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
1547 -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
1552 # From Paul Eggert (1996-05-06):
1553 # For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks, Whitman, and F. Pollastri
1554 # <a href="http://pisolo.cstv.to.cnr.it/toi/uk/ienitlt.html">
1555 # Day-light Saving Time in Italy (1996-03-14)
1557 # (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
1558 # publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
1560 # year FP Shanks (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
1561 # 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
1562 # 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1563 # 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
1564 # 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
1565 # 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
1566 # 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
1567 # 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
1568 # 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1569 # 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
1570 # 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1571 # 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
1572 # 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1573 # 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
1574 # 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
1575 # 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
1577 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1578 Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
1579 Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1580 Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1581 Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1582 Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
1583 Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1584 Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
1585 Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1586 Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
1587 Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
1588 Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
1589 Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
1590 Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
1591 Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
1592 Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
1593 Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
1594 Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
1595 Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
1596 Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
1597 Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1598 Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
1599 Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
1600 Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
1601 Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1602 Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
1603 Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1604 Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
1605 Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
1606 Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1607 Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
1608 Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
1609 Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
1610 Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
1611 Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
1612 Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1613 Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
1614 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1615 Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22
1616 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov # Rome Mean Time
1617 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1618 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
1619 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
1622 Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican
1623 Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino
1627 # From Liene Kanepe <Liene_Kanepe@lm.gov.lv> (1998-09-17):
1629 # I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
1630 # of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
1631 # correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
1632 # changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
1634 # Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
1635 # according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
1636 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1637 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
1638 # and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
1640 # Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
1641 # according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
1642 # ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
1643 # the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1644 # (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
1645 # September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
1647 # Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
1648 # according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
1649 # ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
1650 # Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
1651 # time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
1652 # transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
1653 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
1654 # daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
1655 # (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
1656 # 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
1658 # The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
1659 # 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
1660 # daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
1662 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1663 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1664 Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
1665 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1666 Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880
1667 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
1668 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
1669 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
1670 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
1671 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
1672 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
1674 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
1675 # Shanks says 1944-08-08, but
1676 # Riga fell to the Red Army on 1944-10-13.
1677 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s
1678 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
1679 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
1683 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1684 Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun
1689 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1690 Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880
1691 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
1692 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
1693 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
1694 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
1695 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
1696 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
1697 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
1698 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1699 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1700 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
1701 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
1703 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
1704 # IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
1705 # known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
1707 # From Marius Gedminas <mgedmin@pub.osf.lt> (1998-08-07):
1708 # I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
1709 # (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.
1712 # Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways; go with Shanks.
1713 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1714 Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
1715 Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
1716 Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
1717 Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
1718 Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1719 Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
1720 Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
1721 Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
1722 Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
1723 Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
1724 Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
1725 Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
1726 Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
1727 Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1728 Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
1729 Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
1730 Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
1731 Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
1732 Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1733 Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
1734 Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
1735 Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
1736 Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
1737 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1738 Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun
1739 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
1740 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
1741 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
1742 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
1743 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
1750 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1751 Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
1752 Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
1753 Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1754 Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
1755 Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
1756 Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
1757 Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
1758 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1759 Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 # Valletta
1760 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
1761 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
1762 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
1763 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
1767 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1768 Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
1769 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
1770 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1771 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
1775 # Shanks gives 0:09 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's more precise 0:09:21.
1776 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1777 Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15
1778 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
1779 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
1780 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
1784 # Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
1785 # but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
1786 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1787 # Shanks gives 1916 May 1 0:00 and 1916 Oct 1 0:00; go with Whitman.
1788 Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
1789 Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
1790 Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
1791 Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
1792 # Whitman gives 1918 Apr 14, 1918 Oct 31, and 1921 Sep 28; go with Shanks.
1793 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1794 Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep Mon>=24 2:00s 0 AMT
1795 Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 NST
1796 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1797 Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
1798 Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun 1 2:00s 1:00 NST
1799 Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 NST
1800 # Whitman gives 1925 Apr 5; go with Shanks.
1801 Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun 5 2:00s 1:00 NST
1802 # For 1926 through 1930 Whitman gives Apr 15; go with Shanks.
1803 Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1804 Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1805 Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
1806 Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
1807 Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
1808 Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
1809 # Whitman gives 1939 Apr 15 and 1940 Apr 19; go with Shanks.
1810 Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1811 Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1812 Rule Neth 1945 only - May 20 2:00s 0 -
1813 # Before 1937, Shanks says just `0:20'; we use Whitman's more precise figure.
1814 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1815 Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:28 - LMT 1892 May
1816 0:19:28 Neth %s 1937 Jul
1817 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:40
1818 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1819 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
1823 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1824 # Whitman gives 1916 May 21 - 1916 Oct 21; go with Shanks.
1825 Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
1826 Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
1827 # Whitman says DST observed 1935-08-11/1942-11-01, then 1943-03-29/10-04,
1828 # 1944-04-03/10-02, and 1945-04-01/10-01; go with Shanks.
1829 Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
1830 Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
1831 Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
1832 Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
1833 Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
1834 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1835 Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895
1836 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
1837 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
1838 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
1841 # Svalbard & Jan Mayen
1842 Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen
1844 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1845 Zone Atlantic/Jan_Mayen -1:00 - EGT
1848 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1849 Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
1850 Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
1851 # Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks.
1852 Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
1853 # For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks.
1854 Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
1855 Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
1856 Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00 1:00 S
1857 Rule Poland 1946 only - Sep 7 0:00 0 -
1858 Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
1859 Rule Poland 1947 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
1860 Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
1861 # Whitman also gives 1949 Apr 9 - 1949 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
1862 Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
1863 Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1864 Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
1865 Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
1866 Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
1867 Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
1868 Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May Sun>=25 1:00s 1:00 S
1869 Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1870 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1871 Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880
1872 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
1873 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
1874 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
1875 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
1876 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
1877 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977 Apr 3 1:00
1879 # IATA SSIM (1991/1996) gives EU rules, but the _The Warsaw Voice_
1880 # <a href="http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml">
1881 # http://www.contact.waw.pl/voice/v361/NewsInBrief.shtml (1995-09-24)
1883 # says the autumn 1995 switch was at 02:00.
1884 # Stick with W-Eur for now.
1888 # From Rui Pedro Salgueiro <rps@inescca.inescc.pt> (1992-11-12):
1889 # Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
1890 # (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
1892 # Martin Bruckmann <martin@ua.pt> (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
1893 # that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
1894 # The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
1896 # From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
1897 # IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
1898 # at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
1899 # IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
1900 # IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
1901 # Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
1902 # harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
1904 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1905 # DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
1906 # done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
1908 Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
1909 # Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks.
1910 Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
1911 Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1912 Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1913 Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
1914 Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1915 Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
1916 Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
1917 Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
1918 Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
1919 Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
1920 Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1921 Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
1922 Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
1923 Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
1924 Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1925 # Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks.
1926 Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1927 Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
1928 # Shanks gives 1934 Apr 4; go with Whitman.
1929 Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
1930 # Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks.
1931 Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1932 # Shanks gives 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
1933 Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
1934 Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
1935 # Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks.
1936 Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
1937 Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
1938 Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
1939 # Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks.
1940 Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
1941 Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
1942 # Shanks gives 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
1943 Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
1944 Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
1945 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
1946 Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
1947 Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
1948 Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
1949 Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
1950 Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
1951 Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
1952 Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
1953 Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
1954 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1955 Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1956 # Shanks says DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
1957 # Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks.
1958 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
1959 Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
1960 Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
1961 Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
1962 Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
1963 Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
1964 Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
1965 Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
1966 Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
1967 Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
1968 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
1969 Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884
1970 -0:36:32 - LMT 1911 May 24 # Lisbon Mean Time
1971 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
1972 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
1973 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1974 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1975 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
1977 Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada
1978 -1:55 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
1979 -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
1980 -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1981 -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
1982 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
1984 Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal
1985 -1:08 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
1986 -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
1987 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
1991 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
1992 Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
1993 Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
1994 Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
1995 Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
1996 Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
1997 Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
1998 Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
1999 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
2000 Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
2001 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2002 Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct
2003 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
2004 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
2005 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2006 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
2011 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-11-22):
2012 # Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations,
2013 # and (unless otherwise specified) guessed what happened after 1991.
2014 # Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
2015 # are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks and the IATA.
2017 # From Andrey A. Chernov <ache@nagual.ru> (1996-10-04):
2018 # `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
2019 # Unix-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
2020 # The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
2021 # (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.
2023 # From Chris Carrier <72157.3334@CompuServe.COM> (1996-10-30):
2024 # According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
2025 # Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
2026 # still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
2028 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2029 Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr
2030 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
2031 2:00 Poland CET 1946
2032 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2033 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2034 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2035 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1994
2036 # IATA SSIM (1994-02) says Kaliningrad is at UTC+2; guess 1994 change.
2038 Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880
2039 2:30:20 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
2040 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct
2041 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2042 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2043 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2044 2:00 - EET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2046 Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2047 3:00 - KUYT 1957 Mar # Kuybyshev Time
2048 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2049 3:00 1:00 KUYST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2050 3:00 - SAMT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s # Samara Time
2052 Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:34 - LMT 1924 May 2
2053 4:00 - SVET 1957 Mar # Sverdlovsk Time
2054 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2055 4:00 1:00 SVEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2056 4:00 - SVET 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2057 5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time
2058 Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2059 5:00 - OMST 1957 Mar # Omsk Time
2060 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2061 5:00 1:00 OMSST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2062 5:00 - OMST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2064 # From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski <S.A.Kuz@iae.nsk.su> (1994-06-29):
2065 # But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
2066 # I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
2067 # as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
2068 # so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
2069 Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2070 6:00 - NOVT 1957 Mar # Novosibirsk Time
2071 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2072 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2073 6:00 - NOVT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2074 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1994 Mar 27 2:00s
2075 6:00 1:00 NOVST 1994 Sep 25 2:00s
2077 Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1924 May 2
2078 6:00 - KRAT 1957 Mar # Krasnoyarsk Time
2079 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2080 6:00 1:00 KRAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2081 6:00 - KRAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2083 Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880
2084 6:57:20 - IMT 1924 May 2 # Irkutsk Mean Time
2085 7:00 - IRKT 1957 Mar # Irkutsk Time
2086 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2087 7:00 1:00 IRKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2088 7:00 - IRKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2090 Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1924 May 2
2091 8:00 - YAKT 1957 Mar # Yakutsk Time
2092 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2093 8:00 1:00 YAKST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2094 8:00 - YAKT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2096 Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1880
2097 8:47:44 - VMT 1924 May 2 # Vladivostok MT
2098 9:00 - VLAT 1957 Mar # Vladivostok Time
2099 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2100 9:00 1:00 VLAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2101 9:00 - VLAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2103 Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2
2104 10:00 - MAGT 1957 Mar # Magadan Time
2105 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2106 10:00 1:00 MAGST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2107 10:00 - MAGT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2109 # This name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.
2110 Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1924 May 2
2111 11:00 - PETT 1957 Mar # P-K Time
2112 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2113 11:00 1:00 PETST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2114 11:00 - PETT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2116 Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2
2117 12:00 - ANAT 1957 Mar # Anadyr Time
2118 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2119 12:00 1:00 ANAST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2120 12:00 - ANAT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2124 Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava
2130 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2131 # For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1; go with Shanks.
2132 Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2133 Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
2134 Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2135 Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
2136 # Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2137 Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2138 # Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks.
2139 Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
2140 Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
2141 # Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks.
2142 Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2143 Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
2144 Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
2145 Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
2146 # Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13; go with Shanks.
2147 Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2148 Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
2149 Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
2150 Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
2151 Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
2152 # Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks.
2153 Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
2154 Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
2155 Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
2156 Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
2157 Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
2158 Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
2159 Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
2160 Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
2161 Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
2162 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
2163 Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
2164 Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
2165 Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
2166 Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
2167 Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
2168 # The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
2169 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
2170 Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2171 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
2172 Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
2173 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2174 Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
2175 Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2176 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2177 Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
2178 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2179 Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901
2180 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
2181 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
2183 Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901
2184 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
2185 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
2187 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
2188 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
2191 Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.
2192 -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
2193 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
2194 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
2196 # IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
2197 # Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
2200 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2201 Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1878 May 31
2202 1:12:12 - SMT 1900 Jan 1 1:00 # Stockholm MT
2203 1:00 - CET 1916 Apr 14 23:00s
2204 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Sep 30 23:00s
2210 # By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
2211 # and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
2212 # mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
2213 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2214 # From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
2215 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
2216 Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
2217 # From Shanks (1991):
2218 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
2219 Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
2220 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2221 Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12
2222 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
2223 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
2227 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2228 Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2229 Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2230 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
2231 Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
2232 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
2233 Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2234 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
2235 Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2236 # Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925; go with Shanks.
2237 Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
2238 Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2239 Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
2240 # Shanks omits the first two transitions in 1940; go with Whitman.
2241 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
2242 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
2243 Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
2244 Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
2245 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
2246 # Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1; go with Shanks.
2247 Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
2248 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
2249 Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2250 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2251 Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2252 Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
2253 Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2254 Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
2255 Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
2256 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
2257 Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2258 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
2259 Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
2260 Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
2261 Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
2262 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
2263 Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
2264 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
2265 Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
2266 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
2267 Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
2268 Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
2269 Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
2270 Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
2271 Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
2272 Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
2273 Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
2274 Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
2275 Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
2276 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
2277 Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
2278 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
2279 Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
2280 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2281 Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880
2282 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
2283 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
2284 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
2285 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1986
2286 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
2288 Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.
2291 # Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
2292 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 UST # Ukrainian Summer Time
2293 Rule Ukraine 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 KMT # Kiev Mean Time
2294 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 UDST # Ukrainian Double Summer Time
2295 Rule Ukraine 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 UST
2296 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 UDST
2297 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 UST
2298 Rule Ukraine 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 KMT
2299 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 UST
2300 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 UDST
2301 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 UST
2302 Rule Ukraine 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 KMT
2303 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 CST # Crimean Summer Time
2304 Rule Crimea 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 NMT # Nikolayev Mean Time
2305 Rule Crimea 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 CDST # Crimean Double Summer Time
2306 Rule Crimea 1918 only - Sep 17 0:00 1:00 CST
2307 Rule Crimea 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 CDST
2308 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 CST
2309 Rule Crimea 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 NMT
2310 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 CST
2311 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Mar 21 23:00 2:00 CDST
2312 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 CST
2313 Rule Crimea 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 NMT
2314 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Mar lastSun 0:00u 1:00 -
2315 Rule Crimea 1996 only - Oct lastSun 0:00u 0 -
2316 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2317 Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880
2318 2:02:04 Ukraine %s 1924 May 2
2319 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2320 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990 Jul 17
2321 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1996
2323 Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880
2324 2:08:00 Crimea %s 1924 May 2
2325 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
2326 3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
2327 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
2328 # From Paul Eggert <eggert@twinsun.com> (1996-10-21):
2329 # The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that most of Crimea switched
2330 # from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
2331 # For now, guess it changed Feb 1.
2332 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1994 Feb
2333 # From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
2334 3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996
2335 # IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.
2336 # Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
2337 3:00 Crimea MSK/MSD 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
2341 # Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
2342 Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884
2343 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
2344 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 8 2:00s
2345 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
2346 # Metod Kozelj <metod.kozelj@rzs-hm.si> reports that the legal date of
2347 # transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
2348 # Shanks doesn't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
2349 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
2351 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia
2352 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina
2353 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia
2354 Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia
2356 ###############################################################################
2358 # One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
2359 # the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
2360 # The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
2362 # According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
2363 # uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
2364 # Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
2365 # 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
2366 # switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
2367 # and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)
2370 # Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
2371 # From: seismo!mcvax!cgcha!wtho (Tom Hofmann)
2372 # Message-Id: <8701281556.AA22174@cgcha.uucp>
2375 # ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when
2376 # most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
2377 # a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
2378 # to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
2379 # 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
2381 # But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
2382 # than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
2383 # one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
2384 # lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
2386 # Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
2387 # Soviet Union (as far as I know).
2389 # Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
2390 # 4002 Basle, Switzerland
2391 # UUCP: ...!mcvax!cernvax!cgcha!wtho
2394 # Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
2395 # From: seismo!mcvax!cwi.nl!dik (Dik T. Winter)
2398 # The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
2399 # After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
2400 # about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
2402 # ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on
2403 # first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
2404 # In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
2405 # the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
2406 # the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
2407 # the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
2410 # It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.
2411 # Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
2412 # Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
2413 # all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
2414 # occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
2415 # assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
2416 # case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
2417 # in advance of normal time.
2420 # dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
2421 # INTERNET : dik@cwi.nl
2422 # BITNET/EARN: dik@mcvax
2424 # From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
2426 # Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
2427 # Since 1978. Change at midnight.
2429 # Monaco: has same DST as France.
git.samba.org / jlayton / glibc.git / blob